Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic inflammatory illness of the intes-tine.While the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IBD is not fully under-stood,it is believed that a complex combination of host immu...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic inflammatory illness of the intes-tine.While the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IBD is not fully under-stood,it is believed that a complex combination of host immunological response,environmental exposure,particularly the gut microbiota,and genetic suscept-ibility represents the major determinants.The gut virome is a group of viruses found in great frequency in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.The gut virome varies greatly among individuals and is influenced by factors including lifestyle,diet,health and disease conditions,geography,and urbanization.The majority of research has focused on the significance of gut bacteria in the progression of IBD,although viral populations represent an important component of the microbiome.We conducted this review to highlight the viral communities in the gut and their expected roles in the etiopathogenesis of IBD regarding published research to date.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis,is a chronic condition marked by recurring gastrointestinal inflammation.While immune,genetic,and environmental factors are well-...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis,is a chronic condition marked by recurring gastrointestinal inflammation.While immune,genetic,and environmental factors are well-studied,the gut virome has received less attention.This editorial highlights the work which investigates the gut virome’s role in IBD and its interactions with the bacterial microbiome and host immune system.The gut virome consists of bacteriophages,eukaryotic viruses,and endogenous retroviruses.Among these,Caudovirales bacteriophages are predominant and influence bacterial communities via lysogenic and lytic cycles.Eukaryotic viruses infect host cells directly,while endogenous retroviruses impact gene regulation and immune responses.In IBD,the virome shows distinct alterations,including an increased abundance of Caudovirales phages and reduced Microviridae diversity,suggesting a pro-inflammatory viral environment.Dysbiosis,chronic inflammation,and aberrant immune responses contribute to these changes by disrupting microbial communities and modifying virome composition.Phages affect bacterial dynamics through lysis,lysogeny,and horizontal gene transfer,shaping microbial adaptability and resilience.Understanding these interactions is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and restoring microbial balance in IBD.展开更多
Emerging tick-borne viruses are posing an increasing health concern.However,there is limited knowledge about the distribution characteristics of tick virome in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,where it is distinguis...Emerging tick-borne viruses are posing an increasing health concern.However,there is limited knowledge about the distribution characteristics of tick virome in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,where it is distinguished by its diverse eco-climatic zones and rich biodiversity,making it a hotspot for studying tick-borne pathogens.The present study aimed to explore the diversity and ecological characteristics of tick virome in Yunnan Province,especially to identify novel potentially pathogenic viruses threatening human and vertebrate animals,and to investigate host-specific viral tropisms and their transmission characteristics.Using a meta-transcriptomic approach,the study analyzed the viromes of 448 individual ticks and approximately 10,000 eggs collected from nine counties with different hosts,altitudes and landscapes.The ticks encompassed eight species across four genera.The study focused on delineating virome diversity profiles,evaluating host-specific viral tropisms,and investigating potential transovarial transmission through viral contigs identification and Sanger sequencing.The study identified 53 viral families,revealing significant virome diversity and geographic and environmental specificity.Haemaphysalis and Ixodes ticks exhibited greater viral richness and abundance,with host taxonomy being a primary influencing factor.We determined 102 viral genomes encompassing 35 species,comprising 15 novel viruses identified when their RNAdependent RNA polymerase/DNA polymerase sequences exhibited<90% amino acid identity to known viruses.The novel vectors for vertebrate-related or potentially pathogenic viruses were also detected,thus providing new insights into transmission cycles.The evidence for transovarial transmission was reinforced by the absence of significant differences in Chuviridae and Nairoviridae families between female ticks and their eggs.These findings underscore the necessity of continuous surveillance to avert the spillover of emerging pathogens.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a progressive multifactorial inflammatory disease of the gut.The cause of IBD is yet unknown.Some researchers have shown that genetic factors,environmental factors,and the gut microbi...Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a progressive multifactorial inflammatory disease of the gut.The cause of IBD is yet unknown.Some researchers have shown that genetic factors,environmental factors,and the gut microbiome are significant considerations.Our gut contains gut virome and gut bacteria,which vary among individuals due to some factors.The gut virome is a substantial component of the microbiome.This editorial explores the emerging role of gut virome in IBD.展开更多
Mammals are critical reservoirs of human infectious diseases and the spillover of viruses is related to climate conditions.We conducted meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 226 mammals(bats,rodents,hedgehogs,and shrews)r...Mammals are critical reservoirs of human infectious diseases and the spillover of viruses is related to climate conditions.We conducted meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 226 mammals(bats,rodents,hedgehogs,and shrews)representing 20 species collected across eight cities in south China between 2018 and 2024.Samples included internal organs,oropharyngeal and anal swabs,and feces.We identified 63 vertebrate-associated viruses,including 34 novel viruses.Phylogenetic analysis revealed six viruses with potential infection risks to humans or domestic animals due to their close phylogenetic relationships with known pathogens.Cross-species transmission was observed in 14.3%(9/63)of viruses,shared by at least two host species,with bats,particularly Rhinolophus and Hipposideros,serving as key hubs for viral circulation and zoonotic spillover.Virome composition varied substantially among mammalian species and geographic regions(adonis test,R^(2)=0.50,P=0.001).Generalized linear models quantified the roles of host taxonomy,ecotypes,and meteorological factors in shaping viral diversity,demonstrating host taxonomy(at the order level)as a predominant role(25.70%deviance explained),followed by ecotypes(10.27%deviance explained).Phylogenetic analysis conducted using our betacoronavirus sequences,as well as betacoronavirus sequences derived from 2.0×10^(4) bats sampled in China between July 2013 and March 2024,revealed that no betacoronaviruses exhibited closer phylogenetic relationships to SARS-CoV-2 than the known strains(e.g.,RaTG13).These findings provide critical insights into virus evolution,transmission,and ecological determinants,which are essential for the prevention of emerging infectious diseases.展开更多
The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses,influencing susceptibility to viral infections,shaping disease progression,and its outcomes.Emerging research highlights the intricate relationshi...The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses,influencing susceptibility to viral infections,shaping disease progression,and its outcomes.Emerging research highlights the intricate relationship between gut microbial communities and viral pathogenesis,demonstrating that dysbiosis can compromise antiviral defenses while a balanced microbiome enhances immune resilience.This review explores key microbial mechanisms,including microbiome-mediated immune modulation,interactions with viral replication,and the impact of microbiome on systemic inflammation,highlighting how dietary interventions,such as probiotics,prebiotics,and bioactive compounds,offer potential strategies to modulate gut microbiota and mitigate viral infections.Special emphasis is placed on viruses affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,norovirus,and influenza.Furthermore,we explore how nutrition-driven microbiome interventions may serve as adjunct therapeutic strategies,improving vaccine efficacy and postviral recovery.Understanding the role of gut microbiome in viral infections can pave the way for microbiome-driven strategies to combat viral diseases and improve overall health outcomes.展开更多
Viruses circulating in small mammals possess the potential to infect humans.Tree shrews are a group of small mammals inhabiting widely in forests and plantations,but studies on viruses in tree shrews are quite limited...Viruses circulating in small mammals possess the potential to infect humans.Tree shrews are a group of small mammals inhabiting widely in forests and plantations,but studies on viruses in tree shrews are quite limited.Herein,viral metagenomic sequencing was employed to detect the virome in the tissue and swab samples from seventy-six tree shrews that we collected in Yunnan Province.As the results,genomic fragments belonging to eighteen viral families were identified,thirteen of which contain mammalian viruses.Through polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and Sanger sequencing,twelve complete genomes were determined,including five parvoviruses,three torque teno viruses(TTVs),two adenoviruses,one pneumovirus,and one hepacivirus,together with three partial genomes,including two hepatitis E viruses and one paramyxovirus.Notably,the three TTVs,named TSTTV-HNU1,TSTTV-HNU2,and TSTTV-HNU3,may compose a new genus within the family Anelloviridae.Notably,TSParvoV-HNU5,one of the tree shrew parvoviruses detected,was likely to be a recombination of two murine viruses.Divergence time estimation further revealed the potential cross-species-transmission history of the tree shrew pneumovirus TSPneV-HNU1.Our study provides a comprehensive exploration of viral diversity in wild tree shrews,significantly enhancing our understanding of their roles as natural virus reservoirs.展开更多
Human knowledge of viruses has experienced explosive growth in the 21st century.This leap forward is reflected not only in the deepening of basic research on viruses but also in addressing public health challenges pos...Human knowledge of viruses has experienced explosive growth in the 21st century.This leap forward is reflected not only in the deepening of basic research on viruses but also in addressing public health challenges posed by viral diseases.Key advancements include the rapid identification of emerging viruses and variants,the revelation of diverse viromes and evolutionary patterns,the elucidation of viral pathogenesis-and antiviral targets,as well as development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs through far more advanced techniques and pipelines(Holmes et al.,2024).Altogether,these breakthroughs are reshaping our understanding of viruses and our strategies to combat viral infections at an unprecedented pace.展开更多
In recent years,substantial advancements have been achieved in understanding the diversity of the human virome and its intricate roles in human health and diseases.Despite this progress,the field of human virome resea...In recent years,substantial advancements have been achieved in understanding the diversity of the human virome and its intricate roles in human health and diseases.Despite this progress,the field of human virome research remains nascent,primarily hindered by the lack of effective methods,particularly in the domain of computational tools.This perspective systematically outlines ten computational challenges spanning various types of virome studies.These challenges arise due to the vast diversity of viromes,the absence of a universal marker gene in viral genomes,the low abundance of virus populations,the remote or minimal homology of viral proteins to known proteins,and the highly dynamic and heterogeneous nature of viromes.For each computational challenge,we discuss the underlying reasons,current research progress,and potential solutions.The resolution of these challenges necessitates ongoing collaboration among computational scientists,virologists,and multidisciplinary experts.In essence,this perspective serves as a comprehensive guide for directing computational efforts in human virome studies.展开更多
Ticks are involved in the transmission of various arboviruses and some tick-borne viruses pose significant threats to the health of humans or livestock.This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of ...Ticks are involved in the transmission of various arboviruses and some tick-borne viruses pose significant threats to the health of humans or livestock.This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of tick species and tickassociated viruses in central and eastern China.Total 573 ticks from domestic animals including dogs,sheep and cattle were collected in 2017.Two genera of ticks were identified including Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis.Sequencing was performed on Miseq Illumina platform to characterize the tick viromes from the four different sampling locations.Following trimming,13,640 reads were obtained and annotated to 19 virus families.From these sequences,above 37.74%of the viral reads were related to the RNA viruses.Virome comparison study revealed that the tick viral diversity was considerably different in the two identified tick genera.The viral diversity of R.microplus was significantly different from that of other Rhipicephalus species.On the other hand,substantial overlap in viral species was observed between the same genera.In addition,we found no evidence that the natural host played a major role in shaping virus diversity based on the comparison of their viromes.Rather,the geographic location seems to significantly influence the viral families.Phylogenetic study indicated that the novel negative-sense RNA viruses identified in this study was closely related to Bole tick virus 1 and 3 viruses.In conclusion,the present study provides a baseline for comparing viruses detected in ticks,according to species,natural hosts,and geographic locations.展开更多
The virus receptors are key for the viral infection of host cells.Identification of the virus receptors is still challenging at present.Our previous study has shown that human virus receptor proteins have some unique ...The virus receptors are key for the viral infection of host cells.Identification of the virus receptors is still challenging at present.Our previous study has shown that human virus receptor proteins have some unique features including high N-glycosylation level,high number of interaction partners and high expression level.Here,a random-forest model was built to identify human virus receptorome from human cell membrane proteins with an accepted accuracy based on the combination of the unique features of human virus receptors and protein sequences.A total of 1424 human cell membrane proteins were predicted to constitute the receptorome of the human-infecting virome.In addition,the combination of the random-forest model with protein–protein interactions between human and viruses predicted in previous studies enabled further prediction of the receptors for 693 human-infecting viruses,such as the enterovirus,norovirus and West Nile virus.Finally,the candidate alternative receptors of the SARS-Co V-2 were also predicted in this study.As far as we know,this study is the first attempt to predict the receptorome for the human-infecting virome and would greatly facilitate the identification of the receptors for viruses.展开更多
Ticks are considered the second most common pathogen vectors transmitting a broad range of vital human and veterinary viruses.From 2017 to 2018,640 ticks were collected in eight different provinces in central and west...Ticks are considered the second most common pathogen vectors transmitting a broad range of vital human and veterinary viruses.From 2017 to 2018,640 ticks were collected in eight different provinces in central and western China.Six species were detected,including H.longicornis,De.everestianus,Rh.microplus,Rh.turanicus,Rh.sanguineous,and Hy.asiaticum.Sixty-four viral metagenomic libraries were constructed on the MiSeq Illumina platform,resulting in 13.44 G(5.88×10^(7))of 250-bp-end reads,in which 2,437,941 are viral reads.We found 27 nearly complete genome sequences,including 16 genome sequences encoding entire protein-coding regions(lack of 30 or 50 end non-coding regions)and complete viral genomes,distributed in the arboviral family(Chuviridae,Rhabdoviridae,Nairoviridae,Phenuiviridae,Flaviviridae,Iflaviridae)as well as Parvoviridae and Polyomaviridae that cause disease in mammals and even humans.In addition,13 virus sequences found in Chuviridae,Nairoviridae,Flaviviridae,Iflaviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvoviridae,and Polyomaviridae were identified as belonging to a new virus species in the identified viral genera.Besides,an epidemiological survey shows a high prevalence(9.38%and 15.63%)of two viruses(Ovine Copiparvovirus and Bovine parvovirus 2)in the tick cohort.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the presence of total gut viral content in obese mice, and establish correlation with obesity associated metabolic measures and gut microbiome.METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were collected from norma...AIM: To investigate the presence of total gut viral content in obese mice, and establish correlation with obesity associated metabolic measures and gut microbiome.METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were collected from normal and obese(Leptin deficient Lep^(ob/ob)) mice. Total viral DNA and RNA was isolated and quantified for establishing the correlation with metabolic measures and composition of gut bacterial communities.RESULTS: In this report, we found that obese mice feces have higher viral contents in terms of total viral DNA and RNA(P < 0.001). Interestingly, these increased viral DNA and RNA content were tightly correlated with metabolic measures, i.e., body weight, fat mass and fasting blood glucose. Total viral content were positively correlated with firmicutes(R^2 > 0.6), whilst negatively correlated with bacteroidetes and bifidobacteria. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the strong correlation of increased viral population into the gut of obese mice and opens new avenues to explore the role of gut virome in pathophysiology of obesity.展开更多
Viruses in aquatic ecosystems are characterized by extraordinary abundance and diversity.Thus far,there have been limited studies focused on viral communities in river water systems.Here,we investigated the virome of ...Viruses in aquatic ecosystems are characterized by extraordinary abundance and diversity.Thus far,there have been limited studies focused on viral communities in river water systems.Here,we investigated the virome of the Yangtze River Delta using viral metagenomic analysis.The compositions of viral communities from six sampling sites were analyzed and compared.By using library construction and next generation sequencing,contigs and singlet reads similar to viral sequences were classified into 17 viral families,including nine dsDNA viral families,four ssDNA viral families and four RNA viral families.Statistical analysis using Friedman test suggested that there was no significant difference among the six sampling sites(P>0.05).The viromes in this study were all dominated by the order Caudovirales,and a group of Freshwater phage uvFW species were particularly prevalent among all the samples.The virome from Nanjing presented a unique pattern of viral community composition with a relatively high abundance of family Parvoviridae.Phylogenetic analyses based on virus hallmark genes showed that the Caudovirales order and CRESS-DNA viruses presented high genetic diversity,while viruses in the Microviridae and Parvoviridae families and the Riboviria realm were relatively conservative.Our study provides the first insight into viral community composition in large river ecosystem,revealing the diversity and stability of river water virome,contributing to the proper utilization of freshwater resource.展开更多
In recent years,the interaction between the gut microflora and liver diseases has attracted much attention.The intestinal microflora is composed of bacteria,archaea,fungi and viruses.There are few studies on the intes...In recent years,the interaction between the gut microflora and liver diseases has attracted much attention.The intestinal microflora is composed of bacteria,archaea,fungi and viruses.There are few studies on the intestinal virome,and whether it has a causal relationship with bacterial changes in the gut is still unclear.However,it is undeniable that the intestinal virome is also a very important portion of the blueprint for the development of liver diseases and the diagnosis and therapeutic modalities in the future.展开更多
The review presents the data accumulated for more than 20 years of research of torque teno virus(TTV).Its molecular genetic structure,immunobiology,epidemiology,diagnostic methods,possible replication sites,and pathog...The review presents the data accumulated for more than 20 years of research of torque teno virus(TTV).Its molecular genetic structure,immunobiology,epidemiology,diagnostic methods,possible replication sites,and pathogenicity factors are described.TTV is a virus that is frequently detectable in patients with different viral hepatitides,in cases of hepatitis without an obvious viral agent,as well as in a healthy population.There is evidence suggesting that biochemical and histological changes occur in liver tissue and bile duct epithelium in TTV monoinfection.There are sufficient histological signs of liver damage,which confirm that the virus can undergo a replicative cycle in hepatocytes.Along with this,cytological hybridization in TTV-infected cells has shown no substantial cytopathic(cell-damaging)effects that are characteristic of pathogenic hepatotropic viruses.Studying TTV has led to the evolution of views on its role in the development of human pathology.The first ideas about the hepatotropism of the virus were gradually reformed as new data became available on the prevalence of the virus and its co-infection with other viruses,including the viruses of the known types of hepatitides.The high prevalence of TTV in the human population indicates its persistence in the body as a virome and a nonpathogenic virus.It has recently been proposed that the level of TTV DNA in the blood of patients undergoing organ transplantation should be used as an endogenous marker of the body’s immune status.The available data show the polytropism of the virus and deny the fact that TTV can be assigned exclusively to hepatitis viruses.Fortunately,the rare detection of the damaging effect of TTV on hepatic and bile duct epithelial cells may be indirect evidence of its conditionally pathogenic properties.The ubiquity of the virus and the variability of its existence in humans cannot put an end to its study.展开更多
Animal-derived biological products, such as fetal bovine serum(FBS) and trypsin, are important supplements for scientific, pharmaceutical, and medical use. Although preventive guidelines and tests are implemented to r...Animal-derived biological products, such as fetal bovine serum(FBS) and trypsin, are important supplements for scientific, pharmaceutical, and medical use. Although preventive guidelines and tests are implemented to reduce potential viral contamination in these biologicals, they do not target unusual or emerging viruses, leading to safety concerns. Using unbiased metagenomics, we investigated the presence of viruses in recently collected commercial FBS and trypsin samples from different geographic regions. In total, we detected viralsequencesbelongingto Parvoviridae,Anelloviridae,Flaviviridae,Herpesviridae,Caliciviridae, Nodaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae, including several viruses related to bovine diseases, viruses of potential human and insect origin, and viruses of unknown origin. Bovine parvovirus 3 and bosavirus were detected with high frequency and abundance in FBS, necessitating more stringent testing for these parvoviruses during production. Both bovine norovirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 displayed relatively high genetic distance to closest hits, indicating the presence of new genotypes in farm animals. While the origin of novel lyssavirus and Nipah virus is unclear, their presence raises the possibility of the introduction of pathogenic animal-derived viruses into biologicals.Our results showed relatively widespread contamination of different viruses in biologicals,underscoring the need for robust safety protocol alternatives, such as metagenomic sequencing, to monitor emerging viruses.展开更多
The risk of emerging infectious diseases(EID)is increasing globally.More than 60%of EIDs worldwide are caused by animal-borne pathogens.This study aimed to characterize the virome,analyze the phylogenetic evolution,an...The risk of emerging infectious diseases(EID)is increasing globally.More than 60%of EIDs worldwide are caused by animal-borne pathogens.This study aimed to characterize the virome,analyze the phylogenetic evolution,and determine the diversity of rodent-borne viruses in Hainan Province,China.We collected 682 anal and throat samples from rodents,combined them into 28 pools according to their species and location,and processed them for next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.The diverse viral contigs closely related to mammals were assigned to 22 viral families.Molecular clues of the important rodent-borne viruses were further identified by polymerase chain reaction for phylogenetic analysis and annotation of genetic characteristics such as arenavirus,coronavirus,astrovirus,pestivirus,parvovirus,and papillomavirus.We identified pestivirus and bocavirus in Leopoldoms edwardsi from Huangjinjiaoling,and bocavirus in Rattus andamanensis from the national nature reserves of Bangxi with low amino acid identity to known pathogens are proposed as the novel species,and their rodent hosts have not been previously reported to carry these viruses.These results expand our knowledge of viral classification and host range and suggest that there are highly diverse,undiscovered viruses that have evolved independently in their unique wildlife hosts in inaccessible areas.展开更多
Viruses are important components of the human body.Growing evidence suggests that they are engaged in the physiology and disease status of the host.Even though the vaginal microbiome is involved in human papillomaviru...Viruses are important components of the human body.Growing evidence suggests that they are engaged in the physiology and disease status of the host.Even though the vaginal microbiome is involved in human papillomavirus(HPV)infection and cervical cancer(CC)progression,little is known about the role of the vaginal virome.In this pilot exploratory study,using unbiased viral metagenomics,we aim to investigate the vaginal eukaryotic virome in women with different levels of cervical lesions,and examine their associations with different cervical disease status.An altered eukaryotic virome was observed in women with different levels of lesions and Lactobacillus profiles.Anelloviruses and papillomaviruses are the most commonly detected eukaryotic viruses of the vaginal virome.Higher abundance and richness of anelloviruses and papillomaviruses were associated with lowgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL)and CC.Besides,higher anellovirus abundance was also associated with lactobacillus-depleted microbiome profiles and bacterial community state(CST)type IV.Furthermore,increased correlations between Anelloviridae and Papillomaviridae occurred in the women with increased cervical disease severity level from LSIL to CC.These data suggest underlying interactions between different microbes as well as the host physiology.Higher abundance and diversity of both anelloviruses and papillomaviruses shared by LSIL and CC suggest that anellovirus may be used as a potential adjunct biomarker to predict the risk of HPV persistent infection and/or CC.Future studies need to focus on the clinical relevance of anellovirus abundance with cervical disease status,and the evaluation of their potential as a new adjunct biomarker for the prediction and prognoses of CC.展开更多
Ticks are a major parasite on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,western China,and represent an economic burden to agriculture and animal husbandry.Despite research on tick-borne pathogens that threaten humans and animals,the ...Ticks are a major parasite on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,western China,and represent an economic burden to agriculture and animal husbandry.Despite research on tick-borne pathogens that threaten humans and animals,the viromes of dominant tick species in this area remain unknown.In this study,we collected Dermacentor nuttalli ticks near Qinghai Lake and identified 13 viruses belonging to at least six families through metagenomic sequencing.Four viruses were of high abundance in pools,including Xınjiang tick-associated virus 1(XJTAV1),and three novel viruses:Qinghai Lake virus 1,Qinghai Lake virus 2(QHLV1,and QHLV2,unclassified),and Qinghai Lake virus 3(QHLV3,genus Uukuvirus of family Phenuiviridae in order Bunyavirales),which lacks the M segment.The minimum infection rates of the four viruses in the tick groups were 8.2%,49.5%,6.2%,and 24.7%,respectively,suggesting the prevalence of these viruses in D.nuttalli ticks.A putative M segment of QHLV3 was identified from the next-generation sequencing data and further characterized for its signal peptide cleavage site,N-glycosylation,and transmembrane region.Furthermore,we probed the L,M,and S segments of other viruses from sequencing data of other tick pools by using the putative M segment sequence of QHLV3.By revealing the viromes of D.nuttalli ticks,this study enhances our understanding of tick-borne viral communities in highland regions.The putative M segment identified in a novel uukuvirus suggests that previously identified uukuviruses without M segments should have had the same genome organization as typical bunyaviruses.These findings will facilitate virus discovery and our understanding of the phylogeny of tick-borne uukuviruses.展开更多
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic inflammatory illness of the intes-tine.While the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of IBD is not fully under-stood,it is believed that a complex combination of host immunological response,environmental exposure,particularly the gut microbiota,and genetic suscept-ibility represents the major determinants.The gut virome is a group of viruses found in great frequency in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.The gut virome varies greatly among individuals and is influenced by factors including lifestyle,diet,health and disease conditions,geography,and urbanization.The majority of research has focused on the significance of gut bacteria in the progression of IBD,although viral populations represent an important component of the microbiome.We conducted this review to highlight the viral communities in the gut and their expected roles in the etiopathogenesis of IBD regarding published research to date.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),encompassing Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis,is a chronic condition marked by recurring gastrointestinal inflammation.While immune,genetic,and environmental factors are well-studied,the gut virome has received less attention.This editorial highlights the work which investigates the gut virome’s role in IBD and its interactions with the bacterial microbiome and host immune system.The gut virome consists of bacteriophages,eukaryotic viruses,and endogenous retroviruses.Among these,Caudovirales bacteriophages are predominant and influence bacterial communities via lysogenic and lytic cycles.Eukaryotic viruses infect host cells directly,while endogenous retroviruses impact gene regulation and immune responses.In IBD,the virome shows distinct alterations,including an increased abundance of Caudovirales phages and reduced Microviridae diversity,suggesting a pro-inflammatory viral environment.Dysbiosis,chronic inflammation,and aberrant immune responses contribute to these changes by disrupting microbial communities and modifying virome composition.Phages affect bacterial dynamics through lysis,lysogeny,and horizontal gene transfer,shaping microbial adaptability and resilience.Understanding these interactions is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets and restoring microbial balance in IBD.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC2607504)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2002219).
文摘Emerging tick-borne viruses are posing an increasing health concern.However,there is limited knowledge about the distribution characteristics of tick virome in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,where it is distinguished by its diverse eco-climatic zones and rich biodiversity,making it a hotspot for studying tick-borne pathogens.The present study aimed to explore the diversity and ecological characteristics of tick virome in Yunnan Province,especially to identify novel potentially pathogenic viruses threatening human and vertebrate animals,and to investigate host-specific viral tropisms and their transmission characteristics.Using a meta-transcriptomic approach,the study analyzed the viromes of 448 individual ticks and approximately 10,000 eggs collected from nine counties with different hosts,altitudes and landscapes.The ticks encompassed eight species across four genera.The study focused on delineating virome diversity profiles,evaluating host-specific viral tropisms,and investigating potential transovarial transmission through viral contigs identification and Sanger sequencing.The study identified 53 viral families,revealing significant virome diversity and geographic and environmental specificity.Haemaphysalis and Ixodes ticks exhibited greater viral richness and abundance,with host taxonomy being a primary influencing factor.We determined 102 viral genomes encompassing 35 species,comprising 15 novel viruses identified when their RNAdependent RNA polymerase/DNA polymerase sequences exhibited<90% amino acid identity to known viruses.The novel vectors for vertebrate-related or potentially pathogenic viruses were also detected,thus providing new insights into transmission cycles.The evidence for transovarial transmission was reinforced by the absence of significant differences in Chuviridae and Nairoviridae families between female ticks and their eggs.These findings underscore the necessity of continuous surveillance to avert the spillover of emerging pathogens.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a progressive multifactorial inflammatory disease of the gut.The cause of IBD is yet unknown.Some researchers have shown that genetic factors,environmental factors,and the gut microbiome are significant considerations.Our gut contains gut virome and gut bacteria,which vary among individuals due to some factors.The gut virome is a substantial component of the microbiome.This editorial explores the emerging role of gut virome in IBD.
基金supported by the 3-year Public Health Program of the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission[grant number GWVI-11.1-10(GC)]the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2022YFC2602900(GC)]the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission[grant number 2022JC033(GC)].
文摘Mammals are critical reservoirs of human infectious diseases and the spillover of viruses is related to climate conditions.We conducted meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 226 mammals(bats,rodents,hedgehogs,and shrews)representing 20 species collected across eight cities in south China between 2018 and 2024.Samples included internal organs,oropharyngeal and anal swabs,and feces.We identified 63 vertebrate-associated viruses,including 34 novel viruses.Phylogenetic analysis revealed six viruses with potential infection risks to humans or domestic animals due to their close phylogenetic relationships with known pathogens.Cross-species transmission was observed in 14.3%(9/63)of viruses,shared by at least two host species,with bats,particularly Rhinolophus and Hipposideros,serving as key hubs for viral circulation and zoonotic spillover.Virome composition varied substantially among mammalian species and geographic regions(adonis test,R^(2)=0.50,P=0.001).Generalized linear models quantified the roles of host taxonomy,ecotypes,and meteorological factors in shaping viral diversity,demonstrating host taxonomy(at the order level)as a predominant role(25.70%deviance explained),followed by ecotypes(10.27%deviance explained).Phylogenetic analysis conducted using our betacoronavirus sequences,as well as betacoronavirus sequences derived from 2.0×10^(4) bats sampled in China between July 2013 and March 2024,revealed that no betacoronaviruses exhibited closer phylogenetic relationships to SARS-CoV-2 than the known strains(e.g.,RaTG13).These findings provide critical insights into virus evolution,transmission,and ecological determinants,which are essential for the prevention of emerging infectious diseases.
文摘The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses,influencing susceptibility to viral infections,shaping disease progression,and its outcomes.Emerging research highlights the intricate relationship between gut microbial communities and viral pathogenesis,demonstrating that dysbiosis can compromise antiviral defenses while a balanced microbiome enhances immune resilience.This review explores key microbial mechanisms,including microbiome-mediated immune modulation,interactions with viral replication,and the impact of microbiome on systemic inflammation,highlighting how dietary interventions,such as probiotics,prebiotics,and bioactive compounds,offer potential strategies to modulate gut microbiota and mitigate viral infections.Special emphasis is placed on viruses affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,norovirus,and influenza.Furthermore,we explore how nutrition-driven microbiome interventions may serve as adjunct therapeutic strategies,improving vaccine efficacy and postviral recovery.Understanding the role of gut microbiome in viral infections can pave the way for microbiome-driven strategies to combat viral diseases and improve overall health outcomes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2002218)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2024RC1028)Hunan University(No.521119400156).
文摘Viruses circulating in small mammals possess the potential to infect humans.Tree shrews are a group of small mammals inhabiting widely in forests and plantations,but studies on viruses in tree shrews are quite limited.Herein,viral metagenomic sequencing was employed to detect the virome in the tissue and swab samples from seventy-six tree shrews that we collected in Yunnan Province.As the results,genomic fragments belonging to eighteen viral families were identified,thirteen of which contain mammalian viruses.Through polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and Sanger sequencing,twelve complete genomes were determined,including five parvoviruses,three torque teno viruses(TTVs),two adenoviruses,one pneumovirus,and one hepacivirus,together with three partial genomes,including two hepatitis E viruses and one paramyxovirus.Notably,the three TTVs,named TSTTV-HNU1,TSTTV-HNU2,and TSTTV-HNU3,may compose a new genus within the family Anelloviridae.Notably,TSParvoV-HNU5,one of the tree shrew parvoviruses detected,was likely to be a recombination of two murine viruses.Divergence time estimation further revealed the potential cross-species-transmission history of the tree shrew pneumovirus TSPneV-HNU1.Our study provides a comprehensive exploration of viral diversity in wild tree shrews,significantly enhancing our understanding of their roles as natural virus reservoirs.
文摘Human knowledge of viruses has experienced explosive growth in the 21st century.This leap forward is reflected not only in the deepening of basic research on viruses but also in addressing public health challenges posed by viral diseases.Key advancements include the rapid identification of emerging viruses and variants,the revelation of diverse viromes and evolutionary patterns,the elucidation of viral pathogenesis-and antiviral targets,as well as development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs through far more advanced techniques and pipelines(Holmes et al.,2024).Altogether,these breakthroughs are reshaping our understanding of viruses and our strategies to combat viral infections at an unprecedented pace.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170651&32370700).
文摘In recent years,substantial advancements have been achieved in understanding the diversity of the human virome and its intricate roles in human health and diseases.Despite this progress,the field of human virome research remains nascent,primarily hindered by the lack of effective methods,particularly in the domain of computational tools.This perspective systematically outlines ten computational challenges spanning various types of virome studies.These challenges arise due to the vast diversity of viromes,the absence of a universal marker gene in viral genomes,the low abundance of virus populations,the remote or minimal homology of viral proteins to known proteins,and the highly dynamic and heterogeneous nature of viromes.For each computational challenge,we discuss the underlying reasons,current research progress,and potential solutions.The resolution of these challenges necessitates ongoing collaboration among computational scientists,virologists,and multidisciplinary experts.In essence,this perspective serves as a comprehensive guide for directing computational efforts in human virome studies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1200202)the Shanghai Pudong New Area Science and Technology Development Fund(Grant No.PKJ2018-N02)。
文摘Ticks are involved in the transmission of various arboviruses and some tick-borne viruses pose significant threats to the health of humans or livestock.This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of tick species and tickassociated viruses in central and eastern China.Total 573 ticks from domestic animals including dogs,sheep and cattle were collected in 2017.Two genera of ticks were identified including Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis.Sequencing was performed on Miseq Illumina platform to characterize the tick viromes from the four different sampling locations.Following trimming,13,640 reads were obtained and annotated to 19 virus families.From these sequences,above 37.74%of the viral reads were related to the RNA viruses.Virome comparison study revealed that the tick viral diversity was considerably different in the two identified tick genera.The viral diversity of R.microplus was significantly different from that of other Rhipicephalus species.On the other hand,substantial overlap in viral species was observed between the same genera.In addition,we found no evidence that the natural host played a major role in shaping virus diversity based on the comparison of their viromes.Rather,the geographic location seems to significantly influence the viral families.Phylogenetic study indicated that the novel negative-sense RNA viruses identified in this study was closely related to Bole tick virus 1 and 3 viruses.In conclusion,the present study provides a baseline for comparing viruses detected in ticks,according to species,natural hosts,and geographic locations.
基金supported by the National Key Plan for Scientific Research and Development of China(2016YFD0500300)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2018JJ3039)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2016-I2M-1-005)the special project for COVID-19 of Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory(2020GZR110406001)
文摘The virus receptors are key for the viral infection of host cells.Identification of the virus receptors is still challenging at present.Our previous study has shown that human virus receptor proteins have some unique features including high N-glycosylation level,high number of interaction partners and high expression level.Here,a random-forest model was built to identify human virus receptorome from human cell membrane proteins with an accepted accuracy based on the combination of the unique features of human virus receptors and protein sequences.A total of 1424 human cell membrane proteins were predicted to constitute the receptorome of the human-infecting virome.In addition,the combination of the random-forest model with protein–protein interactions between human and viruses predicted in previous studies enabled further prediction of the receptors for 693 human-infecting viruses,such as the enterovirus,norovirus and West Nile virus.Finally,the candidate alternative receptors of the SARS-Co V-2 were also predicted in this study.As far as we know,this study is the first attempt to predict the receptorome for the human-infecting virome and would greatly facilitate the identification of the receptors for viruses.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Programs of China(No.2022YFC2603800)Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Projects(No.BE2017693).
文摘Ticks are considered the second most common pathogen vectors transmitting a broad range of vital human and veterinary viruses.From 2017 to 2018,640 ticks were collected in eight different provinces in central and western China.Six species were detected,including H.longicornis,De.everestianus,Rh.microplus,Rh.turanicus,Rh.sanguineous,and Hy.asiaticum.Sixty-four viral metagenomic libraries were constructed on the MiSeq Illumina platform,resulting in 13.44 G(5.88×10^(7))of 250-bp-end reads,in which 2,437,941 are viral reads.We found 27 nearly complete genome sequences,including 16 genome sequences encoding entire protein-coding regions(lack of 30 or 50 end non-coding regions)and complete viral genomes,distributed in the arboviral family(Chuviridae,Rhabdoviridae,Nairoviridae,Phenuiviridae,Flaviviridae,Iflaviridae)as well as Parvoviridae and Polyomaviridae that cause disease in mammals and even humans.In addition,13 virus sequences found in Chuviridae,Nairoviridae,Flaviviridae,Iflaviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvoviridae,and Polyomaviridae were identified as belonging to a new virus species in the identified viral genera.Besides,an epidemiological survey shows a high prevalence(9.38%and 15.63%)of two viruses(Ovine Copiparvovirus and Bovine parvovirus 2)in the tick cohort.
文摘AIM: To investigate the presence of total gut viral content in obese mice, and establish correlation with obesity associated metabolic measures and gut microbiome.METHODS: Fresh fecal samples were collected from normal and obese(Leptin deficient Lep^(ob/ob)) mice. Total viral DNA and RNA was isolated and quantified for establishing the correlation with metabolic measures and composition of gut bacterial communities.RESULTS: In this report, we found that obese mice feces have higher viral contents in terms of total viral DNA and RNA(P < 0.001). Interestingly, these increased viral DNA and RNA content were tightly correlated with metabolic measures, i.e., body weight, fat mass and fasting blood glucose. Total viral content were positively correlated with firmicutes(R^2 > 0.6), whilst negatively correlated with bacteroidetes and bifidobacteria. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the strong correlation of increased viral population into the gut of obese mice and opens new avenues to explore the role of gut virome in pathophysiology of obesity.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Programs of China for Virome in Important Wildlife(No.2017YFC1200201)Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Projects(No.BE2017693)Science and Technology Planning Social Development Project of Zhenjiang City(No.sh2019026)
文摘Viruses in aquatic ecosystems are characterized by extraordinary abundance and diversity.Thus far,there have been limited studies focused on viral communities in river water systems.Here,we investigated the virome of the Yangtze River Delta using viral metagenomic analysis.The compositions of viral communities from six sampling sites were analyzed and compared.By using library construction and next generation sequencing,contigs and singlet reads similar to viral sequences were classified into 17 viral families,including nine dsDNA viral families,four ssDNA viral families and four RNA viral families.Statistical analysis using Friedman test suggested that there was no significant difference among the six sampling sites(P>0.05).The viromes in this study were all dominated by the order Caudovirales,and a group of Freshwater phage uvFW species were particularly prevalent among all the samples.The virome from Nanjing presented a unique pattern of viral community composition with a relatively high abundance of family Parvoviridae.Phylogenetic analyses based on virus hallmark genes showed that the Caudovirales order and CRESS-DNA viruses presented high genetic diversity,while viruses in the Microviridae and Parvoviridae families and the Riboviria realm were relatively conservative.Our study provides the first insight into viral community composition in large river ecosystem,revealing the diversity and stability of river water virome,contributing to the proper utilization of freshwater resource.
文摘In recent years,the interaction between the gut microflora and liver diseases has attracted much attention.The intestinal microflora is composed of bacteria,archaea,fungi and viruses.There are few studies on the intestinal virome,and whether it has a causal relationship with bacterial changes in the gut is still unclear.However,it is undeniable that the intestinal virome is also a very important portion of the blueprint for the development of liver diseases and the diagnosis and therapeutic modalities in the future.
文摘The review presents the data accumulated for more than 20 years of research of torque teno virus(TTV).Its molecular genetic structure,immunobiology,epidemiology,diagnostic methods,possible replication sites,and pathogenicity factors are described.TTV is a virus that is frequently detectable in patients with different viral hepatitides,in cases of hepatitis without an obvious viral agent,as well as in a healthy population.There is evidence suggesting that biochemical and histological changes occur in liver tissue and bile duct epithelium in TTV monoinfection.There are sufficient histological signs of liver damage,which confirm that the virus can undergo a replicative cycle in hepatocytes.Along with this,cytological hybridization in TTV-infected cells has shown no substantial cytopathic(cell-damaging)effects that are characteristic of pathogenic hepatotropic viruses.Studying TTV has led to the evolution of views on its role in the development of human pathology.The first ideas about the hepatotropism of the virus were gradually reformed as new data became available on the prevalence of the virus and its co-infection with other viruses,including the viruses of the known types of hepatitides.The high prevalence of TTV in the human population indicates its persistence in the body as a virome and a nonpathogenic virus.It has recently been proposed that the level of TTV DNA in the blood of patients undergoing organ transplantation should be used as an endogenous marker of the body’s immune status.The available data show the polytropism of the virus and deny the fact that TTV can be assigned exclusively to hepatitis viruses.Fortunately,the rare detection of the damaging effect of TTV on hepatic and bile duct epithelial cells may be indirect evidence of its conditionally pathogenic properties.The ubiquity of the virus and the variability of its existence in humans cannot put an end to its study.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170147,31900158)。
文摘Animal-derived biological products, such as fetal bovine serum(FBS) and trypsin, are important supplements for scientific, pharmaceutical, and medical use. Although preventive guidelines and tests are implemented to reduce potential viral contamination in these biologicals, they do not target unusual or emerging viruses, leading to safety concerns. Using unbiased metagenomics, we investigated the presence of viruses in recently collected commercial FBS and trypsin samples from different geographic regions. In total, we detected viralsequencesbelongingto Parvoviridae,Anelloviridae,Flaviviridae,Herpesviridae,Caliciviridae, Nodaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae, including several viruses related to bovine diseases, viruses of potential human and insect origin, and viruses of unknown origin. Bovine parvovirus 3 and bosavirus were detected with high frequency and abundance in FBS, necessitating more stringent testing for these parvoviruses during production. Both bovine norovirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 displayed relatively high genetic distance to closest hits, indicating the presence of new genotypes in farm animals. While the origin of novel lyssavirus and Nipah virus is unclear, their presence raises the possibility of the introduction of pathogenic animal-derived viruses into biologicals.Our results showed relatively widespread contamination of different viruses in biologicals,underscoring the need for robust safety protocol alternatives, such as metagenomic sequencing, to monitor emerging viruses.
基金This work was supported by Key Research and Development Plan of Hainan Province(No.ZDYF2020150,and ZDYF2022SHFZ085)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32060015,81860367 and 82060378)+7 种基金CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(grant 2021-I2M-1-037,Grant No.2021-I2M-1-039)the Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(No.ZDKJ202003)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.820RC628 and 2019RC218)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0210300)the Scientific Research Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Hainan Province,China(No.Hnky2021-40)the Research Project of the Hainan Academician Innovation Platform(No.YSPTZX202004)the Hainan Talent Development Project(No.SRC200003)Graduate student innovation grant of Hainan Medical University(No.HYYS2020-33,Hys2020-360,Hys2020-376 and Qhys2021-356)。
文摘The risk of emerging infectious diseases(EID)is increasing globally.More than 60%of EIDs worldwide are caused by animal-borne pathogens.This study aimed to characterize the virome,analyze the phylogenetic evolution,and determine the diversity of rodent-borne viruses in Hainan Province,China.We collected 682 anal and throat samples from rodents,combined them into 28 pools according to their species and location,and processed them for next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.The diverse viral contigs closely related to mammals were assigned to 22 viral families.Molecular clues of the important rodent-borne viruses were further identified by polymerase chain reaction for phylogenetic analysis and annotation of genetic characteristics such as arenavirus,coronavirus,astrovirus,pestivirus,parvovirus,and papillomavirus.We identified pestivirus and bocavirus in Leopoldoms edwardsi from Huangjinjiaoling,and bocavirus in Rattus andamanensis from the national nature reserves of Bangxi with low amino acid identity to known pathogens are proposed as the novel species,and their rodent hosts have not been previously reported to carry these viruses.These results expand our knowledge of viral classification and host range and suggest that there are highly diverse,undiscovered viruses that have evolved independently in their unique wildlife hosts in inaccessible areas.
基金supported by the startup funding from Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center(to CZ).
文摘Viruses are important components of the human body.Growing evidence suggests that they are engaged in the physiology and disease status of the host.Even though the vaginal microbiome is involved in human papillomavirus(HPV)infection and cervical cancer(CC)progression,little is known about the role of the vaginal virome.In this pilot exploratory study,using unbiased viral metagenomics,we aim to investigate the vaginal eukaryotic virome in women with different levels of cervical lesions,and examine their associations with different cervical disease status.An altered eukaryotic virome was observed in women with different levels of lesions and Lactobacillus profiles.Anelloviruses and papillomaviruses are the most commonly detected eukaryotic viruses of the vaginal virome.Higher abundance and richness of anelloviruses and papillomaviruses were associated with lowgrade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL)and CC.Besides,higher anellovirus abundance was also associated with lactobacillus-depleted microbiome profiles and bacterial community state(CST)type IV.Furthermore,increased correlations between Anelloviridae and Papillomaviridae occurred in the women with increased cervical disease severity level from LSIL to CC.These data suggest underlying interactions between different microbes as well as the host physiology.Higher abundance and diversity of both anelloviruses and papillomaviruses shared by LSIL and CC suggest that anellovirus may be used as a potential adjunct biomarker to predict the risk of HPV persistent infection and/or CC.Future studies need to focus on the clinical relevance of anellovirus abundance with cervical disease status,and the evaluation of their potential as a new adjunct biomarker for the prediction and prognoses of CC.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2305100,2021YFC2300900)the Key Deployment Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-SW-L11)+2 种基金the Youth Project of the Wuhan Institute of Virology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2023QNTJ-03)the Biological Resources Program,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-BRP-017-74)the National Basic Science Data Sharing Service Platform(NBSDC-DB-13).
文摘Ticks are a major parasite on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,western China,and represent an economic burden to agriculture and animal husbandry.Despite research on tick-borne pathogens that threaten humans and animals,the viromes of dominant tick species in this area remain unknown.In this study,we collected Dermacentor nuttalli ticks near Qinghai Lake and identified 13 viruses belonging to at least six families through metagenomic sequencing.Four viruses were of high abundance in pools,including Xınjiang tick-associated virus 1(XJTAV1),and three novel viruses:Qinghai Lake virus 1,Qinghai Lake virus 2(QHLV1,and QHLV2,unclassified),and Qinghai Lake virus 3(QHLV3,genus Uukuvirus of family Phenuiviridae in order Bunyavirales),which lacks the M segment.The minimum infection rates of the four viruses in the tick groups were 8.2%,49.5%,6.2%,and 24.7%,respectively,suggesting the prevalence of these viruses in D.nuttalli ticks.A putative M segment of QHLV3 was identified from the next-generation sequencing data and further characterized for its signal peptide cleavage site,N-glycosylation,and transmembrane region.Furthermore,we probed the L,M,and S segments of other viruses from sequencing data of other tick pools by using the putative M segment sequence of QHLV3.By revealing the viromes of D.nuttalli ticks,this study enhances our understanding of tick-borne viral communities in highland regions.The putative M segment identified in a novel uukuvirus suggests that previously identified uukuviruses without M segments should have had the same genome organization as typical bunyaviruses.These findings will facilitate virus discovery and our understanding of the phylogeny of tick-borne uukuviruses.
