Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants...Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.展开更多
目前国内外对肾上腺皮质激素治疗重型肝炎的利弊存在一定的争议.但 Muto et al 报告,1993年从日本各大中心收集的数百例暴发性病毒性肝炎(相当于我国的急性重型肝炎),用激素疗法者占52.7%～61.2%.我们应用激素短程疗法治疗病毒性重型肝...目前国内外对肾上腺皮质激素治疗重型肝炎的利弊存在一定的争议.但 Muto et al 报告,1993年从日本各大中心收集的数百例暴发性病毒性肝炎(相当于我国的急性重型肝炎),用激素疗法者占52.7%～61.2%.我们应用激素短程疗法治疗病毒性重型肝炎亦取得了一定的疗效,为进一步探讨其疗效机制,我们于1998-03/1999-06,对13例激素治疗的病毒性重型肝炎患者血清 TNFα和 sIL-2R 水平进行了观察.展开更多
This review analyses current data concerning co-infection with hepatitis C virus(HCV) and human T lymphotropic virus(HTLV)-1/2 in people who inject drugs(PWID), with a particular focus on disease burden and global imp...This review analyses current data concerning co-infection with hepatitis C virus(HCV) and human T lymphotropic virus(HTLV)-1/2 in people who inject drugs(PWID), with a particular focus on disease burden and global implications for virological outcome. In addition, the available treatment options for HTLV-1/2 are summarized and the on-going and likely future research challenges are discussed. The data in this review was obtained from 34 articles on HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in PWID retrieved from the Pub Med literature database and published between 1997 and 2015. Despite unavailable estimates of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in general, the epidemiologic constellation of HTLV-1/2 shows high incidence in PWID with history of migration, incarceration, and other blood-borne infectious diseases such as HCV or human immunodeficiency virus. The most recent research data strongly suggest that HTLV-1 co-infection can influence HCV viral load, HCV sustained virological response to α-interferon treatment, and HCV-related liver disease progression. In short, outcome of HCV infection is worse in the context of HTLV-1 co-infection, yet more studies are needed to gain accurate estimations of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infections. Moreover, in the current era of new direct-acting antiviral treatments for HCV and proven HTLV-1/2 treatment options, prospective clinical and treatment studies should be carried out, with particular focus on the PWID patient population, with the aim of improving virological outcomes.展开更多
Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/A...Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection, cancer and opportunistic infections (OIs). Current antiviral treatments are often cytotoxic and/or ineffective. This motivates active research to find alternative safer drugs or lead drugs from traditional medicinal sources. Twenty six (26) methanol extracts from commonly used and often endangered plant species (14) used by communities and traditional medical practitioners for treating illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases from 5-selected districts of Zimbabwe were investigated for toxicity by Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and by 50% Cytopathic effect on VERO cultured cells. The extracts were also tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) by the End Point Titration Technique (EPTT) and Neutralisation Test (NT) on VERO cells. Results from the BSLTs ranged 66.66 - 4304 μg/ml;50% Cytopathic effect from 19.53 - 312 μg/ml whilst the NT ID<sub>50</sub> values ranged from 10.41 - 125 μg/ml. The antiviral EPTT reduction factor (RF) was 1 - 10<sup>4</sup> with 13 extracts showing RF ≥ 10<sup>3</sup>. All the plant extracts had moderate to high toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>, 789 - 66 μg/ml) in the BSLT. Six extracts had LC<sub>50</sub> values greater than 1000 μg/ml. All 26 extracts were cytotoxic with CC<sub>50</sub> values < 500 ug/ml of which 19 were more toxic CC<sub>50</sub> in vitro therapeutic indexes ≥ 3.7. Cassia abbreviata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Hypoxis hemerocallidea had therapeutic indexes (TI) 7.5 - 15.0. The more active plant extracts were from roots and root tubers. The results confirm the rationale for the use of traditional medicinal plants by traditional medical practitioners for treating various diseases and could bring awareness for their better use and improve conservation. The results also provide an opportunity to develop more efficacious drugs by isolating lead compounds and determining their mode of action.展开更多
Background:Dengue was regarded as a mild epidemic in China's Mainland transmitted by Aedes albopictus.However,the 2014 record-breaking outbreak in Guangzhou could change the situation.In order to provide an early ...Background:Dengue was regarded as a mild epidemic in China's Mainland transmitted by Aedes albopictus.However,the 2014 record-breaking outbreak in Guangzhou could change the situation.In order to provide an early warning of epidemic trends and provide evidence for prevention and control strategies,we seek to characterize the 2014 outbreak through application of detailed cases and entomological data,as well as phylogenetic analysis of viral envelope(E)gene.Methods:We used case survey data identified through the Notifiable Infectious Disease Report System,entomological surveillance and population serosurvey,along with laboratory testing for IgM/IgG,NS1,and isolation of viral samples followed by E gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to examine the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the outbreak.Results:The 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangzhou accounted for nearly 80%of total reported cases that year in China's Mainland;a total of 37,376 cases including 37,340 indigenous cases with incidence rate 2908.3 per million and 36 imported cases were reported in Guangzhou,with 14,055 hospitalized and 5 deaths.The epidemic lasted for 193 days from June 11 to December 21,with the highest incidence observed in domestic workers,the unemployed and retirees.The inapparent infection rate was 18.00%(135/750).In total,96 dengue virus 1(DENV-1)and 11 dengue virus 2(DENV-2)strains were isolated.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DENV-1 strains were divided into genotype I and V,similar to the strains isolated in Guangzhou and Dongguan in 2013.The DENV-2 strains isolated were similar to those imported from Thailand on May 11 in 2014 and that imported from Indonesia in 2012.Conclusions:The 2014 dengue epidemic was confirmed to be the first co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 in Guangzhou.The DENV-1 strain was endemic,while the DENV-2 strain was imported,being efficiently transmitted by the Aedes albopictus vector species at levels as high as Aedes aegypti.展开更多
文摘Allicin, an antioxidant, is known for providing garlic with its unique fragrance and taste, as well as for its antimicrobial properties. Black garlic, a fermented form of garlic, contains higher levels of antioxidants than fresh garlic. Antioxidants play a vital role in alleviating cellular stress during viral infections. Viral infections result in oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). A prolonged state of oxidative stress can result in cell death, DNA damage, and disease progression. In this study, black garlic extract (BGE) is evaluated for its ability to mitigate cytopathic effects and oxidative stress caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections in vitro. Antiviral assays were performed to determine the percent of viral inhibition resulting from treatment with the BGE. ROS-Glo<sup>TM</sup> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> assays were then completed to measure the post-infection ROS levels of BGE-treated virus and cells. The results thus far suggest that BGE may inhibit viral infection and decrease levels of oxidative stress.
文摘目前国内外对肾上腺皮质激素治疗重型肝炎的利弊存在一定的争议.但 Muto et al 报告,1993年从日本各大中心收集的数百例暴发性病毒性肝炎(相当于我国的急性重型肝炎),用激素疗法者占52.7%～61.2%.我们应用激素短程疗法治疗病毒性重型肝炎亦取得了一定的疗效,为进一步探讨其疗效机制,我们于1998-03/1999-06,对13例激素治疗的病毒性重型肝炎患者血清 TNFα和 sIL-2R 水平进行了观察.
文摘This review analyses current data concerning co-infection with hepatitis C virus(HCV) and human T lymphotropic virus(HTLV)-1/2 in people who inject drugs(PWID), with a particular focus on disease burden and global implications for virological outcome. In addition, the available treatment options for HTLV-1/2 are summarized and the on-going and likely future research challenges are discussed. The data in this review was obtained from 34 articles on HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in PWID retrieved from the Pub Med literature database and published between 1997 and 2015. Despite unavailable estimates of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in general, the epidemiologic constellation of HTLV-1/2 shows high incidence in PWID with history of migration, incarceration, and other blood-borne infectious diseases such as HCV or human immunodeficiency virus. The most recent research data strongly suggest that HTLV-1 co-infection can influence HCV viral load, HCV sustained virological response to α-interferon treatment, and HCV-related liver disease progression. In short, outcome of HCV infection is worse in the context of HTLV-1 co-infection, yet more studies are needed to gain accurate estimations of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infections. Moreover, in the current era of new direct-acting antiviral treatments for HCV and proven HTLV-1/2 treatment options, prospective clinical and treatment studies should be carried out, with particular focus on the PWID patient population, with the aim of improving virological outcomes.
文摘Genital herpes, usually caused by Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), is the commonest sexually transmitted disease especially amongst rural women in Southern Africa including Zimbabwe. This predisposes them to HIV/AIDS infection, cancer and opportunistic infections (OIs). Current antiviral treatments are often cytotoxic and/or ineffective. This motivates active research to find alternative safer drugs or lead drugs from traditional medicinal sources. Twenty six (26) methanol extracts from commonly used and often endangered plant species (14) used by communities and traditional medical practitioners for treating illnesses and sexually transmitted diseases from 5-selected districts of Zimbabwe were investigated for toxicity by Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and by 50% Cytopathic effect on VERO cultured cells. The extracts were also tested for antiviral activity against Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2) by the End Point Titration Technique (EPTT) and Neutralisation Test (NT) on VERO cells. Results from the BSLTs ranged 66.66 - 4304 μg/ml;50% Cytopathic effect from 19.53 - 312 μg/ml whilst the NT ID<sub>50</sub> values ranged from 10.41 - 125 μg/ml. The antiviral EPTT reduction factor (RF) was 1 - 10<sup>4</sup> with 13 extracts showing RF ≥ 10<sup>3</sup>. All the plant extracts had moderate to high toxicity (LC<sub>50</sub>, 789 - 66 μg/ml) in the BSLT. Six extracts had LC<sub>50</sub> values greater than 1000 μg/ml. All 26 extracts were cytotoxic with CC<sub>50</sub> values < 500 ug/ml of which 19 were more toxic CC<sub>50</sub> in vitro therapeutic indexes ≥ 3.7. Cassia abbreviata, Dichrostachys cinerea and Hypoxis hemerocallidea had therapeutic indexes (TI) 7.5 - 15.0. The more active plant extracts were from roots and root tubers. The results confirm the rationale for the use of traditional medicinal plants by traditional medical practitioners for treating various diseases and could bring awareness for their better use and improve conservation. The results also provide an opportunity to develop more efficacious drugs by isolating lead compounds and determining their mode of action.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.81273139)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(No.S2013010013637 and 2015A030313784)+3 种基金the Collaborative innovation project of Bureau of Science and technology of Guangzhou Municipality(No.201508020263)the Project for Key Medicine Discipline Construction of Guangzhou Municipality(No.2017-2019-07)the Bureau of Health of Guangzhou Municipality(No.2014A011090004,2015A011056)The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Background:Dengue was regarded as a mild epidemic in China's Mainland transmitted by Aedes albopictus.However,the 2014 record-breaking outbreak in Guangzhou could change the situation.In order to provide an early warning of epidemic trends and provide evidence for prevention and control strategies,we seek to characterize the 2014 outbreak through application of detailed cases and entomological data,as well as phylogenetic analysis of viral envelope(E)gene.Methods:We used case survey data identified through the Notifiable Infectious Disease Report System,entomological surveillance and population serosurvey,along with laboratory testing for IgM/IgG,NS1,and isolation of viral samples followed by E gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to examine the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the outbreak.Results:The 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangzhou accounted for nearly 80%of total reported cases that year in China's Mainland;a total of 37,376 cases including 37,340 indigenous cases with incidence rate 2908.3 per million and 36 imported cases were reported in Guangzhou,with 14,055 hospitalized and 5 deaths.The epidemic lasted for 193 days from June 11 to December 21,with the highest incidence observed in domestic workers,the unemployed and retirees.The inapparent infection rate was 18.00%(135/750).In total,96 dengue virus 1(DENV-1)and 11 dengue virus 2(DENV-2)strains were isolated.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the DENV-1 strains were divided into genotype I and V,similar to the strains isolated in Guangzhou and Dongguan in 2013.The DENV-2 strains isolated were similar to those imported from Thailand on May 11 in 2014 and that imported from Indonesia in 2012.Conclusions:The 2014 dengue epidemic was confirmed to be the first co-circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 in Guangzhou.The DENV-1 strain was endemic,while the DENV-2 strain was imported,being efficiently transmitted by the Aedes albopictus vector species at levels as high as Aedes aegypti.
