Background:Early identification of concussion-related vision disorders(CRVDs)may improve outcomes by enabling earlier management,referral,and treatment.Objective eye tracking may provide additional data to support the...Background:Early identification of concussion-related vision disorders(CRVDs)may improve outcomes by enabling earlier management,referral,and treatment.Objective eye tracking may provide additional data to support the diagnose of CRVDs.The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of objective infrared eye tracking in identifying CRVDs among adolescents experiencing persisting post-concussive symptoms(PPCS)more than 28 days after injury.Methods:This was a prospective study of adolescents with PPCS evaluated with visio-vestibular examination(VVE),comprehensive vision examination,and an eye tracking device.Results:Of the 108 adolescents enrolled,67(62%)were diagnosed with a CRVD by comprehensive vision examination.On VVE,the near point of convergence break(5.5±3.2 cm vs.3.9±1.7 cm(mean±SD),p<0.001)and recovery(8.1±3.3 cm vs.6.8±2.3 cm,p=0.02)distinguished between those with and without CRVD.Concussion symptom provocation on VVE with horizontal saccades(35(52%)vs.12(29%),p=0.02)and horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex testing(37(55%)vs.14(34%),p=0.03),and sway on tandem gait under the forward eyes closed condition(25(37%)vs.6(15%),p=0.01)also identified those with CRVD.From the eye tracking device,the BOX score(8.1±5.8 vs.5.2±4.1,p=0.007)and a metric of the left eye tracking along the bottom of the visual target(0.094±0.500 vs.-0.124±0.410,p=0.02)identified those with CRVD,with a multivariable receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,including the BOX score,achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.7637.Conclusion:CRVDs are common in those with PPCS,with impact on recovery after concussion.Novel eye-tracking metrics can serve as an aid in the identification of those with CRVDs who would benefit from referral for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
As a tool for quantifying individuals’visual attention and information processing,eye-tracking technology is gradually being applied in the reform of higher education.This paper focuses on issues in university mathem...As a tool for quantifying individuals’visual attention and information processing,eye-tracking technology is gradually being applied in the reform of higher education.This paper focuses on issues in university mathematics teaching,such as heavy cognitive load,delayed feedback,and insufficient adaptability.Based on theories of cognitive psychology,the study explores application pathways of this technology in cognitive diagnosis,instructional optimization,classroom regulation,personalized support,and teaching assessment.Research shows that eye-tracking data can reveal key cognitive features during the learning process,enhance the visualization of instructional feedback,and improve the scientific basis of decision-making.This provides both theoretical support and practical reference for data-driven and precise transformation in university mathematics education.展开更多
The landscape quality of urban parks is an important aspect of tourists'landscape experience.A full understanding of their relationship is beneficial to the park design,construction and management.In this paper,Xi...The landscape quality of urban parks is an important aspect of tourists'landscape experience.A full understanding of their relationship is beneficial to the park design,construction and management.In this paper,Xiaohong Stone Carving Park in Nanjing was selected as a case study.Firstly,the subjective landscape visual quality evaluation of tourists was obtained through the scenic beauty evaluation,and the objective landscape visual preference of users was obtained through eye movement experiment and analysis.Secondly,the values of various park landscape elements were measured respectively.And then the correlation between the subjective and objective evaluation and the values of park landscape elements was analyzed.The results showed that:(1)The visual preference of plant cluster landscape with beautiful shape,distinct layers and significant color contrast is high;(2)The preference for waterfront scenes with significant terrain differences,rich background vegetation levels,and clear and vivid water side reflections is high;(3)The designed artificial structures often become the focus of attention in the whole scene,which can improve the beauty of the scene;(4)The overall landscape composition is very important for the beauty of the scene.Finally,through the comprehensive analysis with the design expectation,the optimization strategy was proposed.展开更多
Non-intrusive methods for eye tracking are important for many applications of vision-based human computer interaction.However,due to the high nonlinearity of eye motion,how to ensure the robustness of external interfe...Non-intrusive methods for eye tracking are important for many applications of vision-based human computer interaction.However,due to the high nonlinearity of eye motion,how to ensure the robustness of external interference and accuracy of eye tracking pose the primary obstacle to the integration of eye movements into today＇s interfaces.In this paper,we present a strong tracking unscented Kalman filter （ST-UKF） algorithm,aiming to overcome the difficulty in nonlinear eye tracking.In the proposed ST-UKF,the Suboptimal fading factor of strong tracking filtering is introduced to improve robustness and accuracy of eye tracking.Compared with the related Kalman filter for eye tracking,the proposed ST-UKF has potential advantages in robustness and tracking accuracy.The last experimental results show the validity of our method for eye tracking under realistic conditions.展开更多
A new scheme for driver fatigue detection is presented, which is based on the nonlinear unscented Kalman filter and eye tracking. Assuming a probability distribution than to approximate an arbitrary nonlinear function...A new scheme for driver fatigue detection is presented, which is based on the nonlinear unscented Kalman filter and eye tracking. Assuming a probability distribution than to approximate an arbitrary nonlinear function or transformation, eye nonlinear tracking can be achieved using an unscented transformation (UT), which adopts a set of deterministic sigma points to match the posterior probability density function of the eye movement. Driver fatigue can be detected using the percentage of eye closure (PERCLOS) framework in a realistic driving condition after the eye nonlinear tracking. This system was tested adequately in realistic driving environments with subjects of different genders, with/without glasses, in day/night driving, being commercial/noncommercial drivers, in continuous driving time, and under different road conditions. The last experimental results show that the proposed method not only improves the robustness for nonlinear eye tracking, but also can provide more accurate estimation than the traditional Kalman filter.展开更多
The unscented Kalman filter is a developed well-known method for nonlinear motion estimation and tracking. However, the standard unscented Kalman filter has the inherent drawbacks, such as numerical instability and mu...The unscented Kalman filter is a developed well-known method for nonlinear motion estimation and tracking. However, the standard unscented Kalman filter has the inherent drawbacks, such as numerical instability and much more time spent on calculation in practical applications. In this paper, we present a novel sampling strong tracking nonlinear unscented Kalman filter, aiming to overcome the difficulty in nonlinear eye tracking. In the above proposed filter, the simplified unscented transform sampling strategy with n＋ 2 sigma points leads to the computational efficiency, and suboptimal fading factor of strong tracking filtering is introduced to improve robustness and accuracy of eye tracking. Compared with the related unscented Kalman filter for eye tracking, the proposed filter has potential advantages in robustness, convergence speed, and tracking accuracy. The final experimental results show the validity of our method for eye tracking under realistic conditions.展开更多
With the high-speed development of transportation industry,highway traffic safety has become a considerable problem.Meanwhile,with the development of embedded system and hardware chip,in recent years,human eye detecti...With the high-speed development of transportation industry,highway traffic safety has become a considerable problem.Meanwhile,with the development of embedded system and hardware chip,in recent years,human eye detection eye tracking and positioning technology have been more and more widely used in man-machine interaction,security access control and visual detection.In this paper,the high parallelism of FPGA was utilized to realize an elliptical approximate real-time human eye tracking system,which was achieved by the series register structure and random sample consensus(RANSAC),thus improving the speed of image processing without using external memory.Because eye images acquired by the camera often generate a lot of noises due to uneven light and dark background,the preprocessing technologies such as color conversion,image filtering,histogram modification and image sharpening were adopted.In terms of feature extraction of images,the eye tracking algorithm in this paper adopted seven-section rectangular eye tracking characteristic method,which increased a section between the mouth and the nose on the basis of the traditional six-section method,so its recognition accuracy is much higher.It is convenient for the realization of hardware parallel system in FPGA.Finally,aiming at the accuracy and real-time performance of the design system,a more comprehensive simulation test was carried out.The human eye tracking system was verified on DE2-115 multimedia development platform,and the performance of VGA(resolution:640×480)images of 8-bit grayscale was tested.The results showed that the detection speed of this system was about 47 frames per second under the condition that the detection rate of human face(front face,no inclination)was 93%,which reached the real-time detection level.Additionally,the accuracy of eye tracking based on FPGA system was more than 95%,and it has achieved ideal results in real-time performance and robustness.展开更多
Information processing within the brain relies on electro-chemical features. Electric events are accessible by recording of the EEG. These electric oscillations might be regarded as a neuronal code carrying informatio...Information processing within the brain relies on electro-chemical features. Electric events are accessible by recording of the EEG. These electric oscillations might be regarded as a neuronal code carrying information on important motor, cognitive and emotional events. A new approach of quantitative assessment of very short time epochs of 364 ms has been developed on the base of particularly defined frequency ranges and called “Neurocode-Tracking”. The new method was technically validated by the use of a signal generator and was found to correspond to classical quantitative EEG analysis except for some smudging during the transition from one frequency range to the next. Real data from a subject were obtained during relaxation and performance of three mental tasks. Data were time averaged for 180 s using the classical method and compared to data averaging during 16.4 s. Results were nearly identical with respect to spectral signatures showing the expected midline frontal theta increases during performance of three cognitive tests but not during relaxation. Collection of very short time epochs of 728 ms duration confirmed task dependent frontal theta increases, most prominent during calculation performance test (CPT), less during d2-concentration and memory test, none during relaxation. Finally, the new technique was combined with eye-tracking. Capture of the EEG mapping video of Neurocode-Tracking and synchronization with the gaze overlay video by starting recording with an audio signal (gong) allowed a match of gazes precisely with the corresponding electric events. Use of this technical combination in research will hopefully lead to a new understanding of spectral signatures of electric activity called enkephaloglyphs.展开更多
Aiming at intercepting large maneuvering targets precisely,the guidance law of advanced self-seeking missiles requires not only inertial line-of-sight(LOS)angular rate but also target maneuvering acceleration.Moreover...Aiming at intercepting large maneuvering targets precisely,the guidance law of advanced self-seeking missiles requires not only inertial line-of-sight(LOS)angular rate but also target maneuvering acceleration.Moreover,the semi-strapdown stabilization platform has lost the ability to measure the inertial LOS angular rate directly,which needs to be extracted by numerical calculation.The differential operation commonly used in traditional methods can magnify the measurement error of the sensor,resulting in insufficient calculation accuracy of the line-of-sight angular rate.By analyzing the mathematical relationship between the missile-target relative motion and the angle tracking system,a multi-process-fusion integrated filter model of relative motion and angle tracking is presented.To overcome the defect that the infrared seeker cannot directly measure the missile-target distance,following the snake-hot-eye visual mechanism,a visual bionic imaging guidance method of estimating the missile-target relative distance from the infrared images is proposed to improve the observability of the filter model.Finally,target-tracking simulations verify that the estimation accuracy of target acceleration is improved by four times.展开更多
Background Eye-tracking technology for mobile devices has made significant progress.However,owing to limited computing capacity and the complexity of context,the conventional image feature-based technology cannot extr...Background Eye-tracking technology for mobile devices has made significant progress.However,owing to limited computing capacity and the complexity of context,the conventional image feature-based technology cannot extract features accurately,thus affecting the performance.Methods This study proposes a novel approach by combining appearance-and feature-based eye-tracking methods.Face and eye region detections were conducted to obtain features that were used as inputs to the appearance model to detect the feature points.The feature points were used to generate feature vectors,such as corner center-pupil center,by which the gaze fixation coordinates were calculated.Results To obtain feature vectors with the best performance,we compared different vectors under different image resolution and illumination conditions,and the results indicated that the average gaze fixation accuracy was achieved at a visual angle of 1.93°when the image resolution was 96×48 pixels,with light sources illuminating from the front of the eye.Conclusions Compared with the current methods,our method improved the accuracy of gaze fixation and it was more usable.展开更多
Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)can be defined as a neurodevelopmental condition or illness that can disturb kids who have heterogeneous characteristics,like changes in behavior,social disabilities,and difficulty communi...Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)can be defined as a neurodevelopmental condition or illness that can disturb kids who have heterogeneous characteristics,like changes in behavior,social disabilities,and difficulty communicating with others.Eye tracking(ET)has become a useful method to detect ASD.One vital aspect of moral erudition is the aptitude to have common visual attention.The eye-tracking approach offers valuable data regarding the visual behavior of children for accurate and early detection.Eye-tracking data can offer insightful information about the behavior and thought processes of people with ASD,but it is important to be aware of its limitations and to combine it with other types of data and assessment techniques to increase the precision of ASD detection.It operates by scanning the paths of eyes for extracting a series of eye projection points on images for examining the behavior of children with autism.The purpose of this research is to use deep learning to identify autistic disorders based on eye tracking.The Chaotic Butterfly Optimization technique is used to identify this specific disturbance.Therefore,this study develops an ET-based Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis using Chaotic Butterfly Optimization with Deep Learning(ETASD-CBODL)technique.The presented ETASDCBODL technique mainly focuses on the recognition of ASD via the ET and DL models.To accomplish this,the ETASD-CBODL technique exploits the U-Net segmentation technique to recognize interested AREASS.In addition,the ETASD-CBODL technique employs Inception v3 feature extraction with CBO algorithm-based hyperparameter optimization.Finally,the long-shorttermmemory(LSTM)model is exploited for the recognition and classification of ASD.To assess the performance of the ETASD-CBODL technique,a series of simulations were performed on datasets from the figure-shared data repository.The experimental values of accuracy(99.29%),precision(98.78%),sensitivity(99.29%)and specificity(99.29%)showed a better performance in the ETASD-CBODL technique over recent approaches.展开更多
Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and trea...Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and treatment.For instance,modern imaging instruments use a real-time eye-tracking system,which helps to reduce motion artefacts and increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging acquisition such as optical coherence tomography(OCT),microperimetry,and fluorescence and color imaging.Navigation in ophthalmic surgery has been firstly applied in laser vision corrective surgery and spread to involve navigated retinal photocoagulation,and positioning guidance of intraocular lenses(IOL)during cataract surgery.It has emerged as one of the most reliable representatives of technology as it continues to transform surgical interventions into safer,more standardized,and more predictable procedures with better outcomes.Eye-tracking is essential in refractive surgery with excimer laser ablation.Using this technology for cataract surgery in patients with high preoperative astigmatism has produced better therapeutic outcomes.Navigated retinal laser has proven to be safer and more accurate compared to the use of conventional slit lamp lasers.Eye-tracking has also been used in imaging diagnostics,where it is essential for proper alignment of captured zones of interest and accurate follow-up imaging.This technology is not routinely discussed in the ophthalmic literature even though it has been truly impactful in our clinical practice and represents a small revolution in ophthalmology.展开更多
Advertising evaluation can not only evaluate the subconscious behavior of consumers and help consumers to avoid irrational consumption,but also improve the utilization of advertising resources.To deal with this topic,...Advertising evaluation can not only evaluate the subconscious behavior of consumers and help consumers to avoid irrational consumption,but also improve the utilization of advertising resources.To deal with this topic,electroencephalogram(EEG)data and eye movement data from18 subjects is collected.The power spectra of beta band and theta band are used to calculate the EEG attention index,while the eye attention index is calculated by the statistics at fixation on the interesting area.Therefore the fusion attention index is obtained by fusing the EEG signal and eye movement data in the feature level.The results indicate that the memory of the advertisements is synced up with the attention of the products.And the fusion attention index has a higher significant difference than the other two indexes.展开更多
EyeScreen is a vision-based interaction system which provides a natural gesture interface for humancomputer interaction （HCI） by tracking human fingers and recognizing gestures. Multi-view video images are captured ...EyeScreen is a vision-based interaction system which provides a natural gesture interface for humancomputer interaction （HCI） by tracking human fingers and recognizing gestures. Multi-view video images are captured by two cameras facing a computer screen, which can be used to detect clicking actions of a fingertip and improve the recognition rate. The system enables users to directly interact with rendered objects on the screen. Robustness of the system has been verified by extensive experiments with different user scenarios. EyeScreen can be used in many applications such as intelligent interaction and digital entertainment.展开更多
This study measures visual attention to examine the impact of banner ads on reading and information processing on the Web. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, 120 students were randomly assigned to read a series o...This study measures visual attention to examine the impact of banner ads on reading and information processing on the Web. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, 120 students were randomly assigned to read a series of either short or long articles on webpages presented with no banner ads, a static banner ad, or an animated banner ad. Visual attention was recorded by an eye-tracking device. Results from our study show that when there is too little information presented on a Webpage with no banner ads, the readers might become less attentive to the paper, while a long paper presented with too many visual stimuli may overload viewers＇ cognitive capacity. While these findings are generally consistent with past research that compared the impact of static ads against animated ads, the addition of a control condition and the varying of article length in our study extended previous research by revealing more complex visual processing and cognitive processes.展开更多
This study used an eye-tracking methodology to investigate consumers'gazing behavior by focusing on how assessment design influences gazing behavior and decision time.Only one factor of test design was investigate...This study used an eye-tracking methodology to investigate consumers'gazing behavior by focusing on how assessment design influences gazing behavior and decision time.Only one factor of test design was investigated and each test contained three images.Eight participants were recruited.This study answered three questions:(1)Does the color of food influence gazing behavior?(2)Does the color of food influence decision-making?(3)Is gazing behavior related to decision-making behavior?The results demonstrated that gazing behavior and decision time have a positive relationship with the image selected.Future research should consider the relationships between eye movements,cognitive goals,and tasks.展开更多
BACKGROUND The early acquisition of skills required to perform hemostasis during endoscopy may be hindered by the lack of tools that allow assessments of the operator’s viewpoint.Understanding the operator’s viewpoi...BACKGROUND The early acquisition of skills required to perform hemostasis during endoscopy may be hindered by the lack of tools that allow assessments of the operator’s viewpoint.Understanding the operator’s viewpoint may facilitate the skills.AIM To evaluate the effects of a training system using operator gaze patterns during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)on hemostasis.METHODS An eye-tracking system was developed to record the operator’s viewpoints during gastric ESD,displaying the viewpoint as a circle.In phase 1,videos of three trainees’viewpoints were recorded.After reviewing these,trainees were recorded again in phase 2.The videos from both phases were retrospectively reviewed,and short clips were created to evaluate the hemostasis skills.Outcome measures included the time to recognize the bleeding point,the time to complete hemostasis,and the number of coagulation attempts.RESULTS Eight cases treated with ESD were reviewed,and 10 video clips of hemostasis were created.The time required to recognize the bleeding point during phase 2 was significantly shorter than that during phase 1(8.3±4.1 seconds vs 23.1±19.2 seconds;P=0.049).The time required to complete hemostasis during phase 1 and that during phase 2 were not significantly different(15.4±6.8 seconds vs 31.9±21.7 seconds;P=0.056).Significantly fewer coagulation attempts were performed during phase 2(1.8±0.7 vs 3.2±1.0;P=0.004).CONCLUSION Short-term training did not reduce hemostasis completion time but significantly improved bleeding point recognition and reduced coagulation attempts.Learning from the operator’s viewpoint can facilitate acquiring hemostasis skills during ESD.展开更多
Anticancer drug preparation by pharmacists is a critical task directly related to medical incidents. This study examined the factors influencing medical errors in chemotherapy, that is, errors by specialist pharmacist...Anticancer drug preparation by pharmacists is a critical task directly related to medical incidents. This study examined the factors influencing medical errors in chemotherapy, that is, errors by specialist pharmacists (CPh) and pharmacists in other departments (NCPh), by measuring their gaze during the preparation of anticancer drugs. The eye-tracking results showed that the gazing time of NCPh was significantly longer than that of CPh for items such as “preparation of a closed-system device” and “preparation of the syringe” and all preparation times (P < 0.05). The NCPh were not assigned to prepare drugs on a regular basis, indicating their lack of familiarity with the process. There was no significant difference in gaze ratio between CPh and NCPh. This outcome was suggested to be a result of the use of an anticancer drug preparation support system. The results for the pupil diameter variation rate showed that NCPh were significantly more mydriatic in the “mixing injections” category than CPh. However, CPh tended to be more mydriatic in the “checking” category. CPh exhibited a smooth workflow and focused on the important items to be checked. This study showed that the differences in procedure flow and concentration points may lead to errors. Furthermore, the results are of interest from the perspective of medical incident prevention. They will be useful in identifying potential human factors, such as where the pharmacist focuses their attention by measuring eye movements.展开更多
Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that...Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land. Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 ex perienced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea. Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the electronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat. Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.展开更多
In daily life,human need various senses to obtain information about their surroundings,and touch is one of the five major human sensing signals.Similarly,it is extremely important for robots to be endowed with tactile...In daily life,human need various senses to obtain information about their surroundings,and touch is one of the five major human sensing signals.Similarly,it is extremely important for robots to be endowed with tactile sensing ability.In recent years,vision-based tactile sensing technology has been the research hotspot and frontier in the field of tactile perception.Compared to conventional tactile sensing technologies,vision-based tactile sensing technologies are capable of obtaining highquality and high-resolution tactile information at a lower cost,while not being limited by the size and shape of sensors.Several previous articles have reviewed the sensing mechanism and electrical components of vision-based sensors,greatly promoting the innovation of tactile sensing.Different from existing reviews,this article concentrates on the underlying tracking method which converts real-time images into deformation information,including contact,sliding and friction.We will show the history and development of both model-based and model-free tracking methods,among which model-based approaches rely on schematic mechanical theories,and model-free approaches mainly involve machine learning algorithms.Comparing the efficiency and accuracy of existing deformation tracking methods,future research directions of vision-based tactile sensors for smart manipulations and robots are also discussed.展开更多
基金supported by funding from the National Institution of Neurological Disorders and Stroke(1R41NS103698-01A1 to CLM)。
文摘Background:Early identification of concussion-related vision disorders(CRVDs)may improve outcomes by enabling earlier management,referral,and treatment.Objective eye tracking may provide additional data to support the diagnose of CRVDs.The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of objective infrared eye tracking in identifying CRVDs among adolescents experiencing persisting post-concussive symptoms(PPCS)more than 28 days after injury.Methods:This was a prospective study of adolescents with PPCS evaluated with visio-vestibular examination(VVE),comprehensive vision examination,and an eye tracking device.Results:Of the 108 adolescents enrolled,67(62%)were diagnosed with a CRVD by comprehensive vision examination.On VVE,the near point of convergence break(5.5±3.2 cm vs.3.9±1.7 cm(mean±SD),p<0.001)and recovery(8.1±3.3 cm vs.6.8±2.3 cm,p=0.02)distinguished between those with and without CRVD.Concussion symptom provocation on VVE with horizontal saccades(35(52%)vs.12(29%),p=0.02)and horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex testing(37(55%)vs.14(34%),p=0.03),and sway on tandem gait under the forward eyes closed condition(25(37%)vs.6(15%),p=0.01)also identified those with CRVD.From the eye tracking device,the BOX score(8.1±5.8 vs.5.2±4.1,p=0.007)and a metric of the left eye tracking along the bottom of the visual target(0.094±0.500 vs.-0.124±0.410,p=0.02)identified those with CRVD,with a multivariable receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,including the BOX score,achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.7637.Conclusion:CRVDs are common in those with PPCS,with impact on recovery after concussion.Novel eye-tracking metrics can serve as an aid in the identification of those with CRVDs who would benefit from referral for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment.
基金The 2024 Education and Teaching Reform Project,“Exploration and Practice of University Mathematics Teaching Reform Driven by Eye-Tracking Technology”(Project No.:JG2024047)。
文摘As a tool for quantifying individuals’visual attention and information processing,eye-tracking technology is gradually being applied in the reform of higher education.This paper focuses on issues in university mathematics teaching,such as heavy cognitive load,delayed feedback,and insufficient adaptability.Based on theories of cognitive psychology,the study explores application pathways of this technology in cognitive diagnosis,instructional optimization,classroom regulation,personalized support,and teaching assessment.Research shows that eye-tracking data can reveal key cognitive features during the learning process,enhance the visualization of instructional feedback,and improve the scientific basis of decision-making.This provides both theoretical support and practical reference for data-driven and precise transformation in university mathematics education.
文摘The landscape quality of urban parks is an important aspect of tourists'landscape experience.A full understanding of their relationship is beneficial to the park design,construction and management.In this paper,Xiaohong Stone Carving Park in Nanjing was selected as a case study.Firstly,the subjective landscape visual quality evaluation of tourists was obtained through the scenic beauty evaluation,and the objective landscape visual preference of users was obtained through eye movement experiment and analysis.Secondly,the values of various park landscape elements were measured respectively.And then the correlation between the subjective and objective evaluation and the values of park landscape elements was analyzed.The results showed that:(1)The visual preference of plant cluster landscape with beautiful shape,distinct layers and significant color contrast is high;(2)The preference for waterfront scenes with significant terrain differences,rich background vegetation levels,and clear and vivid water side reflections is high;(3)The designed artificial structures often become the focus of attention in the whole scene,which can improve the beauty of the scene;(4)The overall landscape composition is very important for the beauty of the scene.Finally,through the comprehensive analysis with the design expectation,the optimization strategy was proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60971104)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(No.NCET-05-0794)the Young Teacher Scientific Research Foundation of Southwest Jiaotong University(No.2009Q032)
文摘Non-intrusive methods for eye tracking are important for many applications of vision-based human computer interaction.However,due to the high nonlinearity of eye motion,how to ensure the robustness of external interference and accuracy of eye tracking pose the primary obstacle to the integration of eye movements into today＇s interfaces.In this paper,we present a strong tracking unscented Kalman filter （ST-UKF） algorithm,aiming to overcome the difficulty in nonlinear eye tracking.In the proposed ST-UKF,the Suboptimal fading factor of strong tracking filtering is introduced to improve robustness and accuracy of eye tracking.Compared with the related Kalman filter for eye tracking,the proposed ST-UKF has potential advantages in robustness and tracking accuracy.The last experimental results show the validity of our method for eye tracking under realistic conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60971104)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents inUniversity of China (No.NCET-05-0794)the Young Teacher Scientific Research Foundation of Southwest Jiaotong University (No.2009Q032)
文摘A new scheme for driver fatigue detection is presented, which is based on the nonlinear unscented Kalman filter and eye tracking. Assuming a probability distribution than to approximate an arbitrary nonlinear function or transformation, eye nonlinear tracking can be achieved using an unscented transformation (UT), which adopts a set of deterministic sigma points to match the posterior probability density function of the eye movement. Driver fatigue can be detected using the percentage of eye closure (PERCLOS) framework in a realistic driving condition after the eye nonlinear tracking. This system was tested adequately in realistic driving environments with subjects of different genders, with/without glasses, in day/night driving, being commercial/noncommercial drivers, in continuous driving time, and under different road conditions. The last experimental results show that the proposed method not only improves the robustness for nonlinear eye tracking, but also can provide more accurate estimation than the traditional Kalman filter.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60971104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Cental Universities (Grant No. SWJTU09BR092)the Young Teacher Scientific Research Foundation of Southwest Jiaotong University (Grant No. 2009Q032)
文摘The unscented Kalman filter is a developed well-known method for nonlinear motion estimation and tracking. However, the standard unscented Kalman filter has the inherent drawbacks, such as numerical instability and much more time spent on calculation in practical applications. In this paper, we present a novel sampling strong tracking nonlinear unscented Kalman filter, aiming to overcome the difficulty in nonlinear eye tracking. In the above proposed filter, the simplified unscented transform sampling strategy with n＋ 2 sigma points leads to the computational efficiency, and suboptimal fading factor of strong tracking filtering is introduced to improve robustness and accuracy of eye tracking. Compared with the related unscented Kalman filter for eye tracking, the proposed filter has potential advantages in robustness, convergence speed, and tracking accuracy. The final experimental results show the validity of our method for eye tracking under realistic conditions.
文摘With the high-speed development of transportation industry,highway traffic safety has become a considerable problem.Meanwhile,with the development of embedded system and hardware chip,in recent years,human eye detection eye tracking and positioning technology have been more and more widely used in man-machine interaction,security access control and visual detection.In this paper,the high parallelism of FPGA was utilized to realize an elliptical approximate real-time human eye tracking system,which was achieved by the series register structure and random sample consensus(RANSAC),thus improving the speed of image processing without using external memory.Because eye images acquired by the camera often generate a lot of noises due to uneven light and dark background,the preprocessing technologies such as color conversion,image filtering,histogram modification and image sharpening were adopted.In terms of feature extraction of images,the eye tracking algorithm in this paper adopted seven-section rectangular eye tracking characteristic method,which increased a section between the mouth and the nose on the basis of the traditional six-section method,so its recognition accuracy is much higher.It is convenient for the realization of hardware parallel system in FPGA.Finally,aiming at the accuracy and real-time performance of the design system,a more comprehensive simulation test was carried out.The human eye tracking system was verified on DE2-115 multimedia development platform,and the performance of VGA(resolution:640×480)images of 8-bit grayscale was tested.The results showed that the detection speed of this system was about 47 frames per second under the condition that the detection rate of human face(front face,no inclination)was 93%,which reached the real-time detection level.Additionally,the accuracy of eye tracking based on FPGA system was more than 95%,and it has achieved ideal results in real-time performance and robustness.
文摘Information processing within the brain relies on electro-chemical features. Electric events are accessible by recording of the EEG. These electric oscillations might be regarded as a neuronal code carrying information on important motor, cognitive and emotional events. A new approach of quantitative assessment of very short time epochs of 364 ms has been developed on the base of particularly defined frequency ranges and called “Neurocode-Tracking”. The new method was technically validated by the use of a signal generator and was found to correspond to classical quantitative EEG analysis except for some smudging during the transition from one frequency range to the next. Real data from a subject were obtained during relaxation and performance of three mental tasks. Data were time averaged for 180 s using the classical method and compared to data averaging during 16.4 s. Results were nearly identical with respect to spectral signatures showing the expected midline frontal theta increases during performance of three cognitive tests but not during relaxation. Collection of very short time epochs of 728 ms duration confirmed task dependent frontal theta increases, most prominent during calculation performance test (CPT), less during d2-concentration and memory test, none during relaxation. Finally, the new technique was combined with eye-tracking. Capture of the EEG mapping video of Neurocode-Tracking and synchronization with the gaze overlay video by starting recording with an audio signal (gong) allowed a match of gazes precisely with the corresponding electric events. Use of this technical combination in research will hopefully lead to a new understanding of spectral signatures of electric activity called enkephaloglyphs.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51979275the Joint Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering and Tsinghua—Ningxia Yinchuan Joint Institute of Internet of Waters on Digital Water Governance under Grant No.sklhse-2022-Iow08+2 种基金the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation,Ministry of Natural Resources under Grant No.KF-2021-06-115the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No.2018YFD0700603the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘Aiming at intercepting large maneuvering targets precisely,the guidance law of advanced self-seeking missiles requires not only inertial line-of-sight(LOS)angular rate but also target maneuvering acceleration.Moreover,the semi-strapdown stabilization platform has lost the ability to measure the inertial LOS angular rate directly,which needs to be extracted by numerical calculation.The differential operation commonly used in traditional methods can magnify the measurement error of the sensor,resulting in insufficient calculation accuracy of the line-of-sight angular rate.By analyzing the mathematical relationship between the missile-target relative motion and the angle tracking system,a multi-process-fusion integrated filter model of relative motion and angle tracking is presented.To overcome the defect that the infrared seeker cannot directly measure the missile-target distance,following the snake-hot-eye visual mechanism,a visual bionic imaging guidance method of estimating the missile-target relative distance from the infrared images is proposed to improve the observability of the filter model.Finally,target-tracking simulations verify that the estimation accuracy of target acceleration is improved by four times.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61772468, 62172368)the Fundamental Research Funds forthe Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (RF-B2019001)
文摘Background Eye-tracking technology for mobile devices has made significant progress.However,owing to limited computing capacity and the complexity of context,the conventional image feature-based technology cannot extract features accurately,thus affecting the performance.Methods This study proposes a novel approach by combining appearance-and feature-based eye-tracking methods.Face and eye region detections were conducted to obtain features that were used as inputs to the appearance model to detect the feature points.The feature points were used to generate feature vectors,such as corner center-pupil center,by which the gaze fixation coordinates were calculated.Results To obtain feature vectors with the best performance,we compared different vectors under different image resolution and illumination conditions,and the results indicated that the average gaze fixation accuracy was achieved at a visual angle of 1.93°when the image resolution was 96×48 pixels,with light sources illuminating from the front of the eye.Conclusions Compared with the current methods,our method improved the accuracy of gaze fixation and it was more usable.
基金funded by the Deanship for Research&Innovation,Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through Project Number:IFP22UQU4281768DSR145.
文摘Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)can be defined as a neurodevelopmental condition or illness that can disturb kids who have heterogeneous characteristics,like changes in behavior,social disabilities,and difficulty communicating with others.Eye tracking(ET)has become a useful method to detect ASD.One vital aspect of moral erudition is the aptitude to have common visual attention.The eye-tracking approach offers valuable data regarding the visual behavior of children for accurate and early detection.Eye-tracking data can offer insightful information about the behavior and thought processes of people with ASD,but it is important to be aware of its limitations and to combine it with other types of data and assessment techniques to increase the precision of ASD detection.It operates by scanning the paths of eyes for extracting a series of eye projection points on images for examining the behavior of children with autism.The purpose of this research is to use deep learning to identify autistic disorders based on eye tracking.The Chaotic Butterfly Optimization technique is used to identify this specific disturbance.Therefore,this study develops an ET-based Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis using Chaotic Butterfly Optimization with Deep Learning(ETASD-CBODL)technique.The presented ETASDCBODL technique mainly focuses on the recognition of ASD via the ET and DL models.To accomplish this,the ETASD-CBODL technique exploits the U-Net segmentation technique to recognize interested AREASS.In addition,the ETASD-CBODL technique employs Inception v3 feature extraction with CBO algorithm-based hyperparameter optimization.Finally,the long-shorttermmemory(LSTM)model is exploited for the recognition and classification of ASD.To assess the performance of the ETASD-CBODL technique,a series of simulations were performed on datasets from the figure-shared data repository.The experimental values of accuracy(99.29%),precision(98.78%),sensitivity(99.29%)and specificity(99.29%)showed a better performance in the ETASD-CBODL technique over recent approaches.
文摘Navigation technology in ophthalmology,colloquially called“eye-tracking”,has been applied to various areas of eye care.This approach encompasses motion-based navigation technology in both ophthalmic imaging and treatment.For instance,modern imaging instruments use a real-time eye-tracking system,which helps to reduce motion artefacts and increase signal-to-noise ratio in imaging acquisition such as optical coherence tomography(OCT),microperimetry,and fluorescence and color imaging.Navigation in ophthalmic surgery has been firstly applied in laser vision corrective surgery and spread to involve navigated retinal photocoagulation,and positioning guidance of intraocular lenses(IOL)during cataract surgery.It has emerged as one of the most reliable representatives of technology as it continues to transform surgical interventions into safer,more standardized,and more predictable procedures with better outcomes.Eye-tracking is essential in refractive surgery with excimer laser ablation.Using this technology for cataract surgery in patients with high preoperative astigmatism has produced better therapeutic outcomes.Navigated retinal laser has proven to be safer and more accurate compared to the use of conventional slit lamp lasers.Eye-tracking has also been used in imaging diagnostics,where it is essential for proper alignment of captured zones of interest and accurate follow-up imaging.This technology is not routinely discussed in the ophthalmic literature even though it has been truly impactful in our clinical practice and represents a small revolution in ophthalmology.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61671193)Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(2018C04012)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY13F020049)Science and Technology Platform Construction Project of Fujian Science and Technology Department(2015Y2001)
文摘Advertising evaluation can not only evaluate the subconscious behavior of consumers and help consumers to avoid irrational consumption,but also improve the utilization of advertising resources.To deal with this topic,electroencephalogram(EEG)data and eye movement data from18 subjects is collected.The power spectra of beta band and theta band are used to calculate the EEG attention index,while the eye attention index is calculated by the statistics at fixation on the interesting area.Therefore the fusion attention index is obtained by fusing the EEG signal and eye movement data in the feature level.The results indicate that the memory of the advertisements is synced up with the attention of the products.And the fusion attention index has a higher significant difference than the other two indexes.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(60473049)the National Hi-Tech R&D programof China(2006AA01Z120)
文摘EyeScreen is a vision-based interaction system which provides a natural gesture interface for humancomputer interaction （HCI） by tracking human fingers and recognizing gestures. Multi-view video images are captured by two cameras facing a computer screen, which can be used to detect clicking actions of a fingertip and improve the recognition rate. The system enables users to directly interact with rendered objects on the screen. Robustness of the system has been verified by extensive experiments with different user scenarios. EyeScreen can be used in many applications such as intelligent interaction and digital entertainment.
文摘This study measures visual attention to examine the impact of banner ads on reading and information processing on the Web. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, 120 students were randomly assigned to read a series of either short or long articles on webpages presented with no banner ads, a static banner ad, or an animated banner ad. Visual attention was recorded by an eye-tracking device. Results from our study show that when there is too little information presented on a Webpage with no banner ads, the readers might become less attentive to the paper, while a long paper presented with too many visual stimuli may overload viewers＇ cognitive capacity. While these findings are generally consistent with past research that compared the impact of static ads against animated ads, the addition of a control condition and the varying of article length in our study extended previous research by revealing more complex visual processing and cognitive processes.
文摘This study used an eye-tracking methodology to investigate consumers'gazing behavior by focusing on how assessment design influences gazing behavior and decision time.Only one factor of test design was investigated and each test contained three images.Eight participants were recruited.This study answered three questions:(1)Does the color of food influence gazing behavior?(2)Does the color of food influence decision-making?(3)Is gazing behavior related to decision-making behavior?The results demonstrated that gazing behavior and decision time have a positive relationship with the image selected.Future research should consider the relationships between eye movements,cognitive goals,and tasks.
基金Supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,No.23K11902.
文摘BACKGROUND The early acquisition of skills required to perform hemostasis during endoscopy may be hindered by the lack of tools that allow assessments of the operator’s viewpoint.Understanding the operator’s viewpoint may facilitate the skills.AIM To evaluate the effects of a training system using operator gaze patterns during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)on hemostasis.METHODS An eye-tracking system was developed to record the operator’s viewpoints during gastric ESD,displaying the viewpoint as a circle.In phase 1,videos of three trainees’viewpoints were recorded.After reviewing these,trainees were recorded again in phase 2.The videos from both phases were retrospectively reviewed,and short clips were created to evaluate the hemostasis skills.Outcome measures included the time to recognize the bleeding point,the time to complete hemostasis,and the number of coagulation attempts.RESULTS Eight cases treated with ESD were reviewed,and 10 video clips of hemostasis were created.The time required to recognize the bleeding point during phase 2 was significantly shorter than that during phase 1(8.3±4.1 seconds vs 23.1±19.2 seconds;P=0.049).The time required to complete hemostasis during phase 1 and that during phase 2 were not significantly different(15.4±6.8 seconds vs 31.9±21.7 seconds;P=0.056).Significantly fewer coagulation attempts were performed during phase 2(1.8±0.7 vs 3.2±1.0;P=0.004).CONCLUSION Short-term training did not reduce hemostasis completion time but significantly improved bleeding point recognition and reduced coagulation attempts.Learning from the operator’s viewpoint can facilitate acquiring hemostasis skills during ESD.
文摘Anticancer drug preparation by pharmacists is a critical task directly related to medical incidents. This study examined the factors influencing medical errors in chemotherapy, that is, errors by specialist pharmacists (CPh) and pharmacists in other departments (NCPh), by measuring their gaze during the preparation of anticancer drugs. The eye-tracking results showed that the gazing time of NCPh was significantly longer than that of CPh for items such as “preparation of a closed-system device” and “preparation of the syringe” and all preparation times (P < 0.05). The NCPh were not assigned to prepare drugs on a regular basis, indicating their lack of familiarity with the process. There was no significant difference in gaze ratio between CPh and NCPh. This outcome was suggested to be a result of the use of an anticancer drug preparation support system. The results for the pupil diameter variation rate showed that NCPh were significantly more mydriatic in the “mixing injections” category than CPh. However, CPh tended to be more mydriatic in the “checking” category. CPh exhibited a smooth workflow and focused on the important items to be checked. This study showed that the differences in procedure flow and concentration points may lead to errors. Furthermore, the results are of interest from the perspective of medical incident prevention. They will be useful in identifying potential human factors, such as where the pharmacist focuses their attention by measuring eye movements.
文摘Purpose: Professional high speed sea navigational procedures are based on turn points, courses, dangers and steering cues in the environment. Since navigational aids have become less expensive and due to the fact that electronic sea charts can be integrated with both radar and transponder information, it may be assumed that traditional navigation by using paper based charts and radar will play a less significant role in the future, especially among less experienced navigators. Possible navigational differences between experienced and non-experienced boat drivers is thus of interest with regards to their use of navigational aids. It may be assumed that less experienced navigators rely too much on the information given by the electronic sea chart, despite the fact that it is based on GPS information that can be questioned, especially in littoral waters close to land. Method: This eye tracking study investigates gaze behaviour from 16 ex perienced and novice boat drivers during high speed navigation at sea. Results: The results show that the novice drivers look at objects that are close to themselves, like instrumentation, while the experienced look more at objects far away from the boat. This is in accordance with previous research on car drivers. Further, novice boat drivers used the electronic navigational aids to a larger extent than the experienced, especially during high speed conditions. The experienced drivers focused much of their attention on objects outside the boat. Conclusions: The findings verify that novice boat drivers tend to rely on electronic navigational aids. Experienced drivers presumably use the navigational aids to verify what they have observed in the surrounding environment and further use the paper based sea chart to a larger extent than the novice drivers.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development of China(Grant No.2022YFB3805700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12122202 and 12372162)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2024CX06021).
文摘In daily life,human need various senses to obtain information about their surroundings,and touch is one of the five major human sensing signals.Similarly,it is extremely important for robots to be endowed with tactile sensing ability.In recent years,vision-based tactile sensing technology has been the research hotspot and frontier in the field of tactile perception.Compared to conventional tactile sensing technologies,vision-based tactile sensing technologies are capable of obtaining highquality and high-resolution tactile information at a lower cost,while not being limited by the size and shape of sensors.Several previous articles have reviewed the sensing mechanism and electrical components of vision-based sensors,greatly promoting the innovation of tactile sensing.Different from existing reviews,this article concentrates on the underlying tracking method which converts real-time images into deformation information,including contact,sliding and friction.We will show the history and development of both model-based and model-free tracking methods,among which model-based approaches rely on schematic mechanical theories,and model-free approaches mainly involve machine learning algorithms.Comparing the efficiency and accuracy of existing deformation tracking methods,future research directions of vision-based tactile sensors for smart manipulations and robots are also discussed.
