[Objective] The paper was to study the insecticidal effect of water extract of oleander （Nerium indicum） against the larvae of Enmonodia vespertilio Fabriciu. [Method] Through feeding experiment on the larvae of E. ...[Objective] The paper was to study the insecticidal effect of water extract of oleander （Nerium indicum） against the larvae of Enmonodia vespertilio Fabriciu. [Method] Through feeding experiment on the larvae of E. vespertilio, the insecticidal effect of water extract of oleander against the larvae was studied. [Result] The 1/20-1/200 times water extract of dry leaf weight of oleander had better insecticidal effect against the larvae of E. vespertilio, and the feeding mortality rate reached 100%. [Conclusion] The paper provided reference for development of new botanical pesticides with high efficiency, environmental protection and low carbon.展开更多
Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals.This should impact post-copulatory competition,and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures.Studies of male genitalia hav...Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals.This should impact post-copulatory competition,and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures.Studies of male genitalia have repeatedly reported negative static allometries,which mean that,within species,large males have disproportionally small genitals when compared with smaller individuals.Males of some sperm-storing bat species may stand as an exception to such a pattern by arousing from hibernation to copulate with torpid females.The selection for large penises might take place,if a long organ provides advantages during post-copulatory competition and/or if females have evolved mechanisms allowing the choice of sire,relying on characters other than pre-copulatory traits(e.g.,penis size).In this study,we measured dimensions of the erected penis in 4 sperm-storing bat species.Furthermore,we collected sperm and evaluated the link between penis dimensions and sperm velocity.Our results revealed steep allometric slopes of the erected penis length in Barbastella barbastellus and an inverse allometry of penis head width in Myotis nattereri.More detailed studies of copulatory behavior are urgently needed to explain the range of observed scaling relations.Furthermore,penis head width correlates with sperm velocity in Plecotus auritus.For this last species,we propose that penis shape might act as a marker of male fertility.展开更多
基金Supported by Innovation Experiment Program of Jiangsu Provincial College Students(5731506510)
文摘[Objective] The paper was to study the insecticidal effect of water extract of oleander （Nerium indicum） against the larvae of Enmonodia vespertilio Fabriciu. [Method] Through feeding experiment on the larvae of E. vespertilio, the insecticidal effect of water extract of oleander against the larvae was studied. [Result] The 1/20-1/200 times water extract of dry leaf weight of oleander had better insecticidal effect against the larvae of E. vespertilio, and the feeding mortality rate reached 100%. [Conclusion] The paper provided reference for development of new botanical pesticides with high efficiency, environmental protection and low carbon.
基金This project was financed by the Swiss Science Foundation(grant nb.P2BEP3_168709)N.J.F.and by the National Science Center,Poland(grant nb.DEC-2013/10/E/NZ8/00725)。
文摘Penises play a key role in sperm transport and in stimulating female genitals.This should impact post-copulatory competition,and expose penis characteristics to sexual selective pressures.Studies of male genitalia have repeatedly reported negative static allometries,which mean that,within species,large males have disproportionally small genitals when compared with smaller individuals.Males of some sperm-storing bat species may stand as an exception to such a pattern by arousing from hibernation to copulate with torpid females.The selection for large penises might take place,if a long organ provides advantages during post-copulatory competition and/or if females have evolved mechanisms allowing the choice of sire,relying on characters other than pre-copulatory traits(e.g.,penis size).In this study,we measured dimensions of the erected penis in 4 sperm-storing bat species.Furthermore,we collected sperm and evaluated the link between penis dimensions and sperm velocity.Our results revealed steep allometric slopes of the erected penis length in Barbastella barbastellus and an inverse allometry of penis head width in Myotis nattereri.More detailed studies of copulatory behavior are urgently needed to explain the range of observed scaling relations.Furthermore,penis head width correlates with sperm velocity in Plecotus auritus.For this last species,we propose that penis shape might act as a marker of male fertility.
