Tropical rainforests usually have multiple strata that results in a vertical stratification of ecological opportunities foranimals. We investigated if this stratification influences the way bats use the vertical space...Tropical rainforests usually have multiple strata that results in a vertical stratification of ecological opportunities foranimals. We investigated if this stratification influences the way bats use the vertical space in flooded and unflooded forests of theCentral Amazon. Using mist-nets set in the canopy (17 to 35 m high) and in the understorey (0 to 3 m high) we sampled four sitesin upland unflooded forests (terra firme), three in forests seasonally flooded by nutrient-rich water (varzea), and three in forestsseasonally flooded by nutrient-poor water (igapo). Using rarefaction curves we found that species richness in the understorey andcanopy were very similar. An ordination analysis clearly separated the bat assemblages of the canopy from those of the understorey inboth flooded and unflooded habitats. Gleaning carnivores were clearly associated with the understorey, whereas frugivores wereabundant in both strata. Of the frugivores, Carollinae and some Stenodermatinae were understorey specialists, but several Stenodermatinaemostly used the canopy. The first group mainly includes species that, in general, feed on fruits of understorey shrubs,whereas the second group feed on figs and other canopy fruits. We conclude that vertical stratification in bat communities occurseven within forests with lower canopy heights, such as Amazonian seasonally flooded forests, and that the vertical distribution ofbat species is closely related to their diet and foraging behaviour.展开更多
Investigations of strike-slip faults within cratonic basins reveal distinct vertical stratification,contrasting markedly with large-scale strike-slip faults in tectonically active regions.The underlying causes and geo...Investigations of strike-slip faults within cratonic basins reveal distinct vertical stratification,contrasting markedly with large-scale strike-slip faults in tectonically active regions.The underlying causes and geological implications of this phenomenon remain inadequately understood.This study employs high-resolution 3D seismic data to analyze the vertical stratification of strike-slip faults in the Ordos Basin,focusing on their manifestations,controlling factors,developmental patterns,and geological significance.Results indicate that vertical stratification in the Ordos Basin is characterized by the superposition of faults with ENE,NW,and NNE(near N-S)orientations,as well as the stratification of individual faults.The former exhibits a conjugate fault system dominated by one fault group,while the latter features multiple superimposed flower structures with multiphase kinematic transitions.This stratification results from multiphase fault activity,reflecting the tendency of brittle fault deformation to nucleate and propagate at shallow depths under horizontal tectonic stress in stable cratonic regions.The identified“stratification-multistage-shallow nucleation”developmental pattern of cratonic strike-slip faults effectively records multistage changes in the regional tectonic stress field and influences stratified hydrocarbon distribution.This pattern provides new insights into intracontinental tectonic deformation mechanisms and seismic activity in stable regions.展开更多
Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this differ...Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and theβ-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.展开更多
The article presents the results of in-kind measurements and numerical modeling of the formation of water characteristics in the Kama River,which is used for technical water supply in the production of potash fertiliz...The article presents the results of in-kind measurements and numerical modeling of the formation of water characteristics in the Kama River,which is used for technical water supply in the production of potash fertilizers.In the warm season,risks arise that threaten the sustainability of the water supply.It was found that in the summer,when the studied section of the Kama River is backed up by the KamaHydroelectric Power Station,there is a significant decrease in flow rates,which leads to vertical stratification of water properties.This,in turn,significantly limits the possibilities of using water fromthe bottom zone.Under conditions of significant water discharge from the reservoir,this section has river conditions with significantly higher flow rates.Under such conditions,intense vertical mixing of water masses occurs,which improves the consumer properties of water necessary for sustainable water supply.The results of numerical modeling carried out within the framework of the three-dimensional approach confirmed this conclusion.It is shown that with an increase in the flow rate in the channel near thewater intake,the concentration of salts decreases,which is an important factor in ensuring high-quality water supply.展开更多
A 3-D baroclinic numerical model is established to study the temporal and spatial distribution of salinity in the Northern Branch(NB) of the Yangtze Estuary(YE) in response to river runoff, wind and currents. The idea...A 3-D baroclinic numerical model is established to study the temporal and spatial distribution of salinity in the Northern Branch(NB) of the Yangtze Estuary(YE) in response to river runoff, wind and currents. The idealized,process-oriented studies show that the lower river runoff in the dry season is the main driving factor for the spilling over from the NB to the Southern Branch(SB). The NB takes longer time to get in dynamic stable state compared with the SB, as the runoff transfers from the wet season to the dry season. The vertical stratification intensity of the NB has obvious periodic phenomena in the dry season, and the stratification strength is enhanced under the action of low runoff and north wind, which further weakens the vertical transport of water. Momentum balance analysis suggested that the landward net flux increases when considering the influence of the moderate north wind, and the landward flux will enhance if considering the boundary current during the spring tide. With the influence of the boundary current, increases the average salinity of the NB, as well as the intrusion degree from the NB to the SB.This indicates that the nearshore ocean current of the Yellow Sea is an important factor affecting the saltwater intrusion in the NB of the YE.展开更多
With the advantages of wide distribution,fast growth,and broad metabolic spectrum to organic carbon compounds,Vibrio may play an important role in organic carbon cycling.However,the ecological roles of Vibrio in many ...With the advantages of wide distribution,fast growth,and broad metabolic spectrum to organic carbon compounds,Vibrio may play an important role in organic carbon cycling.However,the ecological roles of Vibrio in many marine environments have not been explored.Here,the world's deepest'blue hole',the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole(SYBH)in the South China Sea,which is a geographically semi-enclosed environment featuring unique chemical characters,was investigated.The abundance,diversity and carbon source utilization capability of Vibrio were studied by quantification and high-throughput sequencing of Vibrio specific 16S rRNA genes and cultivation methods.The abundance of Vibrio in water column of the SYBH ranged from 3.78×10^4 to 7.35×10^616S rRNA gene copies L_1.Free-living Vibrio was more abundant than particle-associated Vibrio(~1.20×10^6 versus-2.68×10^5 gene copies L_1),indicating that Vibrio prefers a free-living life style.The Vibrio assemblages showed clear vertical stratification and could be divided into three groups:aerobic-transition,middle anaerobic and bottom anaerobic zones.Dissolved oxygen(DO),temperature,pH and salinity were the main environmental factors affecting the abundance and community composition.Cultivated Vibrio demonstrated a degrading capability to various macromolecular substrates,including starch,Tween 20/40/80,DNA,gelatin,alginate,casein,chitin,lecithin,K-carrageenan,mannan,xylan and hyaluronic acid.This suggests that Vibrio could produce a variety of highly active extracellular enzymes.Our study provides new insights into the distribution pattern and possible role in carbon cycle of Vibrio in the unique environment of a"blue hole'.展开更多
We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampl...We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampling events during the dry and rainy season,to analyze their abundance,structure(distribution of abundance among species),diversity and the response of the five dominant species at each stratum.Results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of spider communities differed among strata,revealing a complex spatiotemporal dynamic.Abundance,structure,diversity of ground spiders,as well as the responses of four dominant species at this stratum,showed low seasonal variations.In contrast,a strong seasonal variation was observed for the understory assemblage,with lowest abundance and highest diversity in the rainy season,and different assemblage structures for each season.Seasonal patterns of each assemblage seem linked to the responses of their dominant species.We found high co-occurrence among most of the ground dominant species with similar habitat use and with multivoltine patterns,contrasting with low co-occurrence among most of the understory dominant species with similar habitat use and univoltine patterns.Our results showed that the spiders’assemblages of tropical mountain cloud forest(opposed to what is found in temperate and boreal forests)increase their species richness with the height,and that their responses to seasonal change differ between strata.Management programs of these habitats should consider the spatial and temporal variations found here,as a better understanding of their ecological dynamics is required to support their sustainable management.展开更多
Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)are a well-known environmental concern.Yet,limited knowledge exists on the fate and transport of ARGs in deep freshwater reservoirs experiencing seasonal hydrological changes,especiall...Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)are a well-known environmental concern.Yet,limited knowledge exists on the fate and transport of ARGs in deep freshwater reservoirs experiencing seasonal hydrological changes,especially in the context of particle-attached(PA)and free-living(FL)lifestyles.Here,the ARG profiles were examined using high-throughput quantitative PCR in PA and FL lifestyles during four seasons representing two hydrological phenomena(vertical mixing and thermal stratification)in the Shuikou Reservoir(SR),Southern China.The results indicated that seasonal hydrological dynamics were critical for influencing the ARGs in PA and FL and the transition of ARGs between the two lifestyles.ARG profiles both in PA and FL were likely to be shaped by horizontal gene transfer.However,they exhibited distinct responses to the physicochemical(e.g.,nutrients and dissolved oxygen)changes under seasonal hydrological dynamics.The particle-association niche(PAN)index revealed 94 non-conservative ARGs(i.e.,no preferences for PA and FL)and 23 and 16 conservative ARGs preferring PA and FL lifestyles,respectively.A sharp decline in conservative ARGs under stratified hydrologic suggested seasonal influence on the ARGs transition between PA and FL lifestyles.Remarkably,the conservative ARGs(in PA or FL lifestyle)were more closely related to bacterial OTUs in their preferred lifestyle than their counterparts,indicating lifestyle-dependent ARG enrichment.Altogether,these findings enhanced our understanding of the ARG lifestyles and the role of seasonal hydrological changes in governing the ARG transition between the lifestyles in a typical deep freshwater ecosystem.展开更多
基金supported by Fundaāo para a Ciência e Tecnologia (POCI-PPCDT/BIA-BDE/60710/2004, co-financed by the ERDF, and fellowships SFRH/BD/19620/2004 and SFRH/BDI22829/2005)a Bat Conservation International grant
文摘Tropical rainforests usually have multiple strata that results in a vertical stratification of ecological opportunities foranimals. We investigated if this stratification influences the way bats use the vertical space in flooded and unflooded forests of theCentral Amazon. Using mist-nets set in the canopy (17 to 35 m high) and in the understorey (0 to 3 m high) we sampled four sitesin upland unflooded forests (terra firme), three in forests seasonally flooded by nutrient-rich water (varzea), and three in forestsseasonally flooded by nutrient-poor water (igapo). Using rarefaction curves we found that species richness in the understorey andcanopy were very similar. An ordination analysis clearly separated the bat assemblages of the canopy from those of the understorey inboth flooded and unflooded habitats. Gleaning carnivores were clearly associated with the understorey, whereas frugivores wereabundant in both strata. Of the frugivores, Carollinae and some Stenodermatinae were understorey specialists, but several Stenodermatinaemostly used the canopy. The first group mainly includes species that, in general, feed on fruits of understorey shrubs,whereas the second group feed on figs and other canopy fruits. We conclude that vertical stratification in bat communities occurseven within forests with lower canopy heights, such as Amazonian seasonally flooded forests, and that the vertical distribution ofbat species is closely related to their diet and foraging behaviour.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFC2909404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42272148,42230815)。
文摘Investigations of strike-slip faults within cratonic basins reveal distinct vertical stratification,contrasting markedly with large-scale strike-slip faults in tectonically active regions.The underlying causes and geological implications of this phenomenon remain inadequately understood.This study employs high-resolution 3D seismic data to analyze the vertical stratification of strike-slip faults in the Ordos Basin,focusing on their manifestations,controlling factors,developmental patterns,and geological significance.Results indicate that vertical stratification in the Ordos Basin is characterized by the superposition of faults with ENE,NW,and NNE(near N-S)orientations,as well as the stratification of individual faults.The former exhibits a conjugate fault system dominated by one fault group,while the latter features multiple superimposed flower structures with multiphase kinematic transitions.This stratification results from multiphase fault activity,reflecting the tendency of brittle fault deformation to nucleate and propagate at shallow depths under horizontal tectonic stress in stable cratonic regions.The identified“stratification-multistage-shallow nucleation”developmental pattern of cratonic strike-slip faults effectively records multistage changes in the regional tectonic stress field and influences stratified hydrocarbon distribution.This pattern provides new insights into intracontinental tectonic deformation mechanisms and seismic activity in stable regions.
文摘Parasitoid wasp communities of the canopy of temperate forests are still largely unexplored. Very little is known about the community composition ofparasitoids between canopy and understory and how much of this difference is related to forest structure or parasitoid biological strategies. In this study we investigated upon the difference in the community composition of the parasitic wasps Ichneumonidae between canopy and understory in a lowland temperate forest in northern Italy. We used general linear models to test whether parasitic strategy modifies species vertical stratification and the effect of forest structure. We also tested differences in β-diversity between canopy and understory traps and over time within single forest layers. We found that stand basal area was positively related to species richness, suggesting that the presence of mature trees can influence local wasp diversity, providing a higher number of microhabitats and hosts. The ichneumonid community of the canopy was different from that of the understory, and theβ-diversity analysis showed higher values for the canopy, due to a higher degree of species turnover between traps. In our analyses, the vertical stratification was different between groups of ichneumonids sharing different parasitic strategies. Idiobiont parasitoids of weakly or deeply concealed hosts were more diverse in the understory than in the canopy while parasitoids of spiders were equally distributed between the two layers. Even though the ichneumonid community was not particularly species-rich in the canopy of the temperate forests, the extension of sampling to that habitat significantly increased the number of species recorded.
基金the Government of the Perm Territory within the Framework of Scientific Project No.S-26/828the Ministry of Science and High Education of Russia(Theme No.121031700169-1).
文摘The article presents the results of in-kind measurements and numerical modeling of the formation of water characteristics in the Kama River,which is used for technical water supply in the production of potash fertilizers.In the warm season,risks arise that threaten the sustainability of the water supply.It was found that in the summer,when the studied section of the Kama River is backed up by the KamaHydroelectric Power Station,there is a significant decrease in flow rates,which leads to vertical stratification of water properties.This,in turn,significantly limits the possibilities of using water fromthe bottom zone.Under conditions of significant water discharge from the reservoir,this section has river conditions with significantly higher flow rates.Under such conditions,intense vertical mixing of water masses occurs,which improves the consumer properties of water necessary for sustainable water supply.The results of numerical modeling carried out within the framework of the three-dimensional approach confirmed this conclusion.It is shown that with an increase in the flow rate in the channel near thewater intake,the concentration of salts decreases,which is an important factor in ensuring high-quality water supply.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2016YFC0401505 and 2017YFC0405402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51779147)
文摘A 3-D baroclinic numerical model is established to study the temporal and spatial distribution of salinity in the Northern Branch(NB) of the Yangtze Estuary(YE) in response to river runoff, wind and currents. The idealized,process-oriented studies show that the lower river runoff in the dry season is the main driving factor for the spilling over from the NB to the Southern Branch(SB). The NB takes longer time to get in dynamic stable state compared with the SB, as the runoff transfers from the wet season to the dry season. The vertical stratification intensity of the NB has obvious periodic phenomena in the dry season, and the stratification strength is enhanced under the action of low runoff and north wind, which further weakens the vertical transport of water. Momentum balance analysis suggested that the landward net flux increases when considering the influence of the moderate north wind, and the landward flux will enhance if considering the boundary current during the spring tide. With the influence of the boundary current, increases the average salinity of the NB, as well as the intrusion degree from the NB to the SB.This indicates that the nearshore ocean current of the Yellow Sea is an important factor affecting the saltwater intrusion in the NB of the YE.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants nos.41730530,91751202 and 41476112).
文摘With the advantages of wide distribution,fast growth,and broad metabolic spectrum to organic carbon compounds,Vibrio may play an important role in organic carbon cycling.However,the ecological roles of Vibrio in many marine environments have not been explored.Here,the world's deepest'blue hole',the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole(SYBH)in the South China Sea,which is a geographically semi-enclosed environment featuring unique chemical characters,was investigated.The abundance,diversity and carbon source utilization capability of Vibrio were studied by quantification and high-throughput sequencing of Vibrio specific 16S rRNA genes and cultivation methods.The abundance of Vibrio in water column of the SYBH ranged from 3.78×10^4 to 7.35×10^616S rRNA gene copies L_1.Free-living Vibrio was more abundant than particle-associated Vibrio(~1.20×10^6 versus-2.68×10^5 gene copies L_1),indicating that Vibrio prefers a free-living life style.The Vibrio assemblages showed clear vertical stratification and could be divided into three groups:aerobic-transition,middle anaerobic and bottom anaerobic zones.Dissolved oxygen(DO),temperature,pH and salinity were the main environmental factors affecting the abundance and community composition.Cultivated Vibrio demonstrated a degrading capability to various macromolecular substrates,including starch,Tween 20/40/80,DNA,gelatin,alginate,casein,chitin,lecithin,K-carrageenan,mannan,xylan and hyaluronic acid.This suggests that Vibrio could produce a variety of highly active extracellular enzymes.Our study provides new insights into the distribution pattern and possible role in carbon cycle of Vibrio in the unique environment of a"blue hole'.
文摘We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampling events during the dry and rainy season,to analyze their abundance,structure(distribution of abundance among species),diversity and the response of the five dominant species at each stratum.Results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of spider communities differed among strata,revealing a complex spatiotemporal dynamic.Abundance,structure,diversity of ground spiders,as well as the responses of four dominant species at this stratum,showed low seasonal variations.In contrast,a strong seasonal variation was observed for the understory assemblage,with lowest abundance and highest diversity in the rainy season,and different assemblage structures for each season.Seasonal patterns of each assemblage seem linked to the responses of their dominant species.We found high co-occurrence among most of the ground dominant species with similar habitat use and with multivoltine patterns,contrasting with low co-occurrence among most of the understory dominant species with similar habitat use and univoltine patterns.Our results showed that the spiders’assemblages of tropical mountain cloud forest(opposed to what is found in temperate and boreal forests)increase their species richness with the height,and that their responses to seasonal change differ between strata.Management programs of these habitats should consider the spatial and temporal variations found here,as a better understanding of their ecological dynamics is required to support their sustainable management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1805244 and 31870475)the 9th China-Croatia Science and Technology cooperation committee program(9e21)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Project of Xiamen(3502Z20206093)BA was supported by the CAS-TWAS president PhD fellowship programme.
文摘Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)are a well-known environmental concern.Yet,limited knowledge exists on the fate and transport of ARGs in deep freshwater reservoirs experiencing seasonal hydrological changes,especially in the context of particle-attached(PA)and free-living(FL)lifestyles.Here,the ARG profiles were examined using high-throughput quantitative PCR in PA and FL lifestyles during four seasons representing two hydrological phenomena(vertical mixing and thermal stratification)in the Shuikou Reservoir(SR),Southern China.The results indicated that seasonal hydrological dynamics were critical for influencing the ARGs in PA and FL and the transition of ARGs between the two lifestyles.ARG profiles both in PA and FL were likely to be shaped by horizontal gene transfer.However,they exhibited distinct responses to the physicochemical(e.g.,nutrients and dissolved oxygen)changes under seasonal hydrological dynamics.The particle-association niche(PAN)index revealed 94 non-conservative ARGs(i.e.,no preferences for PA and FL)and 23 and 16 conservative ARGs preferring PA and FL lifestyles,respectively.A sharp decline in conservative ARGs under stratified hydrologic suggested seasonal influence on the ARGs transition between PA and FL lifestyles.Remarkably,the conservative ARGs(in PA or FL lifestyle)were more closely related to bacterial OTUs in their preferred lifestyle than their counterparts,indicating lifestyle-dependent ARG enrichment.Altogether,these findings enhanced our understanding of the ARG lifestyles and the role of seasonal hydrological changes in governing the ARG transition between the lifestyles in a typical deep freshwater ecosystem.
