In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication...In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.展开更多
Drawing upon self-determination theory,this study examines the effects of vicarious abusive supervision on third-party’s self-efficacy and task performance within organizational contexts.Data were collected via surve...Drawing upon self-determination theory,this study examines the effects of vicarious abusive supervision on third-party’s self-efficacy and task performance within organizational contexts.Data were collected via surveys from 337 employees across diverse organizations.The results indicate that vicarious abusive supervision significantly undermines both self-efficacy and task performance among employees who are indirectly exposed to such behavior but not directly targeted.Furthermore,self-efficacy serves as a mediator between vicarious abusive supervision and task performance;however,this mediating effect is attenuated for employees with a high promotion focus.These findings provide valuable theoretical and practical insights,particularly in the domain of organizational behavior,by emphasizing the critical role of promotion focus in mitigating the negative effects of vicarious abusive supervision.This research contributes to the organizational behavior literature by shifting the focus from the traditional supervisor-subordinate dynamic to a third-party perspective,thereby enriching our understanding of how vicarious abusive supervision impacts employees within organizational settings.The study underscores the importance of self-efficacy and promotion focus as key factors in unethical leadership contexts.展开更多
Objective:The introduction of the vicarious resilience concept in psychology and mental health nursing literature is a highly promising advancement.By utilizing this novel concept,experts in various domains can enhanc...Objective:The introduction of the vicarious resilience concept in psychology and mental health nursing literature is a highly promising advancement.By utilizing this novel concept,experts in various domains can enhance their comprehension of how to foster resilience in individuals by observing and learning from the resilience of others.This concept analysis aims to elucidate the concept of vicarious resilience in mental health nursing by defining its related attributes,antecedents,and consequences.Methods:Walker and Avant’s strategy for concept analysis method was used.This review specifically examined mental health nurse providers.A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed,Medline,the Cochrane Library,and CINAHL databases.The inclusion criterion was Englishlanguage documents on vicarious resilience within mental health nursing.Results:A total of 24 articles were included.The concept’s attributes were empathy,hope,resourcefulness,awareness,and spirituality.Antecedents were associated with listening to patients’trauma narratives,self-care,self-awareness,and support from colleagues.Consequences were enhanced well-being,changes in life goals,adaptation,personal growth,and increased personal resilience.Currently,there is only one tool in the empirical reference.Conclusion:Interpreting the concept of vicarious resilience in mental health nursing and determining its characteristics can be utilized to design nursing interventions to develop vicarious resilience and enhance the quality of care in mental health facilities.展开更多
Emotional contagion, a primary form of empathy, is present in rodents. Among emotional contagion behaviors, social transmission of fear is the most studied.Here, we modified a paradigm used in previous studies to more...Emotional contagion, a primary form of empathy, is present in rodents. Among emotional contagion behaviors, social transmission of fear is the most studied.Here, we modified a paradigm used in previous studies to more robustly assess the social transmission of fear in rats that experienced foot-shock. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that foot-shock experience enhances the regional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC). We found that lesioning the ACC specifically attenuated the vicarious freezing behavior of foot-shock-experienced observer rats. Furthermore, ablation of projections from the ACC to the mediodorsal thalamus(MDL) bilaterally delayed the vicarious freezing responses, and activation of these projections decreased the vicarious freezing responses.Overall, our results demonstrate that, in rats, the ACC modulates vicarious freezing behavior via a projection to the MDL and provide clues to understanding the mechanisms underlying empathic behavior in humans.展开更多
Objective:This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on vicarious post-traumatic growth(VPTG)among healthcare professionals and its influencing factors.Methods:Using electr...Objective:This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on vicarious post-traumatic growth(VPTG)among healthcare professionals and its influencing factors.Methods:Using electronic databases PubMed,PsycInfo,Science Direct,CINHAHL,Web of Science,Scopus,and CNKI,a search was performed for articles on VPTG among healthcare professionals.Relevant articles were included and summarized.Results:This review mapped 29 studies that highlighted positive outcomes of VPTG in healthcare professionals.Factors likely to influence VPTG were identified,such as age,gender,occupation,years of experience,others factors and their importance in understanding well-being.Gaps in the literature,practical recommendations,and future research direction were suggested.Conclusion:This review highlights the nature of research on VPTG and its influencing factors in healthcare professionals.It emphasizes the importance of further research to explore the complex interactions between psychological and physiological responses to vicarious trauma.This review can inform interventions to improve VPTG and support the holistic health of healthcare professionals.展开更多
In order to improve the frequency and precision of radiometric calibration, the automated vicarious calibration system（AVCS） is developed and deployed at the Dunhuang test site to perform vicarious calibration witho...In order to improve the frequency and precision of radiometric calibration, the automated vicarious calibration system（AVCS） is developed and deployed at the Dunhuang test site to perform vicarious calibration without the in situ manned measurements. The surface and atmospheric parameters are automatically collected by AVCS.An absolute radiometric calibration approach based on AVCS is proposed. Six successful calibrations of the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS） are conducted. The results are in good agreement with the on-board calibration system with all the relative differences less than 4%. It enables us to monitor the change of a sensor over long time scales.展开更多
Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who s...Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who suffers from a mental illness but also other family members via stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Stigma by association occurs when mental illness stigma spills over to individuals associated with an individual with a mental illness. Vicarious stigma describes the suffering of family members when they note the impact of stigma on their relative with mental illness. As a societal phenomenon, stigma plays out in social interactions and might therefore influence the social networks of families. It is also associated with healthcare utilization.Methods: Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 family members(partners, spouses, parents and children) of former soldiers of the German Armed Forces with a service-induced mental illness. The transcribed interview data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, in which codes were formed and emerging themes were systemized. Relationships between stigma, the families’ reactions to it, its effects on their social relationships and its interference with their healthcare utilization were analyzed.Results: This study provides a detailed description of how relatives of former German soldiers with mental health problems experience stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Their perceptions are shown in a model that describes stigma-related attitudes, reactions to them and their effects on the social relationships of former soldiers’ families. These families felt stigmatized because of the former soldiers’ mental illness(mental illness stigma) and the military context in which it occurred(former soldier stigma). They reacted with nondisclosure, anger, acceptance and self-blame. Stigma was associated with smaller and weaker social networks that were characterized by social exclusion, self-segregation and conflicts with extended family, friends and colleagues. Stigma also affected the families’ healthcare utilization.Conclusions: Urgently needed anti-stigma campaigns, particularly in the civilian context, should address the stigmatization of both mental illness and the military participation of the families affected. They should consider the needs of both former soldiers with a mental illness and their families.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of quantitative methods for biogeographic inference. In particular, novel parametric approaches represent exciting new opportunities for the study of range evolution. Here, ...Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of quantitative methods for biogeographic inference. In particular, novel parametric approaches represent exciting new opportunities for the study of range evolution. Here, we review a selection of current methods for biogeographic analysis and discuss their respective properties. These methods include generalized parsimony approaches, weighted ancestral area analysis, dispersal-vicariance analysis, the dispersal--extinction--cladogenesis model and other maximum likelihood approaches, and Bayesian stochastic mapping of ancestral ranges, including a novel approach to inferring range evolution in the context of island biogeography. Some of these methods were developed specifically for problems of ancestral range reconstruction, whereas others were designed for more general problems of character state reconstruction and subsequently applied to the study of ancestral ranges. Methods for reconstructing ancestral history on a phylogenetic tree differ not only in the types of ancestral range states that are allowed, but also in the various historical events that may change the ancestral ranges. We explore how the form of allowed ancestral ranges and allowed transitions can both affect the outcome of ancestral range estimation. Finally, we mention some promising avenues for future work in the development of model-based approaches to biogeographic analysis.展开更多
Based on a cladistic biogeographic analysis of 6 species-level phylogenies of harvestman taxa, wesearched for congruence in the historical relationships of 12 areas of endemism of the BrazilianAtlantic Rain Forest. We...Based on a cladistic biogeographic analysis of 6 species-level phylogenies of harvestman taxa, wesearched for congruence in the historical relationships of 12 areas of endemism of the BrazilianAtlantic Rain Forest. We constructed general area cladograms using Primary Brooks ParsimonyAnaJysis （BPA）, BPA of nodes, and paralogy-free subtree analysis. These analyses resulted in 6general area cladograms, that allow to infer a general pattern of the relationships among areas ofendemism from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Northern areas resulted related basally showingmain disjunctions at the Doce River Valley and Todos os Santos Bay/S^o Francisco River Valley.The remaining areas of endemism were included in a southern and a southeastern block, sepa-rated by the Ribeira do Iguape Valley. Incongruence Length Differences tests showed no significantincongruence among the resulting cladograms and other matrix partitions. We concluded that tec-tonism and ancient marine transgressions were the probable processes responsible for the maindisjunctions, whereas Neogene refugia seem to have caused the more recent disjunctions. Thegeneral pattern and redundancy in area relationships suggest a model of main reiterative barriersin diversification at multiple times for the evolution of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The renewal of cla-distic biogeography and the search for common biogeographic patterns are discussed.展开更多
Molecular dating techniques require the use of calibrations, which are usually fossil or geological vicariance-based. Fossil calibrations have been criticised because they result only in minimum age estimates. Based o...Molecular dating techniques require the use of calibrations, which are usually fossil or geological vicariance-based. Fossil calibrations have been criticised because they result only in minimum age estimates. Based on a historical biogeographic perspective, I suggest that vicariance-based calibrations are more dangerous. Almost all analytical methods in historical biogeog- raphy are strongly biased towards inferring vicariance, hence vicariance identified through such methods is unreliable. Other studies, especially of groups found on Gondwanan fragments, have simply assumed vicariance. Although it was previously be- lieved that vicariance was the predominant mode of speciation, mounting evidence now indicates that speciation by dispersal is common, dominating vicaziance in several groups. Moreover, the possibility of speciation having occurred before the said geo- logical event cannot be precluded. Thus, geological calibrations can under- or overestimate times, whereas fossil calibrations al- ways result in minimum estimates. Another major drawback of vicariant calibrations is the problem of circular reasoning when the resulting estimates are used to infer ages of biogeographic events. I argue that fossil-based dating is a superior alternative to vicariance, primarily because the strongest assumption in the latter, that speciation was caused by the said geological process, is more often than not the most tenuous. When authors prefer to use a combination of fossil and vicariant calibrations, one suggestion is to report results both with and without inclusion of the geological constraints. Relying solely on vicariant calibrations should be strictly avoided展开更多
The relationships of Madagascan plant and animal taxa have been the object of much fascination, Madagascar sharing numerous lineages with Africa, others with Asia, Australia, or the Americas, and many others being of ...The relationships of Madagascan plant and animal taxa have been the object of much fascination, Madagascar sharing numerous lineages with Africa, others with Asia, Australia, or the Americas, and many others being of uncertain relationships. In commonly accepted global regionalization schemata, Madagascar is treated together with Africa for animals, and with Africa, tropical Asia and the Pacific islands in the case of plants. Here we examine the similarities between the biotic assemblages of （i） tropical Africa, （ii） Madagascar, and （iii） the rest of the world, on a basic taxonomic level, considering the families of vascular plants and vertebrates as analysis units. The percentages of endemic families, families shared pair-wise between regions, or pre- sent in all three, are roughly similar between the two broad groups, though plant families with ranges limited to one region are proportionally fewer. In dendrograms and multidimensional scaling plots for different groups, Madagascar clusters together with Africa, Asia or both, and sometimes with smaller Indian Ocean Islands, but quite often （though not in plants） as a convincingly separate cluster. Our results for vertebrates justify the status of full zoogeographic region for Madagascar, though an equally high rank in geobotanical regionalization would mean also treating Africa and Tropical Asia as separate units, which would be debata- ble given the overall greater uniformity of plant assemblages. Beyond the Madagascan focus of this paper, the differences be- tween plant and vertebrate clusters shown here suggest different levels of ecological plasticity at the same taxonomic level, with plant families being much more environmentally-bound, and thus clustering along biome lines rather than regional lines [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 363-374, 2012].展开更多
Nothofagus is regarded as a key group for interpreting Southern Pacific biogeographical history.Based on a molecular phylogenetic tree,a quantitative dispersal-vicariance analysis(DIVA) of the genus is presented.The r...Nothofagus is regarded as a key group for interpreting Southern Pacific biogeographical history.Based on a molecular phylogenetic tree,a quantitative dispersal-vicariance analysis(DIVA) of the genus is presented.The results indicate that the ancestral area of Nothofagus is a broad realm almost including the total extant distribution pattern of the genus rather than a so-named center of origin.Integrated with the paleogeography,the time of origin and subsequent diversification is inferred to have started in the Late Cretaceous.Most vicariance and dispersal events should be contained in that period.Vicariance events versus dispersal events play a dominant rule in speciation.The dispersal events are hypothesized to happen from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene in terms of the geological history.Rich fossils are collected in the Eocene.South America,comprising three subgenera of Nothofagus,should be considered as a diversification region,in which the distribution of the species of subgenus Fuscospora and subgenus Nothofagus are explained by dispersal events during the Late Cretaceous-Late Eocene.展开更多
The historical relationships of nine areas of endemism of the tropical montane cloud forests(TMCFs)were analysed based on a temporal cladistic biogeographical approach.Three cladistic biogeographical analyses were con...The historical relationships of nine areas of endemism of the tropical montane cloud forests(TMCFs)were analysed based on a temporal cladistic biogeographical approach.Three cladistic biogeographical analyses were conducted based on 29cladograms of terrestrial taxa by partitioning them into three time-slices,namely,Miocene,Pliocene,and Pleistocene.The results showed different area relationships over time.For the Miocene and Pliocene time slices,the Isthmus of Tehuantepec acted as a geographic barrier that fragmented the TMCFs into two portions:west of the Isthmus and east of the Isthmus.In the case of the Pleistocene,the TMCFs were broken into two portions,one related to the Neotropical region and the other to the Nearctic region.Furthermore,the analyses allowed us to detect the influences of different geological and paleoclimatological events on the distribution of the TMCFs over time.Therefore,the TMCFs current distribution might have been driven by geological events during the Miocene-Pliocene,whereas climatic fluctuations have the highest impact during the Pleistocene.展开更多
Caryopteris incana is a continental plant, transferred to Japan from continental Asia via a land bridge between the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima Islands during a glacial period. It currently grows wild in West Kyushu...Caryopteris incana is a continental plant, transferred to Japan from continental Asia via a land bridge between the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima Islands during a glacial period. It currently grows wild in West Kyushu, Japan. In a previous study, we investigated the distribution of C. incana in the Tsushima Islands and confirmed the genetic structure of populations by using chloroplast DNA sequence analysis, suggesting that different haplotypes were distributed in the same area. Thus, it seemed that populations of C. incana throughout the Tsushima Islands colonized at different times;each haplotype had remained within its population without mixing. In this study, we conducted fieldwork to construct a detailed distribution map in West Kyushu excluding the Tsushima Islands. Additionally, we confirmed genetic structure of the C. incana population in these areas by using chloroplast DNA sequence analysis to study the intraspecific phylogenetic relationship of C. incana in Japan. We confirmed 37 natural populations in 257 locations throughout West Kyushu excluding the 72 natural populations in the Tsushima Islands. We also confirmed a recent decreasing trend in the number of natural populations in the Nagasaki Mainland. Using the leaves of individuals cultivated from seeds collected from each natural population, we analyzed the chloroplast DNA sequence variations. Among the investigated populations, sequence variations were confirmed in six regions of chloroplast DNA, and those haplotypes were mainly classified into two groups distributed in different areas on the phylogenetic tree. This finding revealed that the common ancestor of C. incana in Japan diverged early into two groups, followed by a fragmentation in population distribution for each area. The haplotype network almost reflected the geographical distribution on haplotypes. However, several haplotypes that were distributed in other areas were confirmed in the Nagasaki Mainland, suggesting a complicated distribution formation in the past.展开更多
文摘In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.
文摘Drawing upon self-determination theory,this study examines the effects of vicarious abusive supervision on third-party’s self-efficacy and task performance within organizational contexts.Data were collected via surveys from 337 employees across diverse organizations.The results indicate that vicarious abusive supervision significantly undermines both self-efficacy and task performance among employees who are indirectly exposed to such behavior but not directly targeted.Furthermore,self-efficacy serves as a mediator between vicarious abusive supervision and task performance;however,this mediating effect is attenuated for employees with a high promotion focus.These findings provide valuable theoretical and practical insights,particularly in the domain of organizational behavior,by emphasizing the critical role of promotion focus in mitigating the negative effects of vicarious abusive supervision.This research contributes to the organizational behavior literature by shifting the focus from the traditional supervisor-subordinate dynamic to a third-party perspective,thereby enriching our understanding of how vicarious abusive supervision impacts employees within organizational settings.The study underscores the importance of self-efficacy and promotion focus as key factors in unethical leadership contexts.
基金This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘Objective:The introduction of the vicarious resilience concept in psychology and mental health nursing literature is a highly promising advancement.By utilizing this novel concept,experts in various domains can enhance their comprehension of how to foster resilience in individuals by observing and learning from the resilience of others.This concept analysis aims to elucidate the concept of vicarious resilience in mental health nursing by defining its related attributes,antecedents,and consequences.Methods:Walker and Avant’s strategy for concept analysis method was used.This review specifically examined mental health nurse providers.A comprehensive literature search was performed in the PubMed,Medline,the Cochrane Library,and CINAHL databases.The inclusion criterion was Englishlanguage documents on vicarious resilience within mental health nursing.Results:A total of 24 articles were included.The concept’s attributes were empathy,hope,resourcefulness,awareness,and spirituality.Antecedents were associated with listening to patients’trauma narratives,self-care,self-awareness,and support from colleagues.Consequences were enhanced well-being,changes in life goals,adaptation,personal growth,and increased personal resilience.Currently,there is only one tool in the empirical reference.Conclusion:Interpreting the concept of vicarious resilience in mental health nursing and determining its characteristics can be utilized to design nursing interventions to develop vicarious resilience and enhance the quality of care in mental health facilities.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB1300200,2017YFB1300203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61627808).
文摘Emotional contagion, a primary form of empathy, is present in rodents. Among emotional contagion behaviors, social transmission of fear is the most studied.Here, we modified a paradigm used in previous studies to more robustly assess the social transmission of fear in rats that experienced foot-shock. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that foot-shock experience enhances the regional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC). We found that lesioning the ACC specifically attenuated the vicarious freezing behavior of foot-shock-experienced observer rats. Furthermore, ablation of projections from the ACC to the mediodorsal thalamus(MDL) bilaterally delayed the vicarious freezing responses, and activation of these projections decreased the vicarious freezing responses.Overall, our results demonstrate that, in rats, the ACC modulates vicarious freezing behavior via a projection to the MDL and provide clues to understanding the mechanisms underlying empathic behavior in humans.
文摘Objective:This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature on vicarious post-traumatic growth(VPTG)among healthcare professionals and its influencing factors.Methods:Using electronic databases PubMed,PsycInfo,Science Direct,CINHAHL,Web of Science,Scopus,and CNKI,a search was performed for articles on VPTG among healthcare professionals.Relevant articles were included and summarized.Results:This review mapped 29 studies that highlighted positive outcomes of VPTG in healthcare professionals.Factors likely to influence VPTG were identified,such as age,gender,occupation,years of experience,others factors and their importance in understanding well-being.Gaps in the literature,practical recommendations,and future research direction were suggested.Conclusion:This review highlights the nature of research on VPTG and its influencing factors in healthcare professionals.It emphasizes the importance of further research to explore the complex interactions between psychological and physiological responses to vicarious trauma.This review can inform interventions to improve VPTG and support the holistic health of healthcare professionals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61505222)the Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project(No.D040401)+2 种基金the United Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.6141A01011602)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CXJJ-15S103)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(No.1508085QD80)
文摘In order to improve the frequency and precision of radiometric calibration, the automated vicarious calibration system（AVCS） is developed and deployed at the Dunhuang test site to perform vicarious calibration without the in situ manned measurements. The surface and atmospheric parameters are automatically collected by AVCS.An absolute radiometric calibration approach based on AVCS is proposed. Six successful calibrations of the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（MODIS） are conducted. The results are in good agreement with the on-board calibration system with all the relative differences less than 4%. It enables us to monitor the change of a sensor over long time scales.
基金provided by the Federal Ministry of Defence.Funding number:E/U2 AD/FD004/FF551
文摘Background: Military families who have a family member with a mental illness see themselves confronted with many demands. Stigmatization is one of these challenges. Stigmatization affects not only the individual who suffers from a mental illness but also other family members via stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Stigma by association occurs when mental illness stigma spills over to individuals associated with an individual with a mental illness. Vicarious stigma describes the suffering of family members when they note the impact of stigma on their relative with mental illness. As a societal phenomenon, stigma plays out in social interactions and might therefore influence the social networks of families. It is also associated with healthcare utilization.Methods: Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 family members(partners, spouses, parents and children) of former soldiers of the German Armed Forces with a service-induced mental illness. The transcribed interview data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, in which codes were formed and emerging themes were systemized. Relationships between stigma, the families’ reactions to it, its effects on their social relationships and its interference with their healthcare utilization were analyzed.Results: This study provides a detailed description of how relatives of former German soldiers with mental health problems experience stigma by association and vicarious stigma. Their perceptions are shown in a model that describes stigma-related attitudes, reactions to them and their effects on the social relationships of former soldiers’ families. These families felt stigmatized because of the former soldiers’ mental illness(mental illness stigma) and the military context in which it occurred(former soldier stigma). They reacted with nondisclosure, anger, acceptance and self-blame. Stigma was associated with smaller and weaker social networks that were characterized by social exclusion, self-segregation and conflicts with extended family, friends and colleagues. Stigma also affected the families’ healthcare utilization.Conclusions: Urgently needed anti-stigma campaigns, particularly in the civilian context, should address the stigmatization of both mental illness and the military participation of the families affected. They should consider the needs of both former soldiers with a mental illness and their families.
基金support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (USA) training grant to the NCSU Bioinformatics Research Centersupported by National Institutes of Health (USA) grant no.GM070806
文摘Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of quantitative methods for biogeographic inference. In particular, novel parametric approaches represent exciting new opportunities for the study of range evolution. Here, we review a selection of current methods for biogeographic analysis and discuss their respective properties. These methods include generalized parsimony approaches, weighted ancestral area analysis, dispersal-vicariance analysis, the dispersal--extinction--cladogenesis model and other maximum likelihood approaches, and Bayesian stochastic mapping of ancestral ranges, including a novel approach to inferring range evolution in the context of island biogeography. Some of these methods were developed specifically for problems of ancestral range reconstruction, whereas others were designed for more general problems of character state reconstruction and subsequently applied to the study of ancestral ranges. Methods for reconstructing ancestral history on a phylogenetic tree differ not only in the types of ancestral range states that are allowed, but also in the various historical events that may change the ancestral ranges. We explore how the form of allowed ancestral ranges and allowed transitions can both affect the outcome of ancestral range estimation. Finally, we mention some promising avenues for future work in the development of model-based approaches to biogeographic analysis.
文摘Based on a cladistic biogeographic analysis of 6 species-level phylogenies of harvestman taxa, wesearched for congruence in the historical relationships of 12 areas of endemism of the BrazilianAtlantic Rain Forest. We constructed general area cladograms using Primary Brooks ParsimonyAnaJysis （BPA）, BPA of nodes, and paralogy-free subtree analysis. These analyses resulted in 6general area cladograms, that allow to infer a general pattern of the relationships among areas ofendemism from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest. Northern areas resulted related basally showingmain disjunctions at the Doce River Valley and Todos os Santos Bay/S^o Francisco River Valley.The remaining areas of endemism were included in a southern and a southeastern block, sepa-rated by the Ribeira do Iguape Valley. Incongruence Length Differences tests showed no significantincongruence among the resulting cladograms and other matrix partitions. We concluded that tec-tonism and ancient marine transgressions were the probable processes responsible for the maindisjunctions, whereas Neogene refugia seem to have caused the more recent disjunctions. Thegeneral pattern and redundancy in area relationships suggest a model of main reiterative barriersin diversification at multiple times for the evolution of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The renewal of cla-distic biogeography and the search for common biogeographic patterns are discussed.
文摘Molecular dating techniques require the use of calibrations, which are usually fossil or geological vicariance-based. Fossil calibrations have been criticised because they result only in minimum age estimates. Based on a historical biogeographic perspective, I suggest that vicariance-based calibrations are more dangerous. Almost all analytical methods in historical biogeog- raphy are strongly biased towards inferring vicariance, hence vicariance identified through such methods is unreliable. Other studies, especially of groups found on Gondwanan fragments, have simply assumed vicariance. Although it was previously be- lieved that vicariance was the predominant mode of speciation, mounting evidence now indicates that speciation by dispersal is common, dominating vicaziance in several groups. Moreover, the possibility of speciation having occurred before the said geo- logical event cannot be precluded. Thus, geological calibrations can under- or overestimate times, whereas fossil calibrations al- ways result in minimum estimates. Another major drawback of vicariant calibrations is the problem of circular reasoning when the resulting estimates are used to infer ages of biogeographic events. I argue that fossil-based dating is a superior alternative to vicariance, primarily because the strongest assumption in the latter, that speciation was caused by the said geological process, is more often than not the most tenuous. When authors prefer to use a combination of fossil and vicariant calibrations, one suggestion is to report results both with and without inclusion of the geological constraints. Relying solely on vicariant calibrations should be strictly avoided
文摘The relationships of Madagascan plant and animal taxa have been the object of much fascination, Madagascar sharing numerous lineages with Africa, others with Asia, Australia, or the Americas, and many others being of uncertain relationships. In commonly accepted global regionalization schemata, Madagascar is treated together with Africa for animals, and with Africa, tropical Asia and the Pacific islands in the case of plants. Here we examine the similarities between the biotic assemblages of （i） tropical Africa, （ii） Madagascar, and （iii） the rest of the world, on a basic taxonomic level, considering the families of vascular plants and vertebrates as analysis units. The percentages of endemic families, families shared pair-wise between regions, or pre- sent in all three, are roughly similar between the two broad groups, though plant families with ranges limited to one region are proportionally fewer. In dendrograms and multidimensional scaling plots for different groups, Madagascar clusters together with Africa, Asia or both, and sometimes with smaller Indian Ocean Islands, but quite often （though not in plants） as a convincingly separate cluster. Our results for vertebrates justify the status of full zoogeographic region for Madagascar, though an equally high rank in geobotanical regionalization would mean also treating Africa and Tropical Asia as separate units, which would be debata- ble given the overall greater uniformity of plant assemblages. Beyond the Madagascan focus of this paper, the differences be- tween plant and vertebrate clusters shown here suggest different levels of ecological plasticity at the same taxonomic level, with plant families being much more environmentally-bound, and thus clustering along biome lines rather than regional lines [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 363-374, 2012].
基金supported by Important Direction for Knowledge Innovation Project,CAS (KZCX2-EW-305)Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,CAS
文摘Nothofagus is regarded as a key group for interpreting Southern Pacific biogeographical history.Based on a molecular phylogenetic tree,a quantitative dispersal-vicariance analysis(DIVA) of the genus is presented.The results indicate that the ancestral area of Nothofagus is a broad realm almost including the total extant distribution pattern of the genus rather than a so-named center of origin.Integrated with the paleogeography,the time of origin and subsequent diversification is inferred to have started in the Late Cretaceous.Most vicariance and dispersal events should be contained in that period.Vicariance events versus dispersal events play a dominant rule in speciation.The dispersal events are hypothesized to happen from the Late Cretaceous to Eocene in terms of the geological history.Rich fossils are collected in the Eocene.South America,comprising three subgenera of Nothofagus,should be considered as a diversification region,in which the distribution of the species of subgenus Fuscospora and subgenus Nothofagus are explained by dispersal events during the Late Cretaceous-Late Eocene.
基金the CONACyT 478077partially financed by DGAPA-PAPIIT 220621。
文摘The historical relationships of nine areas of endemism of the tropical montane cloud forests(TMCFs)were analysed based on a temporal cladistic biogeographical approach.Three cladistic biogeographical analyses were conducted based on 29cladograms of terrestrial taxa by partitioning them into three time-slices,namely,Miocene,Pliocene,and Pleistocene.The results showed different area relationships over time.For the Miocene and Pliocene time slices,the Isthmus of Tehuantepec acted as a geographic barrier that fragmented the TMCFs into two portions:west of the Isthmus and east of the Isthmus.In the case of the Pleistocene,the TMCFs were broken into two portions,one related to the Neotropical region and the other to the Nearctic region.Furthermore,the analyses allowed us to detect the influences of different geological and paleoclimatological events on the distribution of the TMCFs over time.Therefore,the TMCFs current distribution might have been driven by geological events during the Miocene-Pliocene,whereas climatic fluctuations have the highest impact during the Pleistocene.
文摘Caryopteris incana is a continental plant, transferred to Japan from continental Asia via a land bridge between the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima Islands during a glacial period. It currently grows wild in West Kyushu, Japan. In a previous study, we investigated the distribution of C. incana in the Tsushima Islands and confirmed the genetic structure of populations by using chloroplast DNA sequence analysis, suggesting that different haplotypes were distributed in the same area. Thus, it seemed that populations of C. incana throughout the Tsushima Islands colonized at different times;each haplotype had remained within its population without mixing. In this study, we conducted fieldwork to construct a detailed distribution map in West Kyushu excluding the Tsushima Islands. Additionally, we confirmed genetic structure of the C. incana population in these areas by using chloroplast DNA sequence analysis to study the intraspecific phylogenetic relationship of C. incana in Japan. We confirmed 37 natural populations in 257 locations throughout West Kyushu excluding the 72 natural populations in the Tsushima Islands. We also confirmed a recent decreasing trend in the number of natural populations in the Nagasaki Mainland. Using the leaves of individuals cultivated from seeds collected from each natural population, we analyzed the chloroplast DNA sequence variations. Among the investigated populations, sequence variations were confirmed in six regions of chloroplast DNA, and those haplotypes were mainly classified into two groups distributed in different areas on the phylogenetic tree. This finding revealed that the common ancestor of C. incana in Japan diverged early into two groups, followed by a fragmentation in population distribution for each area. The haplotype network almost reflected the geographical distribution on haplotypes. However, several haplotypes that were distributed in other areas were confirmed in the Nagasaki Mainland, suggesting a complicated distribution formation in the past.
