This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and ...This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.展开更多
To study the effects of different soil conditions on winter nutrient storage of Muscat Hamburg branches,this study compared the soil texture,bulk density,total salt content and soil K,Ca,Na,Mg and total Fe contents of...To study the effects of different soil conditions on winter nutrient storage of Muscat Hamburg branches,this study compared the soil texture,bulk density,total salt content and soil K,Ca,Na,Mg and total Fe contents of Muscat Hamburg vineyards in Ninghe District and Hangu District,Binhai New Area of Tianjin and analyzed the soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in one-year-old vine branches. The results showed that the soil p H was lower,and the soil K,Ca and total salt( 0. 445%) contents were higher in the vineyard of Ninghe District than those in the vineyard of Hangu District. There were no significant differences in the soil Mg,Fe and Na contents between the vineyards in the two regions. The soil of the vineyard in Ninghe District is medium loam,and that in Hangu District is heavy loam. In short,all the soil indicators of the vineyard in Ninghe District were better than those in Hangu District except the indicator of soil salt content. The soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of one-year-old vine branches differed significantly between the two regions.展开更多
Background:Land-use change is one of the main drivers of the global erosion of biodiversity.In that context,it is crucial to understand how landscape characteristics drive the presence of rare endangered species.Never...Background:Land-use change is one of the main drivers of the global erosion of biodiversity.In that context,it is crucial to understand how landscape characteristics drive the presence of rare endangered species.Nevertheless,it is also important to study common species in multiple habitats,because they represent a large proportion of biodiversity and are essential to maintain ecological functions.Interestingly,some habitats,as farmlands with permanent crops(e.g.vineyards),have been overlooked in the literature.Methods:In this study,we investigated the distribution of a widespread and common bird species,the Common Blackbird(Turdus merula),within and between the three main habitats of our study area(rural Western France).We specifically focused on(1)woodlands,(2)farmlands with a high vineyard coverage,and(3)moderately urbanized areas.Specifically,we aimed to assess the beneficial and detrimental effects of these habitats and their fine-scale composition on the presence of a common bird species,relying on a survey by point counts(nearly 100 locations).We studied the effects of habitats and gradients of fine-scale habitat composition on blackbird presence using logistic regression analyses.Results:Blackbirds were present in all studied habitats.However,their presence varied between habitats,being lower in vineyards than in woodlands and cities.In woodlands and cities,fine-scale analyses did not reveal any component driving the species'presence.However,we found that shrub and tree vegetation cover had a significant positive effect on blackbird presence in vineyards.Conclusions:Our results are in agreement with the definition of a generalist species.Interestingly,species distribution varied between habitats.The high presence of blackbirds in urban areas suggests that medium-sized cities,despite their artificialization,do not constrain the settlement of this former forest specialist and that green spaces may allow blackbirds to thrive in medium-sized cities.On the contrary,we found an impoverished presence of blackbirds in vineyards and a positive effect of vegetation on their presence in these landscapes.This suggests that permanent crops,and more generally farmlands,may impose important constraints to common species.Future studies should examine how to enhance biodiversity through agricultural management policies,especially in vineyards.展开更多
In this work a comparative bioadsorption study between a biocomposite consisting of hydrolysed vineyard pruning waste entrapped in calcium alginate spheres and non entrapped vineyard residue was carried out.Results ha...In this work a comparative bioadsorption study between a biocomposite consisting of hydrolysed vineyard pruning waste entrapped in calcium alginate spheres and non entrapped vineyard residue was carried out.Results have demonstrated that the biocomposite based on lignocellulose-calcium alginate spheres removed 77.3% of dyes,while non entrapped lignocellulose eliminated only removed 27.8% of colour compounds.The experimental data were fitted to several kinetic models（pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order,Chien-Clayton model,intraparticle diffusion model and Bangham model）; being pseudo-second order the kinetic model that better described the adsorption of dyes onto both bioadsorbents.In addition,a morphological study（roughness and shape） of alginate-vineyard biocomposite was established under extreme conditions,observing significant differences between hydrated and dehydrated alginate-vineyard biocomposite.The techniques used to carry out this morphological study consisted of scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,perfilometry and 3D surface analysis.展开更多
A new inexpensive vineyard protection against hailstorm has been realized and tested. The system has been designed and organized in such a way to perform autonomously local activities to physically control the protect...A new inexpensive vineyard protection against hailstorm has been realized and tested. The system has been designed and organized in such a way to perform autonomously local activities to physically control the protection of the vineyard but also to transmit information toward a remote control. Each row has an ＂umbrella＂ designed by the authors which, unlike other commercial solutions, protects the product without hindering all the mechanical activities typical of a modem vineyard. Locally the single umbrella uses an electronic card for the management and a ZigBee mesh telecommunication network to transmit data to a central control unit which manages the protection. Because of its efficiency, a Raspberry-Pi control card has been chosen as central unit. Finally, a WiMAX connection was chosen to remotely control the system, thus allowing the authors to overcome distance limitations of commercial Wi-Fi networks. The system has been realized and tested for some months in field also during a hailstorm. The results of these tests proved how the system is easy to use and effectively protects against hail; moreover the authors proved the high reliability of the mechanical components which allow the authors to lower the maintenance costs.展开更多
Spray drift has become an important issue in pesticide application. Vineyard spraying is particularly interesting to consider, as pesticide droplets are not directed towards the ground but rather towards the targeted ...Spray drift has become an important issue in pesticide application. Vineyard spraying is particularly interesting to consider, as pesticide droplets are not directed towards the ground but rather towards the targeted crop. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nozzle orientation on droplet size and droplet velocity using three different nozzles （IDK, TVI and TXA） used in vineyards. Two series of measurement were performed in order to assess the effect of the gravity on sprays. Droplet size and one-dimensional droplet velocity characteristics were measured using a phase Doppler particle analyser （PDPA）. Two planes, i.e., one horizontal and one vertical, were considered. Results suggest that the nozzle orientation slightly affects the size distribution, which is shifted towards larger droplets when nozzles spray horizontally compared to vertically spray, However, droplet axial velocity distribution is shifted towards lower values. Supposing that the only droplets which can reach the crop are those with an axial velocity greater than 1 m/s and a diameter larger than 100 lain, results showed significant differences according to the nozzle and orientation. More than 98.6% of the spray volume would reach the target whatever the orientation of the IDK nozzle, 78.8% of the spray volume would reach the crop when the TVI nozzle sprays horizontally, while only 16.0% of the spray volume would reach the crop when TXA nozzle sprays horizontally. This paper offers new perspectives in the comprehension and the optimization of the deposition process into the vegetation based from droplet size and velocity profiles from horizontally oriented sprays from flat fan or hollow cone nozzles.展开更多
Suitable vineyard soils enhance soil stability and biodiversity which in turn protects roots against erosion and nutrient losses. There is a lack of information related to inexpensive and suitable methods and tools to...Suitable vineyard soils enhance soil stability and biodiversity which in turn protects roots against erosion and nutrient losses. There is a lack of information related to inexpensive and suitable methods and tools to protect the soil in Mediterranean sloping vineyards(>25° of slope inclination). In the vineyards of the Montes de Málaga(southern Spain), a sustainable land management practice that controls soil erosion is actually achieved by tilling rills in the down-slope direction to canalize water and sediments. Because of their design and use, we call them agri-spillways. In this research, we assessed two agri-spillways(between 10 m and 15 m length, and slopes between 25.8° and 35°) by performing runoff experiments under extreme conditions(a motor driven pump that discharged water flows up to 1.33 l s^(-1) for 12 to 15 minutes: ≈1000 l). The final results showed: i) a great capacity by these rills to canalize large amounts of water and sediments; and, ii) higher water flow speeds(between 0.16 m s-1 and 0.28 m s^(-1)) and sediment concentrationrates(up to 1538.6 g l^(-1)) than typically found in other Mediterranean areas and land uses(such as badlands, rangelands or extensive crops of olives and almonds). The speed of water flow and the sediment concentration were much higher in the shorter and steeper rill. We concluded that agri-spillways, given correct planning and maintenance, can be a potential solution as an inexpensive method to protect the soil in sloping Mediterranean vineyards.展开更多
The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This stud...The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This study aims to investigate the release of calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City,Lorestan Province,Iran.The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications.The treatments included soils from three different land uses:vineyard,wheat field,and rangeland,each treated with 1.00%wood vinegar solution.Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals.The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models(Elovich equation,parabolic diffusion law,power function equation,and zero-order kinetics).The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca(39,500.00 mg/kg),Mg(5880.00 mg/kg),and P(5.00 mg/kg)in grape cultivation.The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland(P<0.01),while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation(P<0.01).Additionally,the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland(P<0.01).The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data(R^(2)=0.99).The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics,while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications.Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals,including vermiculite,smectite,palygorskite,and,to some extent,illite,resulting in the release of associated elements.Consequently,it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity,thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.展开更多
基金supported by "13115" Science and Tech-nology Innovation Programme of Shaanxi Province,China (2007ZDKG-09)the National Agricultural Industrial Technology System Foundation of China(Z225020901)Young Academic Backbone Scientific Research Program of Northwest A&F University,China (01140303)
文摘This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.
基金Supported by Major Agricultural Technology Extension Project of Tianjin City(2017CK0184)Tianjin Agricultural and Rural Affairs Committee(ITTHRS2018002)Special Commissioner Project of Tianjin Science and Technology Commission(17ZXBFNC0031)
文摘To study the effects of different soil conditions on winter nutrient storage of Muscat Hamburg branches,this study compared the soil texture,bulk density,total salt content and soil K,Ca,Na,Mg and total Fe contents of Muscat Hamburg vineyards in Ninghe District and Hangu District,Binhai New Area of Tianjin and analyzed the soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in one-year-old vine branches. The results showed that the soil p H was lower,and the soil K,Ca and total salt( 0. 445%) contents were higher in the vineyard of Ninghe District than those in the vineyard of Hangu District. There were no significant differences in the soil Mg,Fe and Na contents between the vineyards in the two regions. The soil of the vineyard in Ninghe District is medium loam,and that in Hangu District is heavy loam. In short,all the soil indicators of the vineyard in Ninghe District were better than those in Hangu District except the indicator of soil salt content. The soluble sugar and soluble protein contents of one-year-old vine branches differed significantly between the two regions.
基金funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche(ANR project URBASTRESS,ANR-16-CE02-0004-01 to F.A.,and ANR project VITIBIRD to F.A.)by the Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine(MULTISTRESS project)+1 种基金by the Agence nationale de sécuritésanitaire de l’alimentation,de l’environnement et du travail(ANSES project Biodi Tox#2019/1/031)by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique。
文摘Background:Land-use change is one of the main drivers of the global erosion of biodiversity.In that context,it is crucial to understand how landscape characteristics drive the presence of rare endangered species.Nevertheless,it is also important to study common species in multiple habitats,because they represent a large proportion of biodiversity and are essential to maintain ecological functions.Interestingly,some habitats,as farmlands with permanent crops(e.g.vineyards),have been overlooked in the literature.Methods:In this study,we investigated the distribution of a widespread and common bird species,the Common Blackbird(Turdus merula),within and between the three main habitats of our study area(rural Western France).We specifically focused on(1)woodlands,(2)farmlands with a high vineyard coverage,and(3)moderately urbanized areas.Specifically,we aimed to assess the beneficial and detrimental effects of these habitats and their fine-scale composition on the presence of a common bird species,relying on a survey by point counts(nearly 100 locations).We studied the effects of habitats and gradients of fine-scale habitat composition on blackbird presence using logistic regression analyses.Results:Blackbirds were present in all studied habitats.However,their presence varied between habitats,being lower in vineyards than in woodlands and cities.In woodlands and cities,fine-scale analyses did not reveal any component driving the species'presence.However,we found that shrub and tree vegetation cover had a significant positive effect on blackbird presence in vineyards.Conclusions:Our results are in agreement with the definition of a generalist species.Interestingly,species distribution varied between habitats.The high presence of blackbirds in urban areas suggests that medium-sized cities,despite their artificialization,do not constrain the settlement of this former forest specialist and that green spaces may allow blackbirds to thrive in medium-sized cities.On the contrary,we found an impoverished presence of blackbirds in vineyards and a positive effect of vegetation on their presence in these landscapes.This suggests that permanent crops,and more generally farmlands,may impose important constraints to common species.Future studies should examine how to enhance biodiversity through agricultural management policies,especially in vineyards.
基金the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(this work was funded by FEDER funds under the project CTM2012-31873)
文摘In this work a comparative bioadsorption study between a biocomposite consisting of hydrolysed vineyard pruning waste entrapped in calcium alginate spheres and non entrapped vineyard residue was carried out.Results have demonstrated that the biocomposite based on lignocellulose-calcium alginate spheres removed 77.3% of dyes,while non entrapped lignocellulose eliminated only removed 27.8% of colour compounds.The experimental data were fitted to several kinetic models（pseudo-first order,pseudo-second order,Chien-Clayton model,intraparticle diffusion model and Bangham model）; being pseudo-second order the kinetic model that better described the adsorption of dyes onto both bioadsorbents.In addition,a morphological study（roughness and shape） of alginate-vineyard biocomposite was established under extreme conditions,observing significant differences between hydrated and dehydrated alginate-vineyard biocomposite.The techniques used to carry out this morphological study consisted of scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,perfilometry and 3D surface analysis.
文摘A new inexpensive vineyard protection against hailstorm has been realized and tested. The system has been designed and organized in such a way to perform autonomously local activities to physically control the protection of the vineyard but also to transmit information toward a remote control. Each row has an ＂umbrella＂ designed by the authors which, unlike other commercial solutions, protects the product without hindering all the mechanical activities typical of a modem vineyard. Locally the single umbrella uses an electronic card for the management and a ZigBee mesh telecommunication network to transmit data to a central control unit which manages the protection. Because of its efficiency, a Raspberry-Pi control card has been chosen as central unit. Finally, a WiMAX connection was chosen to remotely control the system, thus allowing the authors to overcome distance limitations of commercial Wi-Fi networks. The system has been realized and tested for some months in field also during a hailstorm. The results of these tests proved how the system is easy to use and effectively protects against hail; moreover the authors proved the high reliability of the mechanical components which allow the authors to lower the maintenance costs.
文摘Spray drift has become an important issue in pesticide application. Vineyard spraying is particularly interesting to consider, as pesticide droplets are not directed towards the ground but rather towards the targeted crop. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nozzle orientation on droplet size and droplet velocity using three different nozzles （IDK, TVI and TXA） used in vineyards. Two series of measurement were performed in order to assess the effect of the gravity on sprays. Droplet size and one-dimensional droplet velocity characteristics were measured using a phase Doppler particle analyser （PDPA）. Two planes, i.e., one horizontal and one vertical, were considered. Results suggest that the nozzle orientation slightly affects the size distribution, which is shifted towards larger droplets when nozzles spray horizontally compared to vertically spray, However, droplet axial velocity distribution is shifted towards lower values. Supposing that the only droplets which can reach the crop are those with an axial velocity greater than 1 m/s and a diameter larger than 100 lain, results showed significant differences according to the nozzle and orientation. More than 98.6% of the spray volume would reach the target whatever the orientation of the IDK nozzle, 78.8% of the spray volume would reach the crop when the TVI nozzle sprays horizontally, while only 16.0% of the spray volume would reach the crop when TXA nozzle sprays horizontally. This paper offers new perspectives in the comprehension and the optimization of the deposition process into the vegetation based from droplet size and velocity profiles from horizontally oriented sprays from flat fan or hollow cone nozzles.
文摘Suitable vineyard soils enhance soil stability and biodiversity which in turn protects roots against erosion and nutrient losses. There is a lack of information related to inexpensive and suitable methods and tools to protect the soil in Mediterranean sloping vineyards(>25° of slope inclination). In the vineyards of the Montes de Málaga(southern Spain), a sustainable land management practice that controls soil erosion is actually achieved by tilling rills in the down-slope direction to canalize water and sediments. Because of their design and use, we call them agri-spillways. In this research, we assessed two agri-spillways(between 10 m and 15 m length, and slopes between 25.8° and 35°) by performing runoff experiments under extreme conditions(a motor driven pump that discharged water flows up to 1.33 l s^(-1) for 12 to 15 minutes: ≈1000 l). The final results showed: i) a great capacity by these rills to canalize large amounts of water and sediments; and, ii) higher water flow speeds(between 0.16 m s-1 and 0.28 m s^(-1)) and sediment concentrationrates(up to 1538.6 g l^(-1)) than typically found in other Mediterranean areas and land uses(such as badlands, rangelands or extensive crops of olives and almonds). The speed of water flow and the sediment concentration were much higher in the shorter and steeper rill. We concluded that agri-spillways, given correct planning and maintenance, can be a potential solution as an inexpensive method to protect the soil in sloping Mediterranean vineyards.
文摘The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This study aims to investigate the release of calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City,Lorestan Province,Iran.The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications.The treatments included soils from three different land uses:vineyard,wheat field,and rangeland,each treated with 1.00%wood vinegar solution.Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals.The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models(Elovich equation,parabolic diffusion law,power function equation,and zero-order kinetics).The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca(39,500.00 mg/kg),Mg(5880.00 mg/kg),and P(5.00 mg/kg)in grape cultivation.The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland(P<0.01),while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation(P<0.01).Additionally,the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland(P<0.01).The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data(R^(2)=0.99).The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics,while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications.Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals,including vermiculite,smectite,palygorskite,and,to some extent,illite,resulting in the release of associated elements.Consequently,it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity,thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.
