Non-condensable gas(NCG),foam and surfactant are the three commonly-used additives in hybrid steam-chemical processes for heavy oil reservoirs.Their application can effectively control the steam injection profile and ...Non-condensable gas(NCG),foam and surfactant are the three commonly-used additives in hybrid steam-chemical processes for heavy oil reservoirs.Their application can effectively control the steam injection profile and increase the sweep efficiency.In this paper,the methods of microscale visualized experiment and macroscale 3D experiment are applied to systematically evaluate the areal and vertical sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes.First,a series of static tests are performed to evaluate the effect of different additives on heavy oil properties.Then,by a series of tests on the microscale visualized model,the areal sweep efficiencies of a baseline steam flooding process and different follow-up hybrid EOR processes are obtained from the collected 2D images.Specifically,they include the hybrid steam-N_(2)process,hybrid steam-N2/foam process,hybrid steam-surfactant process and hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process(N2/foam slug first and steam-surfactant co-injection then).From the results of static tests and visualized micromodels,the pore scale EOR mechanisms and the difference between them can be discussed.For the vertical sweep efficiencies,a macroscale 3D experiment of steam flooding process and a follow-up hybrid EOR process is conducted.Thereafter,combing the macroscale 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,the vertical and overall sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes are evaluated.Results indicate that compared with a steam flooding process,the areal sweep efficiency of a hybrid steam-N2process is lower.It is caused by the high mobility ratio in a steam-N2-heavy oil system.By contrast,the enhancement of sweep efficiency by a hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process is the highest.It is because of the high resistance capacity of NCG foam system and the performance of surfactant.Specifically,a surfactant can interact with the oil film in chief zone and reduce the interfacial energy,and thus the oil droplets/films formed during steam injection stage are unlocked.For NCG foam,it can plug the chief steam flow zone and thus the subsequent injected steam is re-directed.Simultaneously,from the collected 2D images,it is also observed that the reservoir microscopic heterogeneity can have an important effect on their sweep efficiencies.From the 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,it is found that a N2/foam slug can increase the thermal front angle by about 150 and increase the vertical sweep efficiency by about 26%.Among the four processes,a multiple hybrid EOR process(steam-N2/foam/surfactant process) is recommended than the other ones.This paper provides a novel method to systematically evaluate the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process and some new insights on the mechanisms of sweep efficiency enhancement are also addressed.It can benefit the expansion of hybrid steam-chemical processes in the post steamed heavy oil reservoirs.展开更多
针对移动端电商APP界面交互效率低的难题,本研究借助Tobii Pro X3-120眼动仪,采集50名多类型用户的电商视觉注意力数据,构建“视觉注意力—操作效率”关联模型,并运用A/B测试验证界面优化效果。实验结果表明,优化后的界面使任务完成时...针对移动端电商APP界面交互效率低的难题,本研究借助Tobii Pro X3-120眼动仪,采集50名多类型用户的电商视觉注意力数据,构建“视觉注意力—操作效率”关联模型,并运用A/B测试验证界面优化效果。实验结果表明,优化后的界面使任务完成时间缩短28%,错误率降低41%,眼动热点区域与操作目标的重合度提升35%,充分验证了基于眼动数据驱动的交互设计优化方法的有效性,为电商APP界面设计提供了科学量化的优化路径。展开更多
分析了单船海上扩展方形和扇形视觉搜寻水上人员两种方式，通过建立衡量单船海上视觉搜寻水上人员两种高效搜寻方式的数学模型并结合《国际航空和海上搜寻救助手册》对其进行定量分析，得出在搜寻半径为2～5 n mile的较小搜寻区域内，...分析了单船海上扩展方形和扇形视觉搜寻水上人员两种方式，通过建立衡量单船海上视觉搜寻水上人员两种高效搜寻方式的数学模型并结合《国际航空和海上搜寻救助手册》对其进行定量分析，得出在搜寻半径为2～5 n mile的较小搜寻区域内，扩展方形视觉搜寻方式的效率高于扇形视觉搜寻方式的结论，为海上视觉搜寻决策者进行科学决策提供依据。展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20B6003,52004303)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(3212020)
文摘Non-condensable gas(NCG),foam and surfactant are the three commonly-used additives in hybrid steam-chemical processes for heavy oil reservoirs.Their application can effectively control the steam injection profile and increase the sweep efficiency.In this paper,the methods of microscale visualized experiment and macroscale 3D experiment are applied to systematically evaluate the areal and vertical sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes.First,a series of static tests are performed to evaluate the effect of different additives on heavy oil properties.Then,by a series of tests on the microscale visualized model,the areal sweep efficiencies of a baseline steam flooding process and different follow-up hybrid EOR processes are obtained from the collected 2D images.Specifically,they include the hybrid steam-N_(2)process,hybrid steam-N2/foam process,hybrid steam-surfactant process and hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process(N2/foam slug first and steam-surfactant co-injection then).From the results of static tests and visualized micromodels,the pore scale EOR mechanisms and the difference between them can be discussed.For the vertical sweep efficiencies,a macroscale 3D experiment of steam flooding process and a follow-up hybrid EOR process is conducted.Thereafter,combing the macroscale 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,the vertical and overall sweep efficiencies of different hybrid steam-chemical processes are evaluated.Results indicate that compared with a steam flooding process,the areal sweep efficiency of a hybrid steam-N2process is lower.It is caused by the high mobility ratio in a steam-N2-heavy oil system.By contrast,the enhancement of sweep efficiency by a hybrid steam-N2/foam/surfactant process is the highest.It is because of the high resistance capacity of NCG foam system and the performance of surfactant.Specifically,a surfactant can interact with the oil film in chief zone and reduce the interfacial energy,and thus the oil droplets/films formed during steam injection stage are unlocked.For NCG foam,it can plug the chief steam flow zone and thus the subsequent injected steam is re-directed.Simultaneously,from the collected 2D images,it is also observed that the reservoir microscopic heterogeneity can have an important effect on their sweep efficiencies.From the 3D experiment and laboratory-scaled numerical simulation,it is found that a N2/foam slug can increase the thermal front angle by about 150 and increase the vertical sweep efficiency by about 26%.Among the four processes,a multiple hybrid EOR process(steam-N2/foam/surfactant process) is recommended than the other ones.This paper provides a novel method to systematically evaluate the sweep efficiency of hybrid steam-chemical process and some new insights on the mechanisms of sweep efficiency enhancement are also addressed.It can benefit the expansion of hybrid steam-chemical processes in the post steamed heavy oil reservoirs.
文摘针对移动端电商APP界面交互效率低的难题,本研究借助Tobii Pro X3-120眼动仪,采集50名多类型用户的电商视觉注意力数据,构建“视觉注意力—操作效率”关联模型,并运用A/B测试验证界面优化效果。实验结果表明,优化后的界面使任务完成时间缩短28%,错误率降低41%,眼动热点区域与操作目标的重合度提升35%,充分验证了基于眼动数据驱动的交互设计优化方法的有效性,为电商APP界面设计提供了科学量化的优化路径。
文摘分析了单船海上扩展方形和扇形视觉搜寻水上人员两种方式，通过建立衡量单船海上视觉搜寻水上人员两种高效搜寻方式的数学模型并结合《国际航空和海上搜寻救助手册》对其进行定量分析，得出在搜寻半径为2～5 n mile的较小搜寻区域内，扩展方形视觉搜寻方式的效率高于扇形视觉搜寻方式的结论，为海上视觉搜寻决策者进行科学决策提供依据。
