With the rapid development of medical technology,3D printing technology with realistic representation can perfectly display static human anatomy,while 3D visualisation technology based on Web Graphics Library(WebGL)ca...With the rapid development of medical technology,3D printing technology with realistic representation can perfectly display static human anatomy,while 3D visualisation technology based on Web Graphics Library(WebGL)can promote the rigid replication characteristics of traditional teaching models and express the dynamic spatial relationship between different anatomical structures.Medical students traditionally have less cognition of ankle ligament sprains.In this study,computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)data of the ankle joints of volunteers were used to print models of the ankle bone,tendon,and ligament using 3D printing technology,and a real-time interactive 3D digital model of the functional ankle joint was designed using 3D visualisation based on WebGL and 2D image real-time rendering technology for interactive teaching.The utility of the 3D printing model combined with the WebGL-based 3D digital teaching model was evaluated in comparison with traditional teaching methods in 24 medical students.The results showed that the total score of students in the experimental group(mean±SD,79.48±12.93)was significantly better than that of the control group(61.00±14.94)with P<0.05.The practical test scores of the experimental group(18.00±2.70)were significantly higher than those of the control group(13.67±4.96)with P<0.05.In the satisfaction survey,the feedback questionnaire showed that the interactive teaching model of 3D printing technology combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology was recognised by students in terms of quality and overall satisfaction.In addition,female students who used 3D printing combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology as learning aids had a greater difference in practical test scores from the control group than male students.This study has demonstrated that the interactive teaching mode of 3D printing combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology is beneficial to the teaching of medical imaging,enriching the learning experience of students,and increasing the interaction between teachers and students.展开更多
Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and is nowhere near a good ecological or recreational state in many areas of the world.Moreover,only a small fraction of the water is potable.As climate change-induced extreme...Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and is nowhere near a good ecological or recreational state in many areas of the world.Moreover,only a small fraction of the water is potable.As climate change-induced extreme weather events become ever more prevalent,more and more issues arise,such as worsening water quality problems.Therefore,protecting invaluable and useable drinking water is critical.Environmental agencies must continuously check water sources to determine whether they are in a good or healthy state regarding pollutant levels and ecological status.The currently available tools are better suited for stationary laboratory use,and domain specialists lack suitable tools for onsite visualisation and interactive exploration of environmental data.Meanwhile,data collection for laboratory analysis requires substantial time and significant effort.We,therefore,developed an augmented reality system with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 device to explore the visualisation of water quality and status in situ.The developed prototype visualises geo-referenced sensor measurements incorporated into the perspective of the surroundings.Any users interested in water bodies’conditions can quickly examine and retrieve an overview of water body status using augmented reality and then take necessary steps to address the current situation.展开更多
<strong>Objectives:</strong> This study aims to present the characteristics of the undergraduate dental curriculum system using network modelling and visualisation analysis based on complex network theory,...<strong>Objectives:</strong> This study aims to present the characteristics of the undergraduate dental curriculum system using network modelling and visualisation analysis based on complex network theory, thus providing a theoretical foundation for the course development and curriculum reform. <strong>Methods:</strong> The correlation coefficient was used to quantify the intensity of the correlation between courses, and a visualisation complex network of the dental curriculum was built to explore the curriculum pattern from a dynamic perspective. Further, the statistical measurements of curriculum network were adopted to express the most relevant topological features. Subsequently, the minimum spanning tree and parallel coordinates plot were drawn to explore the curriculum community structure, quantify the key courses, and present different courses in time and space relationships. <strong>Results:</strong> The correlation analysis results show that the courses are closely related to each other. The main courses focus on pathology, pathophysiology, oral anatomy and physiology, closely connecting almost all medicine-related courses. The whole course network has an average degree value of 41.53, and a clustering coefficient of 0.78, indicating an obvious small-world characteristic. From the perspective of curriculum attributes, the number of public and theoretical courses was more than that of skills and practical courses. Moreover, the academic performance of skills and practical courses was lower than that of public and theoretical courses. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The undergraduate dental courses have a progressive structure from basic professional knowledge to professional skills, which is reasonable for the dental education in China. However, some efforts towards curriculum reform based on this study are needed.展开更多
An experimental study on the effect of cut angle on circular cylinders to the drag force is performed. Six cylinders were cut at different angles and the air flow impinges perpendicular to the cut surface of the cylin...An experimental study on the effect of cut angle on circular cylinders to the drag force is performed. Six cylinders were cut at different angles and the air flow impinges perpendicular to the cut surface of the cylinder. The cut angles applied include: 0°, 30°, 45°, 53°, 55°, and 75°. The shear layer visualisation on the surface of cylinder was conducted as well. Drag force was measured using a wind tunnel force balance and the wind speed was set so that a corresponding Rey-nolds number of 5.3 × 104 was achieved. Visualisation was carried out by covering the cylinder with paper wetted by mixture of oil and titanium dioxide powder. Experimental results show that drag force has similar trend to that of previous experiment results. The minimum drag coefficient is attained at the cut angle of 53°. From oil streak visualisation the streamlines pattern of the flow over the cylinder could be reconstructed.展开更多
This article reviews two decades of research in topics in Information Visualisation emerging from the Data Visualisation and Immersive Analytics Lab at Monash University Australia(Monash IA Lab).The lab has been influ...This article reviews two decades of research in topics in Information Visualisation emerging from the Data Visualisation and Immersive Analytics Lab at Monash University Australia(Monash IA Lab).The lab has been influential with contributions in algorithms,interaction techniques and experimental results in Network Visualisation,Interactive Optimisation and Geographic and Cartographic visualisation.It has also been a leader in the emerging topic of Immersive Analytics,which explores natural interactions and immersive display technologies in support of data analytics.We reflect on advances in these areas but also sketch our vision for future research and developments in data visualisation more broadly.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)developments of land,such as complex high-rises,put enormous pressure on current land administration systems that have ad hoc approaches to 3D property management.These approaches are unable to su...Three-dimensional(3D)developments of land,such as complex high-rises,put enormous pressure on current land administration systems that have ad hoc approaches to 3D property management.These approaches are unable to support effective 3D storage,analysis and visualisation of property information.Effective visualisation is one of the essential components in realisation of a truly 3D cadastre.Currently,several 3D visualisation applications and cadastral prototypes have been developed around the world.However,they do not effectively represent ownership information in 3D because they have not been developed based on 3D cadastral visualisation requirements.After candidate 3D visualisation solutions were compared with user-derived visualisation criteria,a web-based 3D visualisation prototype was designed and developed.The functionality,usability and efficiency of the prototype were evaluated by potential users involved in the registration and management of property.While there was a high level of enthusiasm for the features of the prototype,the results also suggest further directions for development of 3D cadastral visualisation.展开更多
For decades,researchers in information visualisation and graph drawing have focused on developing techniques for the layout and display of very large and complex networks.Experiments involving human participants have ...For decades,researchers in information visualisation and graph drawing have focused on developing techniques for the layout and display of very large and complex networks.Experiments involving human participants have also explored the readability of different styles of layout and representations for such networks.In both bodies of literature,networks are frequently referred to as being‘large’or‘complex’,yet these terms are relative.From a human-centred,experiment point-of-view,what constitutes‘large’(for example)depends on several factors,such as data complexity,visual complexity,and the technology used.In this paper,we survey the literature on human-centred experiments to understand how,in practice,different features and characteristics of node–link diagrams affect visual complexity.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)visualisations are an interesting method for representing model outcomes.Most visualisation techniques require expensive software and a lot of time to create them.When the visualisations need to b...Three-dimensional(3D)visualisations are an interesting method for representing model outcomes.Most visualisation techniques require expensive software and a lot of time to create them.When the visualisations need to be adapted frequently,a faster and more flexible method is needed.The first step of the proposed model is to create the 3D elements.These elements are combined with the base map,and distributed to the public using Google Earth.Both freely available and commercial software are used in this process.展开更多
Supervised machine learning techniques require labelled multivariate training datasets.Many approaches address the issue of unlabelled datasets by tightly coupling machine learning algorithms with interactive visuali...Supervised machine learning techniques require labelled multivariate training datasets.Many approaches address the issue of unlabelled datasets by tightly coupling machine learning algorithms with interactive visualisations.Using appropriate techniques,analysts can play an active role in a highly interactive and iterative machine learning process to label the dataset and create meaningful partitions.While this principle has been implemented either for unsupervised,semi-supervised,or supervised machine learning tasks,the combination of all three methodologies remains challenging.In this paper,a visual analytics approach is presented,combining a variety of machine learning capabilities with four linked visualisation views,all integrated within the mVis(multivariate Visualiser)system.The available palette of techniques allows an analyst to perform exploratory data analysis on a multivariate dataset and divide it into meaningful labelled partitions,from which a classifier can be built.In the workflow,the analyst can label interesting patterns or outliers in a semi-supervised process supported by active learning.Once a dataset has been interactively labelled,the analyst can continue the workflow with supervised machine learning to assess to what degree the subsequent classifier has effectively learned the concepts expressed in the labelled training dataset.Using a novel technique called automatic dimension selection,interactions the analyst had with dimensions of the multivariate dataset are used to steer the machine learning algorithms.A real-world football dataset is used to show the utility of mVis for a series of analysis and labelling tasks,from initial labelling through iterations of data exploration,clustering,classification,and active learning to refine the named partitions,to finally producing a high-quality labelled training dataset suitable for training a classifier.The tool empowers the analyst with interactive visualisations including scatterplots,parallel coordinates,similarity maps for records,and a new similarity map for partitions.展开更多
Vegetation ecosystem simulation and visualisation are challenging topics involving multidisciplinary aspects. In this paper, we present a new generic frame for the simulation of natural phenomena through manageable an...Vegetation ecosystem simulation and visualisation are challenging topics involving multidisciplinary aspects. In this paper, we present a new generic frame for the simulation of natural phenomena through manageable and interacting models. It focuses on the functional growth of large vegetal ecosystems, showing coherence for scales ranging from the individual plant to communities and with a particular attention to the effects of water resource competition between plants. The proposed approach is based on a model of plant growth in interaction with the environmental conditions. These are deduced from the climatic data （light, temperature, rainfall） and a model of soil hydrological budget. A set of layers is used to store the water resources and to build the interfaces between the environmental data and landscape components： temperature, rain, light, altitude, lakes, plant positions, biomass, cycles, etc. At the plant level, the simulation is performed for each individual by a structural-functional growth model, interacting with the plant＇s environment. Temperature is spatialised, changing according to altitude, and thus locally controls plant growth speed. The competition for water is based on a soil hydrological model taking into account rainfalls, water runoff, absorption, diffusion, percolation in soil. So far, the incoming light radiation is not studied in detail and is supposed constant. However, competition for light between plants is directly taken into account in the plant growth model. In our implementation, we propose a simple architecture for such a simulator and a simulation scheme to synchronise the water resource updating （on a temporal basis） and the plant growth cycles （determined by the sum of daily temperatures）. The visualisation techniques are based on sets of layers, allowing both morphological and functional landscape views and providing interesting tools for ecosystem management. The implementation of the proposed frame leads to encouraging results that are presented and illustrate simple academic cases.展开更多
To unravel the intricacies of two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics and heat transfer behavior,an array mini-channel gravity plate heat pipe(AMGPHP)is proposed in this work,which allows for observing the internal ...To unravel the intricacies of two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics and heat transfer behavior,an array mini-channel gravity plate heat pipe(AMGPHP)is proposed in this work,which allows for observing the internal changes in the state of the working fluids.The flow patterns such as pool flow,columnar flow,and slug flow,are experimentally explored and analyzed in detail.It is found that the optimal volume fill ratio is 20%by utilizing start-up time and thermal resistance as performance evaluation metrics.With this fill ratio,a medium optimization strategy by blending ethanol within R141b is proposed and evaluated.In comparison to pure working fluids,the heat transfer performance of AMGFHP in the binary fluid has been significantly augmented due to temperature and concentration shifts resulting from disparate boiling points.Under the 10%volume fraction ethanol blending condition,the equivalent thermal conductivity of the heat pipe is dramatically elevated,with a value of 3110 W/(m·℃),along with the reduction of the minimum start-up power to 4 W.In general,applying such a medium to heat pipes has considerable potential in practical applications.展开更多
Mitigating and adapting to climate change includes a requirement to evaluate the role of future land uses in delivering robust integrated responses that are sensitive to local landscape contexts.In practice,this empha...Mitigating and adapting to climate change includes a requirement to evaluate the role of future land uses in delivering robust integrated responses that are sensitive to local landscape contexts.In practice,this emphasises the need for community engagement,planning and inclusive decision-making.Community engagement may be potentially facilitated by the use of spatially explicit quantitative scenarios of landuse change in combination with interactive visualisation.This requires a coherent framework to integrate spatial data modelling,analytical capabilities and visualisation tools in a format that will also engage diverse public audiences.These challenges were explored with a case study of virtual landscapes from N-E Scotland that was used to test preferences for scenarios of future land use.Visualisations employed texture-based rendering rather than full photo-realistic rendering to facilitate interactivity and this provided additional scope for audiences to explore multiple future scenarios compared to the present landscape.Interactive voting in a virtual landscape theatre suggested preferences for visual diversity,good stewardship and perceived naturalness that should be considered in developing planned responses to change.Further investigation of preferences was conducted using interactive 3D features located within the landscape.Study findings are reviewed against objectives for inclusive engagement in the Digital Earth agenda and used to make further recommendations on the use of scenarios and visualisation tools.In particular,technical advances in user engagement need to be developed in conjunction with emerging good practice that addresses ethical,behavioural and inclusion issues so that the content is presented in as transparent and unbiased format as possible.展开更多
A good visualisation method can greatly enhance human-machine collaboration in target contexts.To aid the optimal selection of visualisations for users,visualisation recommender systems have been developed to provide ...A good visualisation method can greatly enhance human-machine collaboration in target contexts.To aid the optimal selection of visualisations for users,visualisation recommender systems have been developed to provide the right visualisation method to the right person given specific contexts.A visualisation recommender system often relies on a user study to collect data and conduct analysis to provide personalised recommendations.However,a user study without employing an effective experimental design is typically expensive in terms of time and cost.In this work,we propose a prediction-oriented optimal design to determine the user-task allocation in the user study for the recommendation of visualisation methods.The proposed optimal design will not only encourage the learning of the similarity embedded in the recommendation responses(i.e.,users’preference),but also improve the modelling accuracy of the similarities captured by the covariates of contexts(i.e.,task attributes).A simulation study and a real-data case study are used to evaluate the proposed optimal design.展开更多
City models have a wide variety of uses that require different kind of data representation or data models.Having a dynamic model that enables picking the right representations(meshes,volumetric data,point cloud,etc.)c...City models have a wide variety of uses that require different kind of data representation or data models.Having a dynamic model that enables picking the right representations(meshes,volumetric data,point cloud,etc.)can prove useful to adapt an application to each user’s needs.In this paper,we present an original method to create personalised visualisations of 3D city models on the fly.By organising the server data in a hierarchy of tiles,we are able to generate personalised models based on the user’s preferences.These preferences take the shape of a set of rules that apply to each tile or city object and allow the user to choose which representation of the object to use depending on its position or semantic information(classification,height,etc.).Our method is designed around existing standards,guaranteeing the interoperability of the produced models.展开更多
Narrative Visualisation(NarVis)is the pairing of data visualisation with narrative techniques.Due to its interdisciplinary applications and scholarship,NarVis presentations often feature vastly different interpretatio...Narrative Visualisation(NarVis)is the pairing of data visualisation with narrative techniques.Due to its interdisciplinary applications and scholarship,NarVis presentations often feature vastly different interpretations of"narrative"and"visualisation",which is echoed in NarVis authoring tools.To map the morphology of how the narratives of NarVis manifest,we identify three different trajectories for the field.These trajectories are identified through an analysis of selected NarVis presentations and tools,with an emphasis on identifying how traditional narrative techniques are adopted,transposed or indeed challenged by NarVis examples.We then populate our categories with additional examples and tools,providing a foundational point of reference for NarVis scholars,authors and tool developers.展开更多
Computed tomography(CT)can inspect the internal structure of concrete with high resolution,but improving the accuracy of measurements remains a key challenge due to the reliance on complex image processing and signifi...Computed tomography(CT)can inspect the internal structure of concrete with high resolution,but improving the accuracy of measurements remains a key challenge due to the reliance on complex image processing and significant manual intervention.This study aims to optimize CT scanning parameters to enhance the accuracy of measuring crack widths and rebar volumes in reinforced concrete.Nine sets of specimens,each with varying rebar diameters and concrete cover thicknesses,were scanned before and after corrosion using an Optima CT scanner,followed by three-dimensional reconstructions using Avizo software.The effects of threshold values and“Erosion”coefficients on measurement accuracy were evaluated.The results demonstrated that an optimal lower threshold of 2950,combined with an‘Erosion’coefficient of 6,effectively limits the measurement error of rebar volumes to within 1%.The optimal threshold for measuring crack widths was influenced by the crack width,rebar diameter,and concrete cover thickness.Additionally,an optimized formula for determining crack measurement thresholds was proposed.This study significantly improves the accuracy of CT-based non-destructive testing(NDT)techniques,providing valuable insights for structural health monitoring(SHM).展开更多
The application of frequency distribution statistics to data provides objective means to assess the nature of the data distribution and viability of numerical models that are used to visualize and interpret data.Two c...The application of frequency distribution statistics to data provides objective means to assess the nature of the data distribution and viability of numerical models that are used to visualize and interpret data.Two commonly used tools are the kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic used in combination with a weighted mean.Due to the wide applicability of these tools,we present a Java-based computer application called KDX to facilitate the visualization of data and the utilization of these numerical tools.展开更多
Typically, magnesium alloys have been designed using a so-called hill-climbing approach, with rather incremental advances over the past century. Iterative and incremental alloy design is slow and expensive, but more i...Typically, magnesium alloys have been designed using a so-called hill-climbing approach, with rather incremental advances over the past century. Iterative and incremental alloy design is slow and expensive, but more importantly it does not harness all the data that exists in the field. In this work, a new approach is proposed that utilises data science and provides a detailed understanding of the data that exists in the field of Mg-alloy design to date. In this approach, first a consolidated alloy database that incorporates 916 datapoints was developed from the literature and experimental work. To analyse the characteristics of the database, alloying and thermomechanical processing effects on mechanical properties were explored via composition-process-property matrices. An unsupervised machine learning(ML) method of clustering was also implemented, using unlabelled data, with the aim of revealing potentially useful information for an alloy representation space of low dimensionality. In addition, the alloy database was correlated to thermodynamically stable secondary phases to further understand the relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties. This work not only introduces an invaluable open-source database, but it also provides, for the first-time data, insights that enable future accelerated digital Mg-alloy design.展开更多
To promote the visualisation and informatisation of the construction process of precast foamed lightweight concrete wallboards(PFLCWs),from the analysis of the construction requirements of PFLCWs,three key constructio...To promote the visualisation and informatisation of the construction process of precast foamed lightweight concrete wallboards(PFLCWs),from the analysis of the construction requirements of PFLCWs,three key construction technologies based on building information modelling(BIM),namely,parameterised modelling for the PFLCW layout design,drawing generation to draw the PFLCW layout and quantity statistics for extracting PFLCW quantities,are proposed.Then,a reinforced concrete(RC)frame infilled with PFLCW is considered the test model to verify the feasibility of the aforementioned technologies.The results show that PFLCW layout design can be accomplished rapidly and visually using parameterised modelling technology.The PFLCW layout diagram can be generated directly using drawing generation technology.The proposed quantity statistics technology enables the automatic export of PFLCW bills of quantities.The built parameterised model helps construction workers rapidly and intuitively understand the specific layout details of PFLCWs.Moreover,the generated layout drawing and the bills of quantities based on the parameterised model can guide the production and on-site installation of PFLCWs.The research conclusions can serve as a practical guide and technical support for PFLCW engineering applications.展开更多
With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital wor...With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.展开更多
基金the Clinical Research Plan of SHDC(No.SHDC2020CR3083B)the Technology Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(Nos.19441902700,and 18441903100)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support(No.20152221)。
文摘With the rapid development of medical technology,3D printing technology with realistic representation can perfectly display static human anatomy,while 3D visualisation technology based on Web Graphics Library(WebGL)can promote the rigid replication characteristics of traditional teaching models and express the dynamic spatial relationship between different anatomical structures.Medical students traditionally have less cognition of ankle ligament sprains.In this study,computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)data of the ankle joints of volunteers were used to print models of the ankle bone,tendon,and ligament using 3D printing technology,and a real-time interactive 3D digital model of the functional ankle joint was designed using 3D visualisation based on WebGL and 2D image real-time rendering technology for interactive teaching.The utility of the 3D printing model combined with the WebGL-based 3D digital teaching model was evaluated in comparison with traditional teaching methods in 24 medical students.The results showed that the total score of students in the experimental group(mean±SD,79.48±12.93)was significantly better than that of the control group(61.00±14.94)with P<0.05.The practical test scores of the experimental group(18.00±2.70)were significantly higher than those of the control group(13.67±4.96)with P<0.05.In the satisfaction survey,the feedback questionnaire showed that the interactive teaching model of 3D printing technology combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology was recognised by students in terms of quality and overall satisfaction.In addition,female students who used 3D printing combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology as learning aids had a greater difference in practical test scores from the control group than male students.This study has demonstrated that the interactive teaching mode of 3D printing combined with WebGL-based 3D visualisation technology is beneficial to the teaching of medical imaging,enriching the learning experience of students,and increasing the interaction between teachers and students.
基金supported by the Freshwater Competence Centre,Academy of Finland(Decision No.345008)the Nordic University Cooperation on Edge Intelligence(Grant No.168043).
文摘Water covers most of the Earth’s surface and is nowhere near a good ecological or recreational state in many areas of the world.Moreover,only a small fraction of the water is potable.As climate change-induced extreme weather events become ever more prevalent,more and more issues arise,such as worsening water quality problems.Therefore,protecting invaluable and useable drinking water is critical.Environmental agencies must continuously check water sources to determine whether they are in a good or healthy state regarding pollutant levels and ecological status.The currently available tools are better suited for stationary laboratory use,and domain specialists lack suitable tools for onsite visualisation and interactive exploration of environmental data.Meanwhile,data collection for laboratory analysis requires substantial time and significant effort.We,therefore,developed an augmented reality system with a Microsoft HoloLens 2 device to explore the visualisation of water quality and status in situ.The developed prototype visualises geo-referenced sensor measurements incorporated into the perspective of the surroundings.Any users interested in water bodies’conditions can quickly examine and retrieve an overview of water body status using augmented reality and then take necessary steps to address the current situation.
文摘<strong>Objectives:</strong> This study aims to present the characteristics of the undergraduate dental curriculum system using network modelling and visualisation analysis based on complex network theory, thus providing a theoretical foundation for the course development and curriculum reform. <strong>Methods:</strong> The correlation coefficient was used to quantify the intensity of the correlation between courses, and a visualisation complex network of the dental curriculum was built to explore the curriculum pattern from a dynamic perspective. Further, the statistical measurements of curriculum network were adopted to express the most relevant topological features. Subsequently, the minimum spanning tree and parallel coordinates plot were drawn to explore the curriculum community structure, quantify the key courses, and present different courses in time and space relationships. <strong>Results:</strong> The correlation analysis results show that the courses are closely related to each other. The main courses focus on pathology, pathophysiology, oral anatomy and physiology, closely connecting almost all medicine-related courses. The whole course network has an average degree value of 41.53, and a clustering coefficient of 0.78, indicating an obvious small-world characteristic. From the perspective of curriculum attributes, the number of public and theoretical courses was more than that of skills and practical courses. Moreover, the academic performance of skills and practical courses was lower than that of public and theoretical courses. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The undergraduate dental courses have a progressive structure from basic professional knowledge to professional skills, which is reasonable for the dental education in China. However, some efforts towards curriculum reform based on this study are needed.
文摘An experimental study on the effect of cut angle on circular cylinders to the drag force is performed. Six cylinders were cut at different angles and the air flow impinges perpendicular to the cut surface of the cylinder. The cut angles applied include: 0°, 30°, 45°, 53°, 55°, and 75°. The shear layer visualisation on the surface of cylinder was conducted as well. Drag force was measured using a wind tunnel force balance and the wind speed was set so that a corresponding Rey-nolds number of 5.3 × 104 was achieved. Visualisation was carried out by covering the cylinder with paper wetted by mixture of oil and titanium dioxide powder. Experimental results show that drag force has similar trend to that of previous experiment results. The minimum drag coefficient is attained at the cut angle of 53°. From oil streak visualisation the streamlines pattern of the flow over the cylinder could be reconstructed.
基金This work was supported by the Australian Research Council through grants DP140100077 and DP180100755.
文摘This article reviews two decades of research in topics in Information Visualisation emerging from the Data Visualisation and Immersive Analytics Lab at Monash University Australia(Monash IA Lab).The lab has been influential with contributions in algorithms,interaction techniques and experimental results in Network Visualisation,Interactive Optimisation and Geographic and Cartographic visualisation.It has also been a leader in the emerging topic of Immersive Analytics,which explores natural interactions and immersive display technologies in support of data analytics.We reflect on advances in these areas but also sketch our vision for future research and developments in data visualisation more broadly.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)developments of land,such as complex high-rises,put enormous pressure on current land administration systems that have ad hoc approaches to 3D property management.These approaches are unable to support effective 3D storage,analysis and visualisation of property information.Effective visualisation is one of the essential components in realisation of a truly 3D cadastre.Currently,several 3D visualisation applications and cadastral prototypes have been developed around the world.However,they do not effectively represent ownership information in 3D because they have not been developed based on 3D cadastral visualisation requirements.After candidate 3D visualisation solutions were compared with user-derived visualisation criteria,a web-based 3D visualisation prototype was designed and developed.The functionality,usability and efficiency of the prototype were evaluated by potential users involved in the registration and management of property.While there was a high level of enthusiasm for the features of the prototype,the results also suggest further directions for development of 3D cadastral visualisation.
基金This survey began as part of a working group output of the NII Shonan Seminar No.2015-1 Big Graph Drawing:Metrics and Methods,and we would like to thank this seminar series for the role it played in this surveyWe would like to thank Tamara Munzner for her ideas and feedback at this seminar which helped focus the topic of this paper.The second author would like to thank EPSRC First Grant EP/N005724/1+1 种基金The last author would like to thank the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 747985This work was supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project grant DP140100077.
文摘For decades,researchers in information visualisation and graph drawing have focused on developing techniques for the layout and display of very large and complex networks.Experiments involving human participants have also explored the readability of different styles of layout and representations for such networks.In both bodies of literature,networks are frequently referred to as being‘large’or‘complex’,yet these terms are relative.From a human-centred,experiment point-of-view,what constitutes‘large’(for example)depends on several factors,such as data complexity,visual complexity,and the technology used.In this paper,we survey the literature on human-centred experiments to understand how,in practice,different features and characteristics of node–link diagrams affect visual complexity.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)visualisations are an interesting method for representing model outcomes.Most visualisation techniques require expensive software and a lot of time to create them.When the visualisations need to be adapted frequently,a faster and more flexible method is needed.The first step of the proposed model is to create the 3D elements.These elements are combined with the base map,and distributed to the public using Google Earth.Both freely available and commercial software are used in this process.
文摘Supervised machine learning techniques require labelled multivariate training datasets.Many approaches address the issue of unlabelled datasets by tightly coupling machine learning algorithms with interactive visualisations.Using appropriate techniques,analysts can play an active role in a highly interactive and iterative machine learning process to label the dataset and create meaningful partitions.While this principle has been implemented either for unsupervised,semi-supervised,or supervised machine learning tasks,the combination of all three methodologies remains challenging.In this paper,a visual analytics approach is presented,combining a variety of machine learning capabilities with four linked visualisation views,all integrated within the mVis(multivariate Visualiser)system.The available palette of techniques allows an analyst to perform exploratory data analysis on a multivariate dataset and divide it into meaningful labelled partitions,from which a classifier can be built.In the workflow,the analyst can label interesting patterns or outliers in a semi-supervised process supported by active learning.Once a dataset has been interactively labelled,the analyst can continue the workflow with supervised machine learning to assess to what degree the subsequent classifier has effectively learned the concepts expressed in the labelled training dataset.Using a novel technique called automatic dimension selection,interactions the analyst had with dimensions of the multivariate dataset are used to steer the machine learning algorithms.A real-world football dataset is used to show the utility of mVis for a series of analysis and labelling tasks,from initial labelling through iterations of data exploration,clustering,classification,and active learning to refine the named partitions,to finally producing a high-quality labelled training dataset suitable for training a classifier.The tool empowers the analyst with interactive visualisations including scatterplots,parallel coordinates,similarity maps for records,and a new similarity map for partitions.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60473110 and by LIAMAGREENLAB Project.
文摘Vegetation ecosystem simulation and visualisation are challenging topics involving multidisciplinary aspects. In this paper, we present a new generic frame for the simulation of natural phenomena through manageable and interacting models. It focuses on the functional growth of large vegetal ecosystems, showing coherence for scales ranging from the individual plant to communities and with a particular attention to the effects of water resource competition between plants. The proposed approach is based on a model of plant growth in interaction with the environmental conditions. These are deduced from the climatic data （light, temperature, rainfall） and a model of soil hydrological budget. A set of layers is used to store the water resources and to build the interfaces between the environmental data and landscape components： temperature, rain, light, altitude, lakes, plant positions, biomass, cycles, etc. At the plant level, the simulation is performed for each individual by a structural-functional growth model, interacting with the plant＇s environment. Temperature is spatialised, changing according to altitude, and thus locally controls plant growth speed. The competition for water is based on a soil hydrological model taking into account rainfalls, water runoff, absorption, diffusion, percolation in soil. So far, the incoming light radiation is not studied in detail and is supposed constant. However, competition for light between plants is directly taken into account in the plant growth model. In our implementation, we propose a simple architecture for such a simulator and a simulation scheme to synchronise the water resource updating （on a temporal basis） and the plant growth cycles （determined by the sum of daily temperatures）. The visualisation techniques are based on sets of layers, allowing both morphological and functional landscape views and providing interesting tools for ecosystem management. The implementation of the proposed frame leads to encouraging results that are presented and illustrate simple academic cases.
基金supported by Industrial Foresight Project in Yangzhou City(No.YZ2021002)Transformation of Scientific and Technical Achievements Project in Yangzhou City(No.YZ2021121)National Key Research and Development Plan of China(No.2018YFA0702300)。
文摘To unravel the intricacies of two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics and heat transfer behavior,an array mini-channel gravity plate heat pipe(AMGPHP)is proposed in this work,which allows for observing the internal changes in the state of the working fluids.The flow patterns such as pool flow,columnar flow,and slug flow,are experimentally explored and analyzed in detail.It is found that the optimal volume fill ratio is 20%by utilizing start-up time and thermal resistance as performance evaluation metrics.With this fill ratio,a medium optimization strategy by blending ethanol within R141b is proposed and evaluated.In comparison to pure working fluids,the heat transfer performance of AMGFHP in the binary fluid has been significantly augmented due to temperature and concentration shifts resulting from disparate boiling points.Under the 10%volume fraction ethanol blending condition,the equivalent thermal conductivity of the heat pipe is dramatically elevated,with a value of 3110 W/(m·℃),along with the reduction of the minimum start-up power to 4 W.In general,applying such a medium to heat pipes has considerable potential in practical applications.
基金the Land Use Theme of the Scottish Government Strategic Research Programme on Environmental Change.
文摘Mitigating and adapting to climate change includes a requirement to evaluate the role of future land uses in delivering robust integrated responses that are sensitive to local landscape contexts.In practice,this emphasises the need for community engagement,planning and inclusive decision-making.Community engagement may be potentially facilitated by the use of spatially explicit quantitative scenarios of landuse change in combination with interactive visualisation.This requires a coherent framework to integrate spatial data modelling,analytical capabilities and visualisation tools in a format that will also engage diverse public audiences.These challenges were explored with a case study of virtual landscapes from N-E Scotland that was used to test preferences for scenarios of future land use.Visualisations employed texture-based rendering rather than full photo-realistic rendering to facilitate interactivity and this provided additional scope for audiences to explore multiple future scenarios compared to the present landscape.Interactive voting in a virtual landscape theatre suggested preferences for visual diversity,good stewardship and perceived naturalness that should be considered in developing planned responses to change.Further investigation of preferences was conducted using interactive 3D features located within the landscape.Study findings are reviewed against objectives for inclusive engagement in the Digital Earth agenda and used to make further recommendations on the use of scenarios and visualisation tools.In particular,technical advances in user engagement need to be developed in conjunction with emerging good practice that addresses ethical,behavioural and inclusion issues so that the content is presented in as transparent and unbiased format as possible.
文摘A good visualisation method can greatly enhance human-machine collaboration in target contexts.To aid the optimal selection of visualisations for users,visualisation recommender systems have been developed to provide the right visualisation method to the right person given specific contexts.A visualisation recommender system often relies on a user study to collect data and conduct analysis to provide personalised recommendations.However,a user study without employing an effective experimental design is typically expensive in terms of time and cost.In this work,we propose a prediction-oriented optimal design to determine the user-task allocation in the user study for the recommendation of visualisation methods.The proposed optimal design will not only encourage the learning of the similarity embedded in the recommendation responses(i.e.,users’preference),but also improve the modelling accuracy of the similarities captured by the covariates of contexts(i.e.,task attributes).A simulation study and a real-data case study are used to evaluate the proposed optimal design.
基金This work has been supported by the French company Oslandia through the phd thesis of Jérémy Gaillard.CityGML data are provided by Lyon metropole and Helsinki Region Infoshare.This research was partly supported by the French Council for Technical Research(ANRT).
文摘City models have a wide variety of uses that require different kind of data representation or data models.Having a dynamic model that enables picking the right representations(meshes,volumetric data,point cloud,etc.)can prove useful to adapt an application to each user’s needs.In this paper,we present an original method to create personalised visualisations of 3D city models on the fly.By organising the server data in a hierarchy of tiles,we are able to generate personalised models based on the user’s preferences.These preferences take the shape of a set of rules that apply to each tile or city object and allow the user to choose which representation of the object to use depending on its position or semantic information(classification,height,etc.).Our method is designed around existing standards,guaranteeing the interoperability of the produced models.
基金This work was supported in part by funding from Australia’s Defence Science and Technology(DST)[RG190540-A-Using Data Farming].
文摘Narrative Visualisation(NarVis)is the pairing of data visualisation with narrative techniques.Due to its interdisciplinary applications and scholarship,NarVis presentations often feature vastly different interpretations of"narrative"and"visualisation",which is echoed in NarVis authoring tools.To map the morphology of how the narratives of NarVis manifest,we identify three different trajectories for the field.These trajectories are identified through an analysis of selected NarVis presentations and tools,with an emphasis on identifying how traditional narrative techniques are adopted,transposed or indeed challenged by NarVis examples.We then populate our categories with additional examples and tools,providing a foundational point of reference for NarVis scholars,authors and tool developers.
文摘Computed tomography(CT)can inspect the internal structure of concrete with high resolution,but improving the accuracy of measurements remains a key challenge due to the reliance on complex image processing and significant manual intervention.This study aims to optimize CT scanning parameters to enhance the accuracy of measuring crack widths and rebar volumes in reinforced concrete.Nine sets of specimens,each with varying rebar diameters and concrete cover thicknesses,were scanned before and after corrosion using an Optima CT scanner,followed by three-dimensional reconstructions using Avizo software.The effects of threshold values and“Erosion”coefficients on measurement accuracy were evaluated.The results demonstrated that an optimal lower threshold of 2950,combined with an‘Erosion’coefficient of 6,effectively limits the measurement error of rebar volumes to within 1%.The optimal threshold for measuring crack widths was influenced by the crack width,rebar diameter,and concrete cover thickness.Additionally,an optimized formula for determining crack measurement thresholds was proposed.This study significantly improves the accuracy of CT-based non-destructive testing(NDT)techniques,providing valuable insights for structural health monitoring(SHM).
文摘The application of frequency distribution statistics to data provides objective means to assess the nature of the data distribution and viability of numerical models that are used to visualize and interpret data.Two commonly used tools are the kernel density estimation and reduced chi-squared statistic used in combination with a weighted mean.Due to the wide applicability of these tools,we present a Java-based computer application called KDX to facilitate the visualization of data and the utilization of these numerical tools.
基金the support of the Monash-IITB Academy Scholarshipfunded in part by the Australian Research Council (DP190103592)。
文摘Typically, magnesium alloys have been designed using a so-called hill-climbing approach, with rather incremental advances over the past century. Iterative and incremental alloy design is slow and expensive, but more importantly it does not harness all the data that exists in the field. In this work, a new approach is proposed that utilises data science and provides a detailed understanding of the data that exists in the field of Mg-alloy design to date. In this approach, first a consolidated alloy database that incorporates 916 datapoints was developed from the literature and experimental work. To analyse the characteristics of the database, alloying and thermomechanical processing effects on mechanical properties were explored via composition-process-property matrices. An unsupervised machine learning(ML) method of clustering was also implemented, using unlabelled data, with the aim of revealing potentially useful information for an alloy representation space of low dimensionality. In addition, the alloy database was correlated to thermodynamically stable secondary phases to further understand the relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties. This work not only introduces an invaluable open-source database, but it also provides, for the first-time data, insights that enable future accelerated digital Mg-alloy design.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFD1100404-4)the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(No.52108120)the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210258)。
文摘To promote the visualisation and informatisation of the construction process of precast foamed lightweight concrete wallboards(PFLCWs),from the analysis of the construction requirements of PFLCWs,three key construction technologies based on building information modelling(BIM),namely,parameterised modelling for the PFLCW layout design,drawing generation to draw the PFLCW layout and quantity statistics for extracting PFLCW quantities,are proposed.Then,a reinforced concrete(RC)frame infilled with PFLCW is considered the test model to verify the feasibility of the aforementioned technologies.The results show that PFLCW layout design can be accomplished rapidly and visually using parameterised modelling technology.The PFLCW layout diagram can be generated directly using drawing generation technology.The proposed quantity statistics technology enables the automatic export of PFLCW bills of quantities.The built parameterised model helps construction workers rapidly and intuitively understand the specific layout details of PFLCWs.Moreover,the generated layout drawing and the bills of quantities based on the parameterised model can guide the production and on-site installation of PFLCWs.The research conclusions can serve as a practical guide and technical support for PFLCW engineering applications.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2023C03183)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LY23E080005)Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Transport(Grant No.202225).
文摘With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.
