In order to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in crop plant protection and improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides,it is necessary to study advanced application machinery and application techniques.The us...In order to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in crop plant protection and improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides,it is necessary to study advanced application machinery and application techniques.The use of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)for pesticide spraying has the characteristics of less application,strong penetrability,wide applicability and flexible operation scheduling,and has gradually become one of the important development directions in the field of aviation plant protection.However,the operation process of the UAV is often affected by meteorological factors and human manipulation,resulting in poor actual operation with inaccurate spray volume and uneven application.Therefore,to improve the stability and uniformity of the application of the plant protection UAV under variable operating conditions,in this paper a real-time control method was proposed for the application flow rate,and a precision variable-rate spray system was designed based on single-chip microcomputer and micro diaphragm pump that can controls the flow rate of the pump in real time with the changes of the operating state.The response s-peed of the variable-rate spray system was tested.The average control response time of the system was 0.18 s,and the average stability time of the pump flow change was 0.75 s.The test results showed that the system has a quick response to the working state and the adjustment of the target flow of the pump can be quickly completed to realize the variable-rate spray function.The research results can provide a reference for the practical application of plant protection UAV variable-rate spray system.展开更多
Pesticide application is a dynamic spatial distribution process,in which spray liquid should be able to cover the targets with desired thickness and uniformity.Therefore,it is important to study the 2-D and 3-D(dimens...Pesticide application is a dynamic spatial distribution process,in which spray liquid should be able to cover the targets with desired thickness and uniformity.Therefore,it is important to study the 2-D and 3-D(dimensional)spray distribution to evaluate spraying quality.The curve-surface generation methods in Excel were used to establish 1-D,2-D,and 3-D graphics of variable-rate spray distribution in order to characterize the space distribution of the variable-rate spray.The 1-D,2-D,and 3-D distribution graphs of Pulse-Width Modulation(PWM)-based continuous variable-rate spray were developed to provide a tool to analyze the distribution characteristics of the spray.The 1-D graph showed that the spray distribution concentrated toward the center of the spray field with the decreased flow-rate.The 2-D graph showed that the spray distribution always spread as the shape of Normal Probability Distribution with the change of the flow-rate.The 3-D graph showed that the spray distribution tended to be uniform when the sprayer travelled forward at the appropriate speed.This study indicated that the visualization method could be directly used for analysis and comparison of different variable-rate spray distributions from different experimental conditions and measuring methods.展开更多
Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design ...Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design of new organometallic reagents and catalysts.Study of gas-phase reactions is one of the key approaches to probing the individual elementary steps under isolated and re-producible conditions.A series of investigations have been reported on the gas-phase reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under room temperature conditions.However,studies about the reactions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules un-der heating conditions are very limited.In this work,an apparatus with an electrospray ion-ization source and an ion funnel trap,which can be coupled with a high-temperature linear ion trap reactor,was designed and built.The apparatus can be used to investigate the reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under heating conditions.By using the apparatus,the adsorption reactions of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)and CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+under variable temperature conditions have been conducted.The experiments showed that the reaction rate constant of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO increases first and then decreases with increasing temperature.In contrast,the rate constant of CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)decreases monotonically as the temperature increases.Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption reaction of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)is subject to a small barrier,while CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+is barri-erless,which is consistent with the experimentally observed temperature-dependent rate con-stants.The newly built apparatus can thus provide new kinetic information to address reac-tion mechanisms for organometallic ions.展开更多
Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generat...Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generated aerosol particles using a water spray system integrated with an innovative system for pre-injecting electrically charged mist in our facility.To simulate aerosol generation in reactor decommissioning,a high-power laser was used to irradiate various materials(including stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete),generating aerosol particles that were agglomerated with injected water mist and subsequently scavenged by water spray.Experimental results demonstrate enhanced aerosol removal via aerosol-mist agglomeration,with charged mist significantly improving particle capture by increasing wettability and size.The average improvements for the stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete were 40%,44%,and 21%,respectively.The results of experiments using charged mist with different polarities(both positive and negative)and different surface coatings reveal that the dominant polarity of aerosols varies with the irradiated materials,influenced by their crystal structure and electron emission properties.Notably,surface coatings such as ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)were found to possibly alter aerosol charging characteristics,thereby affecting aerosol removal efficiency with charged mist configurations.The innovative aerosol-mist agglomeration approach shows promise in mitigating radiation exposure,ensuring environmental safety,and reducing contaminated water during reactor dismantling.This study contributes critical knowledge for the development of advanced aerosol management strategies for nuclear reactor decommissioning.The understanding obtained in this work is also expected to be useful for various environmental and chemical engineering applications such as gas decontamination,air purification,and pollution control.展开更多
This study aims to reveal the influence of Local Momentum Ratio(LMR)on the combustion efficiency of an LOX/GCH4 pintle injector from the perspective of spray characteristics.Hot fire tests were conducted to establish ...This study aims to reveal the influence of Local Momentum Ratio(LMR)on the combustion efficiency of an LOX/GCH4 pintle injector from the perspective of spray characteristics.Hot fire tests were conducted to establish the relationship between combustion efficiency and LMR.The spray characteristics for different LMRs were simulated by the validated volume of fluid-to-discrete phase model method,taking into account the combustion chamber wall confinement.Subsequently,the difference in combustion efficiency was analyzed by comparing the spray simulation results of backpressure conditions similar to hot fire tests.The results indicate that combustion efficiency increased initially(LMR=1.12-1.64)and then decreased(LMR>1.64).Quantitative analysis revealed a linear correlation(R^(2)=0.95)between LMR and combustion efficiency within 1.12<LMR<1.64.As the LMR increased,the improvement in combustion efficiency was attributed to a wider spray distribution range and smaller droplet sizes.The area of the mantle recirculation zone that is detrimental to combustion decreased by approximately 38%,and the droplet size reduced from 37 to 16μm.This effectively enhanced both the mixing of the propellant and the evaporation process.When the LMR exceeded the critical value(1.64 in this study),the impingement of liquid oxygen on the combustion chamber wall was confirmed via overheating discoloration marks on the inner surface of combustion chamber's cylindrical section.The impingement of liquid oxygen on the combustion chamber wall increased the transport of liquid oxygen to the wall,directly reducing the mixing quality and combustion efficiency.The outcomes of this study provide the practical guidance for design and improvement in combustion efficiency of the pintle injector thrust chamber.展开更多
Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling...Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling were often less than rewarding due in part to the use of a whole-field predicted yield-based formula for developing the N recommendation in each zone. Nitrogen rate studies on spring wheat and durum were established in 2005 through 2009 with the objective to reexamine N recommendations and construct a new system if necessary. The results of the study and archived wheat N response data showed that the state should be divided into three separate N response regions. Within each region historic yields from low to high productivity were defined. The gross N rate was determined using the return-to-N concept developed in the US corn-belt states but with additional consideration for wheat protein value The gross N rate is then modified by credits for previous crop, soil test N from zone soil sampling, tillage systems, excessive straw from the previous year, relative susceptibility to nitrate leaching or denitrification. Finally, the user is encouraged to use common sense and consider whether particular fields have characteristics that require more or less N fertilizer than suggested by the recommendation formulas.展开更多
To adjust the variance of source rate in linear broadcast networks, global encoding kernels should have corresponding dimensions to instruct the decoding process. The algorithm of constructing such global encoding ker...To adjust the variance of source rate in linear broadcast networks, global encoding kernels should have corresponding dimensions to instruct the decoding process. The algorithm of constructing such global encoding kernels is to adjust heterogeneous network to possible link failures. Linear algebra, graph theory and group theory are applied to construct one series of global encoding kernels which are applicable to all source rates. The effectiveness and existence of such global encoding kernels are proved. Based on 2 information flow, the algorithm of construction is explicitly given within polynomial time O（｜E｜ ｜T｜.ω^2max）, and the memory complexity of algorithm is O（｜E｜）. Both time and memory complexity of this algorithm proposed can be O（ωmax） less than those of algorithms in related works.展开更多
Fong et al.analyzed variable-rate linear network coding for linear broadcast.However,the authors didn't investigate it for the other three types of linear network codes.In this paper,by simple and clear proofs,it ...Fong et al.analyzed variable-rate linear network coding for linear broadcast.However,the authors didn't investigate it for the other three types of linear network codes.In this paper,by simple and clear proofs,it is found that there are similar results for variable-rate linear generic and linear dispersion if the field size is large enough.It means that linear generics and linear dispersions of different dimensions can be implemented on the same network,while each non-source node is required to store only one copy of the local encoding kernel within a session.Moreover,an example is given to show that there isn't a similar result for linear multicast.展开更多
In order to increase the applying rate of liquid fertilizer and reduce environmental pollution, a slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer was designed. The system used SMC as core pr...In order to increase the applying rate of liquid fertilizer and reduce environmental pollution, a slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer was designed. The system used SMC as core processor and electrically controlled pressure regulator as execution component. The characteristic equation of the system was obtained by using classical control theory. Results indicated that the characteristic equation met the requirements of routh-criterion, which indicated the working process of the system was stable. Performance of the slave computer was verified via bench tests. Results demonstrated that there was no significant influence on the response from interclass error. The fertilization error was less than 0.9, and the fertilization accuracy was larger than 97%. The liquid fertilizer emitted by the fertilizing devices had no significant difference in uniformity, which met the demands of the slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer.展开更多
By extending the notion of the minimum distance for linear network error correction code(LNEC), this paper introduces the concept of generalized minimum rank distance(GMRD) of variable-rate linear network error correc...By extending the notion of the minimum distance for linear network error correction code(LNEC), this paper introduces the concept of generalized minimum rank distance(GMRD) of variable-rate linear network error correction codes. The basic properties of GMRD are investigated. It is proved that GMRD can characterize the error correction/detection capability of variable-rate linear network error correction codes when the source transmits the messages at several different rates.展开更多
1.Introduction.Cold Spray(CS)is a highly advanced solid-state metal depo-sition process that was first developed in the 1980s.This innovative technique involves the high-speed(300-1200 m/s)impact deposition of micron-...1.Introduction.Cold Spray(CS)is a highly advanced solid-state metal depo-sition process that was first developed in the 1980s.This innovative technique involves the high-speed(300-1200 m/s)impact deposition of micron-sized particles(5-50μm)to fabricate coatings[1-3].CS has been extensively used in a variety of coating applications,such as aerospace,automotive,energy,medical,marine,and others,to provide protection against high temperatures,corrosion,erosion,oxidation,and chemicals[4,5].Nowadays,the technical interest in CS is twofold:(i)as a repair process for damaged components,and(ii)as a solid-state additive manufacturing process.Compared to other fusion-based additive manufacturing(AM)technologies,Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing(CSAM)is a new member of the AM family that can enable the fabrication of deposits without undergoing melting.The chemical composition has been largely preserved from the powder to the deposit due to the minimal oxidation.The significant advantages of CSAM over other additive manufacturing processes include a high production rate,unlimited deposition size,high flexibility,and suitability for repairing damaged parts.展开更多
Combustion dynamics are a critical factor in determining the performance and reliabilityof a chemical propulsion engine.The underlying processes include liquid atomization,evaporation,mixing,and chemical reactions.Thi...Combustion dynamics are a critical factor in determining the performance and reliabilityof a chemical propulsion engine.The underlying processes include liquid atomization,evaporation,mixing,and chemical reactions.This paper presents a high-fidelity numerical study of liquidatomization and spray combustion under high-pressure conditions,emphasizing the effects of pres-sure oscillations on the flow evolution and combustion dynamics.The theoretical framework isbased on the three-dimensional conservation equations for multiphase flows and turbulent combus-tion.The numerical solution is achieved using a coupling method of volume-of-fluid and Lagran-gian particle tracking.The Zhuang-Kadota-Sutton(ZKS)high-pressure evaporation model andthe eddy breakup-Arrhenius combustion model are employed.Simulations are conducted for amodel combustion chamber with impinging-jet injectors using liquid oxygen and kerosene as pro-pellants.Both conditions with and without inlet and outlet pressure oscillations are considered.Thefindings reveal that pressure oscillations amplify flow fluctuations and can be characterized usingkey physical parameters such as droplet evaporation,chemical reaction,and chamber pressure.The spectral analysis uncovers the axial variations of the dominant and secondary frequenciesand their amplitudes in terms of the characteristic physical quantities.This research helps establisha methodology for exploring the coupling effect of liquid atomization and spray combustion.It alsoprovides practical insights into their responses to pressure oscillations during the occurrence ofcombustion instability.This information can be used to enhance the design and operation ofliquid-fueled propulsion engines.展开更多
This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions....This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions.It proposes the idea of introducing spray pyrolysis technology into the rare earth extraction and separation processes.This paper briefly describes the development history of chloride spray pyrolysis technology,focusing on the research status and application progress of rare earth chloride solution and magnesium chloride solution spray pyrolysis technology,as well as spray pyrolysis equipment.The paper also analyzes the challenges and technical intricacies associated with applying spray pyrolysis technology to chloride solutions in the rare earth extraction and separation processes.Additionally,it explores future trends and proposes strategies to facilitate the full recycling of acids and bases,streamline the process flow,and enhance the prospects for green and low-carbon rare earth metallurgy.展开更多
Nickel-rich cathode materials have received widespread attention due to their high energy density.However,the poor rate capability and inferior cycle stability seriously hinder their large-scale application.The tradit...Nickel-rich cathode materials have received widespread attention due to their high energy density.However,the poor rate capability and inferior cycle stability seriously hinder their large-scale application.The traditional co-precipitation method for preparing them has a long process and easily arises agglomeration leading to inhomogeneous element distribution.Here,a novel precursor containing Li element was prepared by ultrafast spray pyrolysis(SP)in 3–5 s.Then the precursor was used to synthesize pristine LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM90)and 1%Mg modified LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM90-Mg1).This method gets rid of mixing Li/Mg source and the precursor prepared by common co-precipitation,thus could achieve homogeneous lithiation and Mg2+doping.The cell parameter c is expanded,and the cation disorder is reduced after Mg2+doping.Furthermore,the harmful H2-H3 phase transition in NCM90-Mg1 is also well suppressed.As a result,the obtained NCM90-Mg1 shows better electrochemical performance than NCM90.Within 2.8–4.3 V(25℃),the specific discharge capacity of NCM90-Mg1 at 5 C is as high as 169.1m Ah/g,and an outstanding capacity retention of 70.0%(10.0%higher than NCM90)can be obtained after400 cycles at 0.5 C.At 45℃,a capacity retention of 81.9%after 100 cycles at 1 C is recorded for NCM90-Mg1.Moreover,the NCM90-Mg1 also exhibits superior cycle stability when cycled at high cut-off voltage(4.5 V,25℃),possessing the capacity retention of 79.2%after 200 cycles at 1 C.Therefore,SP can be proposed as a powerful method for the preparation of multi-element materials for next-generation high energy density LIBs.展开更多
Large interfacial strains in particles are crucial for promoting bonding in cold spraying(CS),initiated either by adiabatic shear instability(ASI)due to softening prevailing over strain hardening or by hydrostatic pla...Large interfacial strains in particles are crucial for promoting bonding in cold spraying(CS),initiated either by adiabatic shear instability(ASI)due to softening prevailing over strain hardening or by hydrostatic plasticity,which is claimed to promote bonding even without ASI.A thorough microstructural analysis is vital to fully understand the bonding mechanisms at play during microparticle impacts and throughout the CS process.In this study,the HEA CoCrFeMnNi,known for its relatively high strain hardening and resistance to softening,was selected to investigate the microstructure characteristics and bonding mech-anisms in CS.This study used characterization techniques covering a range of length scales,including electron channeling contrast imaging(ECCI),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and high-resolution transmission microscopy(HR-TEM),to explore the microstructure characteristics of bonding and overall structure development of CoCrFeMnNi microparticles after impact in CS.HR-TEM lamellae were prepared using focused ion beam milling.Additionally,the effects of deformation field variables on microstructure development were determined through finite element modeling(FEM)of microparticle impacts.The ECCI,EBSD,and HR-TEM analyses revealed an interplay between dislocation-driven processes and twinning,leading to the development of four distinct deformation microstructures.Significant grain refinement occurs at the interface through continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)due to high strain and temperature rise from adiabatic deformation,signs of softening,and ASI.Near the interface,a necklace-like structure of refined grains forms around grain boundaries,along with elongated grains,resulting from the coexistence of dynamic recovery and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX)due to lower temperature rise and strain.Towards the particle or substrate interior,concurrent twinning and dislocation-mediated mechanisms refine the structure,forming straight,curved,and intersected twins.At the top of the particles,only deformed grains with a low dislocation density are observed.Our results showed that DRX induces microstructure softening in highly strained interface areas,facilitating atomic bonding in CoCrFeMnNi.HR-TEM investigation confirms the formation of atomic bonds between particles and substrate,with a gradual change in crystal lattice orientation from the particle to the substrate and the occurrence of some misfit dislocations and vacancies at the interface.Finally,the findings of this research suggest that softening and ASI,even in materials resistant to softening,are required to establish bonding in CS.展开更多
To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug ...To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug loading.By advanced spray drying,attapulgite was transformed into microspheres,refining its drug release characteristics.Various parameters were examined,achieving optimal particle size and morphology at 25%solid content,2.5%dispersant,and 3% binder.Attapulgite microspheres demonstrated exceptional encapsulation efficiency,exceeding 95% for doxorubicin hydrochloride,highlighting their versatility in drug delivery.FTIR and XRD were used to predict changes in material properties after spray drying.Notably,cytotoxicity tests confirmed the high biocompatibility of attapulgite microspheres,devoid of cell death induction.Attapulgite microsphere loaded with doxorubicin enable sustained drug release and maintain killing ability against tumor cells.This study confirms the viability of spray dried attapulgite microspheres for efficient drug loading and delivery and provides insights for innovative drug delivery systems that utilize the unique properties of attapulgite to advance therapeutics.展开更多
The low-temperature spray drying technology was developed to process instant berry powder with high efficiency and higher anthocyanin retention.The maltodextrin,whey protein and inulin were selected as additives for i...The low-temperature spray drying technology was developed to process instant berry powder with high efficiency and higher anthocyanin retention.The maltodextrin,whey protein and inulin were selected as additives for instant properties formation in berry powder.The effects of inlet air temperature(40℃–80℃),vacuum degree(0.02–0.06 MPa)and additive amount on the physicochemical properties of berry powder were analyzed through solubility,anthocyanin retention and powder yield,based on moisture content and microstructure.The findings indicated that adding maltodextrin to berry enhanced the powder yield and instant solubility.Whey protein,as an additive,provided effective protection for the anthocyanins of berry powder,and the addition less than 10 g·100^(-1) g improved the powder yield.Inulin,as an additive,reduced moisture content of berry powder,which was conducive to the higher anthocyanin retention and solubility.Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)analysis was conducted to optimize the spray drying parameters for anthocyanin protection and solubility.The addition of 100%maltodextrin enhanced anthocyanin protection and solubility,while maintaining the desired moisture content and powder yield.This approach was used to evaluate the comprehensive quality of berry powder.This research can provide technical guidance for producing berry powder under low-temperature spray drying.展开更多
Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the oper...Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the operational behavior of RP-5 aviation kerosene/diesel blended fuels in marine diesel engines.A spray visualization platform based on Mie scattering technology was developed to comparatively analyze the spray characteristics,ignition behavior,and soot emissions of RP-5 aviation kerosene,conventional-35#diesel,and their blends at varying mixing ratios(D100H0,D90H10,D70H30,D50H50,D30H70,D0H100).The findings demonstrate that,under constant injection pressure,aviation kerosene combustion results in a more uniform temperature field,characterized by lower core flame temperatures,broader high-temperature regions,and reduced soot concentrations with spatially homogeneous distribution and no pronounced peaks.In terms of spray dynamics,increasing the proportion of aviation kerosene leads to a marked widening of the spray cone angle.Meanwhile,spray penetration length exhibits a non-monotonic trend—initially decreasing and subsequently increasing—as the kerosene blending ratio rises.展开更多
This article comments on the article by Du et al,who conducted a randomized controlled trial aiming at evaluating the effectiveness of a novel spray flushing system in cleaning flexible endoscopes while minimizing dam...This article comments on the article by Du et al,who conducted a randomized controlled trial aiming at evaluating the effectiveness of a novel spray flushing system in cleaning flexible endoscopes while minimizing damage to the working channels.We share our perspective on the importance of improving endoscope reprocessing methods.The findings highlight the spray flushing system's capacity to improve cleaning efficacy while minimizing damage,suggesting that it might be important in enhancing endoscope reprocessing procedures.展开更多
Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their pigle...Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their piglets after weaning.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sows fed a diet with SDP in late gestation and lactation have improved reproductive performance and reduced inflammation compared with sows fed no SDP.The second hypothesis was that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5%SDP in lactation have reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance during the initial 14 d of the nursery period regardless of dietary SDP.Results The percent of low vitality or starved pigs during lactation was less(P<0.05)from sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Dietary SDP did not influence oxidative stress markers in the plasma of sows,but serum cytokines increased(P<0.05)in sows fed the diet with 0.5%SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Pigs weaned from young sows fed no SDP or from mature sows fed 0 or 0.5%SDP had a greater gain to feed ratio when fed a phase 1 diet containing 6%SDP compared with pigs fed a diet without SDP,but the gain to feed ratio of pigs weaned from young sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP was not affected by dietary SDP in phase 1(interaction,P<0.05).Regardless of sow treatment,pigs fed a phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than pigs fed a phase 1 diet without SDP,and pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had reduced(P<0.05)diarrhea incidence in phase 1.Conclusions Feeding 0.5%dietary SDP to sows may reduce the number of mummified pigs and increase pig vitality during lactation,but adding 0.5%SDP to sow diets during lactation did not improve post-weaning performance of pigs fed a starter diet with 6%SDP.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge that the research was financially supported by the graduate student innovation project of Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University(YJSCX2017-Z03)the Youth Innovative Talent Program of Heilongjiang Bayi Agriculture University(ZRCQC201802).
文摘In order to reduce the use of chemical pesticides in crop plant protection and improve the utilization efficiency of pesticides,it is necessary to study advanced application machinery and application techniques.The use of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)for pesticide spraying has the characteristics of less application,strong penetrability,wide applicability and flexible operation scheduling,and has gradually become one of the important development directions in the field of aviation plant protection.However,the operation process of the UAV is often affected by meteorological factors and human manipulation,resulting in poor actual operation with inaccurate spray volume and uneven application.Therefore,to improve the stability and uniformity of the application of the plant protection UAV under variable operating conditions,in this paper a real-time control method was proposed for the application flow rate,and a precision variable-rate spray system was designed based on single-chip microcomputer and micro diaphragm pump that can controls the flow rate of the pump in real time with the changes of the operating state.The response s-peed of the variable-rate spray system was tested.The average control response time of the system was 0.18 s,and the average stability time of the pump flow change was 0.75 s.The test results showed that the system has a quick response to the working state and the adjustment of the target flow of the pump can be quickly completed to realize the variable-rate spray function.The research results can provide a reference for the practical application of plant protection UAV variable-rate spray system.
基金This research was financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA101904)the National Sci-tech Support Plan Projects of China for the 12th Five-year Plan(2011BAD20B07).
文摘Pesticide application is a dynamic spatial distribution process,in which spray liquid should be able to cover the targets with desired thickness and uniformity.Therefore,it is important to study the 2-D and 3-D(dimensional)spray distribution to evaluate spraying quality.The curve-surface generation methods in Excel were used to establish 1-D,2-D,and 3-D graphics of variable-rate spray distribution in order to characterize the space distribution of the variable-rate spray.The 1-D,2-D,and 3-D distribution graphs of Pulse-Width Modulation(PWM)-based continuous variable-rate spray were developed to provide a tool to analyze the distribution characteristics of the spray.The 1-D graph showed that the spray distribution concentrated toward the center of the spray field with the decreased flow-rate.The 2-D graph showed that the spray distribution always spread as the shape of Normal Probability Distribution with the change of the flow-rate.The 3-D graph showed that the spray distribution tended to be uniform when the sprayer travelled forward at the appropriate speed.This study indicated that the visualization method could be directly used for analysis and comparison of different variable-rate spray distributions from different experimental conditions and measuring methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92461313 and 22121002)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1500704).
文摘Organometallics play a vital role in catalytic and synthetic processes.Understanding the indi-vidual elementary steps of the reactions of organo metallic com-pounds is crucial for the development and ratio-nal design of new organometallic reagents and catalysts.Study of gas-phase reactions is one of the key approaches to probing the individual elementary steps under isolated and re-producible conditions.A series of investigations have been reported on the gas-phase reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under room temperature conditions.However,studies about the reactions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules un-der heating conditions are very limited.In this work,an apparatus with an electrospray ion-ization source and an ion funnel trap,which can be coupled with a high-temperature linear ion trap reactor,was designed and built.The apparatus can be used to investigate the reac-tions between organometallic ions and neutral molecules under heating conditions.By using the apparatus,the adsorption reactions of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)and CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+under variable temperature conditions have been conducted.The experiments showed that the reaction rate constant of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO increases first and then decreases with increasing temperature.In contrast,the rate constant of CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)decreases monotonically as the temperature increases.Density functional theory calculations indicate that the adsorption reaction of Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)^(+)+CO→Rh(PPh_(3))_(2)CO^(+)is subject to a small barrier,while CuPPh_(3)^(+)+CO_(2)→CuPPh_(3)CO_(2)+is barri-erless,which is consistent with the experimentally observed temperature-dependent rate con-stants.The newly built apparatus can thus provide new kinetic information to address reac-tion mechanisms for organometallic ions.
基金financial support from the Nuclear Energy Science&Technology and Human Resource Development Project of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency/Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science(No.R04I034)The author Ruicong Xu appreciates the scholarship(financial support)from the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.202106380073).
文摘Laser-induced aerosols,predominantly submicron in size,pose significant environmental and health risks during the decommissioning of nuclear reactors.This study experimentally investigated the removal of laser-generated aerosol particles using a water spray system integrated with an innovative system for pre-injecting electrically charged mist in our facility.To simulate aerosol generation in reactor decommissioning,a high-power laser was used to irradiate various materials(including stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete),generating aerosol particles that were agglomerated with injected water mist and subsequently scavenged by water spray.Experimental results demonstrate enhanced aerosol removal via aerosol-mist agglomeration,with charged mist significantly improving particle capture by increasing wettability and size.The average improvements for the stainless steel,carbon steel,and concrete were 40%,44%,and 21%,respectively.The results of experiments using charged mist with different polarities(both positive and negative)and different surface coatings reveal that the dominant polarity of aerosols varies with the irradiated materials,influenced by their crystal structure and electron emission properties.Notably,surface coatings such as ZrO_(2)and CeO_(2)were found to possibly alter aerosol charging characteristics,thereby affecting aerosol removal efficiency with charged mist configurations.The innovative aerosol-mist agglomeration approach shows promise in mitigating radiation exposure,ensuring environmental safety,and reducing contaminated water during reactor dismantling.This study contributes critical knowledge for the development of advanced aerosol management strategies for nuclear reactor decommissioning.The understanding obtained in this work is also expected to be useful for various environmental and chemical engineering applications such as gas decontamination,air purification,and pollution control.
基金co-supported by the National Science Foundation Project,China(No.2019-JCJQ-ZQ-019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52476141 and T2221002)。
文摘This study aims to reveal the influence of Local Momentum Ratio(LMR)on the combustion efficiency of an LOX/GCH4 pintle injector from the perspective of spray characteristics.Hot fire tests were conducted to establish the relationship between combustion efficiency and LMR.The spray characteristics for different LMRs were simulated by the validated volume of fluid-to-discrete phase model method,taking into account the combustion chamber wall confinement.Subsequently,the difference in combustion efficiency was analyzed by comparing the spray simulation results of backpressure conditions similar to hot fire tests.The results indicate that combustion efficiency increased initially(LMR=1.12-1.64)and then decreased(LMR>1.64).Quantitative analysis revealed a linear correlation(R^(2)=0.95)between LMR and combustion efficiency within 1.12<LMR<1.64.As the LMR increased,the improvement in combustion efficiency was attributed to a wider spray distribution range and smaller droplet sizes.The area of the mantle recirculation zone that is detrimental to combustion decreased by approximately 38%,and the droplet size reduced from 37 to 16μm.This effectively enhanced both the mixing of the propellant and the evaporation process.When the LMR exceeded the critical value(1.64 in this study),the impingement of liquid oxygen on the combustion chamber wall was confirmed via overheating discoloration marks on the inner surface of combustion chamber's cylindrical section.The impingement of liquid oxygen on the combustion chamber wall increased the transport of liquid oxygen to the wall,directly reducing the mixing quality and combustion efficiency.The outcomes of this study provide the practical guidance for design and improvement in combustion efficiency of the pintle injector thrust chamber.
文摘Sampling studies in North Dakota conducted from 1994 to 2003 showed that variable-rate N application could be practically directed with zone soil sampling. Results from variable-rate N studies using zone soil sampling were often less than rewarding due in part to the use of a whole-field predicted yield-based formula for developing the N recommendation in each zone. Nitrogen rate studies on spring wheat and durum were established in 2005 through 2009 with the objective to reexamine N recommendations and construct a new system if necessary. The results of the study and archived wheat N response data showed that the state should be divided into three separate N response regions. Within each region historic yields from low to high productivity were defined. The gross N rate was determined using the return-to-N concept developed in the US corn-belt states but with additional consideration for wheat protein value The gross N rate is then modified by credits for previous crop, soil test N from zone soil sampling, tillage systems, excessive straw from the previous year, relative susceptibility to nitrate leaching or denitrification. Finally, the user is encouraged to use common sense and consider whether particular fields have characteristics that require more or less N fertilizer than suggested by the recommendation formulas.
基金Project(60872005) supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To adjust the variance of source rate in linear broadcast networks, global encoding kernels should have corresponding dimensions to instruct the decoding process. The algorithm of constructing such global encoding kernels is to adjust heterogeneous network to possible link failures. Linear algebra, graph theory and group theory are applied to construct one series of global encoding kernels which are applicable to all source rates. The effectiveness and existence of such global encoding kernels are proved. Based on 2 information flow, the algorithm of construction is explicitly given within polynomial time O（｜E｜ ｜T｜.ω^2max）, and the memory complexity of algorithm is O（｜E｜）. Both time and memory complexity of this algorithm proposed can be O（ωmax） less than those of algorithms in related works.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme(Grant No.60731160626)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60821001and61003287)+1 种基金the 111 Project(Grant No.B08004)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.BUPT2009RC0220)
文摘Fong et al.analyzed variable-rate linear network coding for linear broadcast.However,the authors didn't investigate it for the other three types of linear network codes.In this paper,by simple and clear proofs,it is found that there are similar results for variable-rate linear generic and linear dispersion if the field size is large enough.It means that linear generics and linear dispersions of different dimensions can be implemented on the same network,while each non-source node is required to store only one copy of the local encoding kernel within a session.Moreover,an example is given to show that there isn't a similar result for linear multicast.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of the 12th Five-year Plan(2011BAD20B03-01)
文摘In order to increase the applying rate of liquid fertilizer and reduce environmental pollution, a slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer was designed. The system used SMC as core processor and electrically controlled pressure regulator as execution component. The characteristic equation of the system was obtained by using classical control theory. Results indicated that the characteristic equation met the requirements of routh-criterion, which indicated the working process of the system was stable. Performance of the slave computer was verified via bench tests. Results demonstrated that there was no significant influence on the response from interclass error. The fertilization error was less than 0.9, and the fertilization accuracy was larger than 97%. The liquid fertilizer emitted by the fertilizing devices had no significant difference in uniformity, which met the demands of the slave computer control system for applying variable-rate liquid fertilizer.
文摘By extending the notion of the minimum distance for linear network error correction code(LNEC), this paper introduces the concept of generalized minimum rank distance(GMRD) of variable-rate linear network error correction codes. The basic properties of GMRD are investigated. It is proved that GMRD can characterize the error correction/detection capability of variable-rate linear network error correction codes when the source transmits the messages at several different rates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52061135101 and 52001078)the German Research Foundation(DFG,No.448318292)+3 种基金the Technology Innovation Guidance Special Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2023GXLH-085)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.D5000240161)the Project of Key areas of innovation team in Shaanxi Province(No.2024RS-CXTD-20)The author Yingchun Xie thanks the support from the National Key R&D Program(No.2023YFE0108000).
文摘1.Introduction.Cold Spray(CS)is a highly advanced solid-state metal depo-sition process that was first developed in the 1980s.This innovative technique involves the high-speed(300-1200 m/s)impact deposition of micron-sized particles(5-50μm)to fabricate coatings[1-3].CS has been extensively used in a variety of coating applications,such as aerospace,automotive,energy,medical,marine,and others,to provide protection against high temperatures,corrosion,erosion,oxidation,and chemicals[4,5].Nowadays,the technical interest in CS is twofold:(i)as a repair process for damaged components,and(ii)as a solid-state additive manufacturing process.Compared to other fusion-based additive manufacturing(AM)technologies,Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing(CSAM)is a new member of the AM family that can enable the fabrication of deposits without undergoing melting.The chemical composition has been largely preserved from the powder to the deposit due to the minimal oxidation.The significant advantages of CSAM over other additive manufacturing processes include a high production rate,unlimited deposition size,high flexibility,and suitability for repairing damaged parts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23B6009 and 12272050)。
文摘Combustion dynamics are a critical factor in determining the performance and reliabilityof a chemical propulsion engine.The underlying processes include liquid atomization,evaporation,mixing,and chemical reactions.This paper presents a high-fidelity numerical study of liquidatomization and spray combustion under high-pressure conditions,emphasizing the effects of pres-sure oscillations on the flow evolution and combustion dynamics.The theoretical framework isbased on the three-dimensional conservation equations for multiphase flows and turbulent combus-tion.The numerical solution is achieved using a coupling method of volume-of-fluid and Lagran-gian particle tracking.The Zhuang-Kadota-Sutton(ZKS)high-pressure evaporation model andthe eddy breakup-Arrhenius combustion model are employed.Simulations are conducted for amodel combustion chamber with impinging-jet injectors using liquid oxygen and kerosene as pro-pellants.Both conditions with and without inlet and outlet pressure oscillations are considered.Thefindings reveal that pressure oscillations amplify flow fluctuations and can be characterized usingkey physical parameters such as droplet evaporation,chemical reaction,and chamber pressure.The spectral analysis uncovers the axial variations of the dominant and secondary frequenciesand their amplitudes in terms of the characteristic physical quantities.This research helps establisha methodology for exploring the coupling effect of liquid atomization and spray combustion.It alsoprovides practical insights into their responses to pressure oscillations during the occurrence ofcombustion instability.This information can be used to enhance the design and operation ofliquid-fueled propulsion engines.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3504501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274355)。
文摘This paper focuses on the preparation of rare earth oxide products from rare earth chloride solutions during the rare earth extraction and separation processes,as well as the recycling of magnesium chloride solutions.It proposes the idea of introducing spray pyrolysis technology into the rare earth extraction and separation processes.This paper briefly describes the development history of chloride spray pyrolysis technology,focusing on the research status and application progress of rare earth chloride solution and magnesium chloride solution spray pyrolysis technology,as well as spray pyrolysis equipment.The paper also analyzes the challenges and technical intricacies associated with applying spray pyrolysis technology to chloride solutions in the rare earth extraction and separation processes.Additionally,it explores future trends and proposes strategies to facilitate the full recycling of acids and bases,streamline the process flow,and enhance the prospects for green and low-carbon rare earth metallurgy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52122407)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2022RC3048)。
文摘Nickel-rich cathode materials have received widespread attention due to their high energy density.However,the poor rate capability and inferior cycle stability seriously hinder their large-scale application.The traditional co-precipitation method for preparing them has a long process and easily arises agglomeration leading to inhomogeneous element distribution.Here,a novel precursor containing Li element was prepared by ultrafast spray pyrolysis(SP)in 3–5 s.Then the precursor was used to synthesize pristine LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM90)and 1%Mg modified LiNi_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM90-Mg1).This method gets rid of mixing Li/Mg source and the precursor prepared by common co-precipitation,thus could achieve homogeneous lithiation and Mg2+doping.The cell parameter c is expanded,and the cation disorder is reduced after Mg2+doping.Furthermore,the harmful H2-H3 phase transition in NCM90-Mg1 is also well suppressed.As a result,the obtained NCM90-Mg1 shows better electrochemical performance than NCM90.Within 2.8–4.3 V(25℃),the specific discharge capacity of NCM90-Mg1 at 5 C is as high as 169.1m Ah/g,and an outstanding capacity retention of 70.0%(10.0%higher than NCM90)can be obtained after400 cycles at 0.5 C.At 45℃,a capacity retention of 81.9%after 100 cycles at 1 C is recorded for NCM90-Mg1.Moreover,the NCM90-Mg1 also exhibits superior cycle stability when cycled at high cut-off voltage(4.5 V,25℃),possessing the capacity retention of 79.2%after 200 cycles at 1 C.Therefore,SP can be proposed as a powerful method for the preparation of multi-element materials for next-generation high energy density LIBs.
文摘Large interfacial strains in particles are crucial for promoting bonding in cold spraying(CS),initiated either by adiabatic shear instability(ASI)due to softening prevailing over strain hardening or by hydrostatic plasticity,which is claimed to promote bonding even without ASI.A thorough microstructural analysis is vital to fully understand the bonding mechanisms at play during microparticle impacts and throughout the CS process.In this study,the HEA CoCrFeMnNi,known for its relatively high strain hardening and resistance to softening,was selected to investigate the microstructure characteristics and bonding mech-anisms in CS.This study used characterization techniques covering a range of length scales,including electron channeling contrast imaging(ECCI),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and high-resolution transmission microscopy(HR-TEM),to explore the microstructure characteristics of bonding and overall structure development of CoCrFeMnNi microparticles after impact in CS.HR-TEM lamellae were prepared using focused ion beam milling.Additionally,the effects of deformation field variables on microstructure development were determined through finite element modeling(FEM)of microparticle impacts.The ECCI,EBSD,and HR-TEM analyses revealed an interplay between dislocation-driven processes and twinning,leading to the development of four distinct deformation microstructures.Significant grain refinement occurs at the interface through continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)due to high strain and temperature rise from adiabatic deformation,signs of softening,and ASI.Near the interface,a necklace-like structure of refined grains forms around grain boundaries,along with elongated grains,resulting from the coexistence of dynamic recovery and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization(DDRX)due to lower temperature rise and strain.Towards the particle or substrate interior,concurrent twinning and dislocation-mediated mechanisms refine the structure,forming straight,curved,and intersected twins.At the top of the particles,only deformed grains with a low dislocation density are observed.Our results showed that DRX induces microstructure softening in highly strained interface areas,facilitating atomic bonding in CoCrFeMnNi.HR-TEM investigation confirms the formation of atomic bonds between particles and substrate,with a gradual change in crystal lattice orientation from the particle to the substrate and the occurrence of some misfit dislocations and vacancies at the interface.Finally,the findings of this research suggest that softening and ASI,even in materials resistant to softening,are required to establish bonding in CS.
基金Funded by the Major Special Projects of Technological Innovation of Hubei Province(No.2017ACA168)the Open Fund Project of Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology(No.2021KF0012)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021B1515120091)。
文摘To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug loading.By advanced spray drying,attapulgite was transformed into microspheres,refining its drug release characteristics.Various parameters were examined,achieving optimal particle size and morphology at 25%solid content,2.5%dispersant,and 3% binder.Attapulgite microspheres demonstrated exceptional encapsulation efficiency,exceeding 95% for doxorubicin hydrochloride,highlighting their versatility in drug delivery.FTIR and XRD were used to predict changes in material properties after spray drying.Notably,cytotoxicity tests confirmed the high biocompatibility of attapulgite microspheres,devoid of cell death induction.Attapulgite microsphere loaded with doxorubicin enable sustained drug release and maintain killing ability against tumor cells.This study confirms the viability of spray dried attapulgite microspheres for efficient drug loading and delivery and provides insights for innovative drug delivery systems that utilize the unique properties of attapulgite to advance therapeutics.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072352)。
文摘The low-temperature spray drying technology was developed to process instant berry powder with high efficiency and higher anthocyanin retention.The maltodextrin,whey protein and inulin were selected as additives for instant properties formation in berry powder.The effects of inlet air temperature(40℃–80℃),vacuum degree(0.02–0.06 MPa)and additive amount on the physicochemical properties of berry powder were analyzed through solubility,anthocyanin retention and powder yield,based on moisture content and microstructure.The findings indicated that adding maltodextrin to berry enhanced the powder yield and instant solubility.Whey protein,as an additive,provided effective protection for the anthocyanins of berry powder,and the addition less than 10 g·100^(-1) g improved the powder yield.Inulin,as an additive,reduced moisture content of berry powder,which was conducive to the higher anthocyanin retention and solubility.Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)analysis was conducted to optimize the spray drying parameters for anthocyanin protection and solubility.The addition of 100%maltodextrin enhanced anthocyanin protection and solubility,while maintaining the desired moisture content and powder yield.This approach was used to evaluate the comprehensive quality of berry powder.This research can provide technical guidance for producing berry powder under low-temperature spray drying.
基金supported by Innovation Research Project for the training of high-level scientific and technological talents(Technical expert talents)of the Armed Police Force ZZKY20222415Research and Innovation Team in Marine Propulsion Technology,China Coast Guard Academy.
文摘Modifications in fuel spray characteristics fundamentally influence fuel–air mixing dynamics in diesel engines,thereby significantly affecting combustion performance and emission profiles.This study explores the operational behavior of RP-5 aviation kerosene/diesel blended fuels in marine diesel engines.A spray visualization platform based on Mie scattering technology was developed to comparatively analyze the spray characteristics,ignition behavior,and soot emissions of RP-5 aviation kerosene,conventional-35#diesel,and their blends at varying mixing ratios(D100H0,D90H10,D70H30,D50H50,D30H70,D0H100).The findings demonstrate that,under constant injection pressure,aviation kerosene combustion results in a more uniform temperature field,characterized by lower core flame temperatures,broader high-temperature regions,and reduced soot concentrations with spatially homogeneous distribution and no pronounced peaks.In terms of spray dynamics,increasing the proportion of aviation kerosene leads to a marked widening of the spray cone angle.Meanwhile,spray penetration length exhibits a non-monotonic trend—initially decreasing and subsequently increasing—as the kerosene blending ratio rises.
文摘This article comments on the article by Du et al,who conducted a randomized controlled trial aiming at evaluating the effectiveness of a novel spray flushing system in cleaning flexible endoscopes while minimizing damage to the working channels.We share our perspective on the importance of improving endoscope reprocessing methods.The findings highlight the spray flushing system's capacity to improve cleaning efficacy while minimizing damage,suggesting that it might be important in enhancing endoscope reprocessing procedures.
基金support from APC LLC,Ankeny,IA,USA,is greatly appreciated.
文摘Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their piglets after weaning.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sows fed a diet with SDP in late gestation and lactation have improved reproductive performance and reduced inflammation compared with sows fed no SDP.The second hypothesis was that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5%SDP in lactation have reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance during the initial 14 d of the nursery period regardless of dietary SDP.Results The percent of low vitality or starved pigs during lactation was less(P<0.05)from sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Dietary SDP did not influence oxidative stress markers in the plasma of sows,but serum cytokines increased(P<0.05)in sows fed the diet with 0.5%SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Pigs weaned from young sows fed no SDP or from mature sows fed 0 or 0.5%SDP had a greater gain to feed ratio when fed a phase 1 diet containing 6%SDP compared with pigs fed a diet without SDP,but the gain to feed ratio of pigs weaned from young sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP was not affected by dietary SDP in phase 1(interaction,P<0.05).Regardless of sow treatment,pigs fed a phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than pigs fed a phase 1 diet without SDP,and pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had reduced(P<0.05)diarrhea incidence in phase 1.Conclusions Feeding 0.5%dietary SDP to sows may reduce the number of mummified pigs and increase pig vitality during lactation,but adding 0.5%SDP to sow diets during lactation did not improve post-weaning performance of pigs fed a starter diet with 6%SDP.
