AIM：To report on the utilization of eye care services and its associated factors among those with unilateral visual impairment（VI）in a rural South Indian population.METHODS：A population based cross-sectional study...AIM：To report on the utilization of eye care services and its associated factors among those with unilateral visual impairment（VI）in a rural South Indian population.METHODS：A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts（Adilabad,Mahbubnagar and West Godavari）in the state of Andhra Pradesh,India.A detailed interview and a comprehensive eye examination were conducted. Those with unilateral VI were asked questions about noticing any change in vision and on utilization of eye care services. The most important reason reported by the participant for not utilizing the services was used for the analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between noticing a change in vision and socio-demographic variables such as age,gender,education and area of residence,severity and causes of VI.RESULTS：Among the 4456 participants aged ≥16y who were administered the questionnaire,53.2% were women,and 54.7% had no education. Of the 489（11%; 95% CI：10.1-11.9）people with unilateral VI,399（81.6%）participants reported noticing a change in their vision over the last five years but only 136（34.1%）participants had soughteye care consultation. Those who had any education（OR：1.9; 95% CI：1.1-3.2）,had blindness（OR：2.7; 95% CI：1.4-5.2）,and cataract（OR：2.1; 95% CI：1.0-4.3）as a cause of unilateral VI were more like to seek eye care consultations. The most commonly reported reasons for not seeking eye care services were ＂do not have money for eye checkup＂ in 30.7% of the participants followed by ＂do not have a serious problem＂（30.0%）.CONCLUSION：A large proportion of rural population though noticed a change in their vision did not seek eye care due to financial and person-related reasons. Eye care service providers need to address these barriers to enhance the uptake of eye care services among those with unilateral VI.展开更多
Cartographic animation has been developed and widely used in geo-visualisation and many other areas in recent years.The usability of animated maps is a key characteristic affecting map users’effectiveness and efficie...Cartographic animation has been developed and widely used in geo-visualisation and many other areas in recent years.The usability of animated maps is a key characteristic affecting map users’effectiveness and efficiency in accomplishing tasks.In this paper,an eye tracking approach was proposed as a visual analytics method to evaluate the usability of animated maps by capturing participants’eye movement data and quantitatively analysing the accuracy(effectiveness)and response time(efficiency)of users’task completion.In the study,a set of animated traffic maps represented by three important visual variables(colour hue,size and frequency)was used for the usability evaluation.The experimental results showed that the usability of these three visual variables for cartographic animation affects the usability of animated maps.Red,yellow,and aqua were found to convey map information more effectively than other colour hues.Size was found to be more usable than colour hues for both animated maps and static maps.Usability was not found to be proportional to the playback rate of animated maps.Furthermore,the usability of the frequency,colour hue,and size was found to be related to the display’s size.We hope that the analysis approach presented in this paper and the results of this study will be of help in the design of cartographic animation displays with better usability.展开更多
The visual perception of augmented reality(AR)geovisualization is significantly different from traditional controllable 2D and 3D visualization.In this study,we extended the rendering styles of color variables to incl...The visual perception of augmented reality(AR)geovisualization is significantly different from traditional controllable 2D and 3D visualization.In this study,we extended the rendering styles of color variables to include natural material color(NMC)and illuminating material color(IMC)and extended the size to include linear size(LS)and angular size(AS).Outdoor AR geovisualization user experiments were conducted,examining the guidance characteristics of five static variables(NMC,IMC,shape,AS,LS)and two dynamic variables(vibration,flicker).The results showed that the two dynamic variables provided the highest guidance,and among all the static variables,the order of guidance was shape,IMC,AS,NMC,and finally LS.This is a new finding that is different from the color,size,and shape guidance order in 2D visualization and the color,shape,and size order in 3D visualization.The results could be utilized to guide the selection of visual variables for symbol design in AR geovisualization.展开更多
基金Supported by Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation,India and Christoffel-Blindenmission(CBM),Bensheim,Germany
文摘AIM：To report on the utilization of eye care services and its associated factors among those with unilateral visual impairment（VI）in a rural South Indian population.METHODS：A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts（Adilabad,Mahbubnagar and West Godavari）in the state of Andhra Pradesh,India.A detailed interview and a comprehensive eye examination were conducted. Those with unilateral VI were asked questions about noticing any change in vision and on utilization of eye care services. The most important reason reported by the participant for not utilizing the services was used for the analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association between noticing a change in vision and socio-demographic variables such as age,gender,education and area of residence,severity and causes of VI.RESULTS：Among the 4456 participants aged ≥16y who were administered the questionnaire,53.2% were women,and 54.7% had no education. Of the 489（11%; 95% CI：10.1-11.9）people with unilateral VI,399（81.6%）participants reported noticing a change in their vision over the last five years but only 136（34.1%）participants had soughteye care consultation. Those who had any education（OR：1.9; 95% CI：1.1-3.2）,had blindness（OR：2.7; 95% CI：1.4-5.2）,and cataract（OR：2.1; 95% CI：1.0-4.3）as a cause of unilateral VI were more like to seek eye care consultations. The most commonly reported reasons for not seeking eye care services were ＂do not have money for eye checkup＂ in 30.7% of the participants followed by ＂do not have a serious problem＂（30.0%）.CONCLUSION：A large proportion of rural population though noticed a change in their vision did not seek eye care due to financial and person-related reasons. Eye care service providers need to address these barriers to enhance the uptake of eye care services among those with unilateral VI.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB955403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41001303)Beijing Nova Program(Grant No.2011044)
文摘Cartographic animation has been developed and widely used in geo-visualisation and many other areas in recent years.The usability of animated maps is a key characteristic affecting map users’effectiveness and efficiency in accomplishing tasks.In this paper,an eye tracking approach was proposed as a visual analytics method to evaluate the usability of animated maps by capturing participants’eye movement data and quantitatively analysing the accuracy(effectiveness)and response time(efficiency)of users’task completion.In the study,a set of animated traffic maps represented by three important visual variables(colour hue,size and frequency)was used for the usability evaluation.The experimental results showed that the usability of these three visual variables for cartographic animation affects the usability of animated maps.Red,yellow,and aqua were found to convey map information more effectively than other colour hues.Size was found to be more usable than colour hues for both animated maps and static maps.Usability was not found to be proportional to the playback rate of animated maps.Furthermore,the usability of the frequency,colour hue,and size was found to be related to the display’s size.We hope that the analysis approach presented in this paper and the results of this study will be of help in the design of cartographic animation displays with better usability.
基金supported and funded by the Pilot Fund of Frontier Science and Disruptive Technology of Aerospace Information Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant number E0Z211010F].
文摘The visual perception of augmented reality(AR)geovisualization is significantly different from traditional controllable 2D and 3D visualization.In this study,we extended the rendering styles of color variables to include natural material color(NMC)and illuminating material color(IMC)and extended the size to include linear size(LS)and angular size(AS).Outdoor AR geovisualization user experiments were conducted,examining the guidance characteristics of five static variables(NMC,IMC,shape,AS,LS)and two dynamic variables(vibration,flicker).The results showed that the two dynamic variables provided the highest guidance,and among all the static variables,the order of guidance was shape,IMC,AS,NMC,and finally LS.This is a new finding that is different from the color,size,and shape guidance order in 2D visualization and the color,shape,and size order in 3D visualization.The results could be utilized to guide the selection of visual variables for symbol design in AR geovisualization.
