Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecologic...Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecological products and transforming green mountains into gold mountains is the precise assessment of ecosystem products in specific geographic units(VEP)within farmland ecosystems,which elucidates regional agricultural resource endowments and spatial distribution.However,agricultural ecological products face challenges in valuation,trading,and monetization,and research on pathways for their value transformation remains limited.This study uses Zhangye City in inland river basins as an example to construct a catalog of farmland ecosystem ecological products and explores VEP accounting methods based on multi-source data,including statistical,remote sensing,and monitoring data,at the city and county scales,and analyzes differentiated value transformation pathways according to the attributes of various agricultural ecological products.The results show that material supply value ranks highest among the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins,followed by regulatory services,while recreational agriculture value ranks lowest.The ranking of VEP varies from the ranking of farmland ecosystem area,with available agricultural water being a major constraint on the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins.Regional climate,geographic position,and transportation are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within material supply products.Precipitation,soil structure,and cropping patterns are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within regulatory services.The local cultural resources and tourism infrastructure are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within cultural services.Regarding the pathways for achieving the value of agricultural ecological products,market-oriented strategies dominate the mainstay of material supply products,government-led mechanisms are pivotal for regulatory service products,and a combination of government and market strategies is essential for cultural service products.展开更多
The objective of this paper is the valuation of radiological health effects of Yatagan Power Plant. To this aim the radiation dose calculations are carried out for the population living within 80 km radius of the plan...The objective of this paper is the valuation of radiological health effects of Yatagan Power Plant. To this aim the radiation dose calculations are carried out for the population living within 80 km radius of the plant. The average of the maximum measured specific isotopes 238U, 232Th and 226Ra in the flying ash samples are considered as radioactive sources. Based on the dose calculations, first the stochastic health effects and then monetary health effects are estimated. The estimated total collective dose and economic value of the pre-dicted health effects are 0.3098 man Sv/y and 14791 US$/y respectively. The results obtained from the dose calculations are lower than the limits of International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) and it does not pose any risk for public health. Monetary value of health risks is also negligible in comparison to the av-erage yearly sales revenue of the plant which is 250 million US$.展开更多
Cultural tourism helps preserve historical architecture and develop traditional arts in Xinjiangas the sun rises over Kazanqi in northwest China,the early morning silence is broken only by the tinkling sound of a hors...Cultural tourism helps preserve historical architecture and develop traditional arts in Xinjiangas the sun rises over Kazanqi in northwest China,the early morning silence is broken only by the tinkling sound of a horse’s sleigh bells.The old horsedrawn carriage bringing the day’s first visitors make its way slowly through the Kazanqi Folk Tourism District,a triple-A scenic spot in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.No tourist buses or cars are allowed here.Visitors travel around the area using traditional means of展开更多
In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the ma...In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the maturity date.The model integrates decision analysis with real options analysis and market risk with private risks.“Option value”is defined as the private value of the option to either party pre-contract,while“option price”assumes a fair agreement between transacting parties and can be positive(rental premium paid)or negative(rental discount offered).Without manifest expectations,an analysis of a sample of office leases supports the model’s logic with price estimates in a practical range.The tenants’option price/value is shown to have a negative relationship with the original/renewal lease term;conversely,the landlords’option value is positively related to the original/renewal term.Comparative analyses show that transaction costs have a positive effect on tenants’option value and on prices,while vacancy costs and the vacancy period are both positively related to the landlords’option value and negatively related to price.Market rent is found to have a negative relationship with option price.Overall,this study provides a theoretical analysis and empirical tests of the value of a real option that allows option holders to renew/extend their contracts at a fair market value.展开更多
This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodo...This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodologies examine the value of ecological resources, but are often criticized for their monetary focus. These methods generally produce quasi-market values for non-market resources. The natural and cultural resources associated with a national park are analyzed in terms of the expressed values of active stakeholders to quantitatively produce multiple dimensions of value for each resource relative to all others. The resulting abstract and graphical value-space quantitatively reflects stakeholder participation, reflects non-market intrinsic value, and proactively contributes to environmental management and decision making.展开更多
The existing building (EB) as a system and part of the whole system is causing expansion knowledge, which we need if valuate heritage building (HB) or building in the city center (CCB). In many reasons, HB should not ...The existing building (EB) as a system and part of the whole system is causing expansion knowledge, which we need if valuate heritage building (HB) or building in the city center (CCB). In many reasons, HB should not be the subject of capital, and therefore not dependent on supply and demand. Valuation of HB or CCB needs attention to the understanding of the difference between buildings even if they stand in the same street or part of the city. This involves so many things, for example, intangible heritage, position on the street, sun expose, traffic, metro, bus station, school, park, etc. We need enough knowledge and mechanism for support to get it. How to get enough knowledge for valuation HB or CCB? Background of real estate value of cultural HB or CCB arises from the system, which needs many elements. Firstly, understanding the building as a system with materials, installations, details, and intangible cultural heritage has an impact on details in buildings. Secondly, HB or CCB is important to understand our history, and they are like books that content history knowledge of engineering and arts. Thirdly, property value does not always arise from buildings. Value involves traffic, sun-exposed, the distance from social buildings (hospital, bus station, railway station) or parks, noise, air pollution, etc. HB or CCB is part of the higher/bigger system. This type of real estate presents many reasons for introducing interdisciplinarity and is part of a complete global system. Interdisciplinarity requires knowledge and new approaches to help in the acquisition of knowledge. The goal of these approaches is how in a simpler and faster way to gain knowledge about the object, HB and CCB, and the wider system. Information technology allows collecting a wider range of information faster and better than in the past. At the same time, the same information changes into the necessary knowledge, but the question is if we have enough mass of data and what kind of data we need. The paper shows the theoretical background for the valuation of HB and CCB system.展开更多
Recreation and beach use constitute core aspects of coastal tourism development since they incorporate various stakeholders at different levels and diverse activities. This research investigates the economical recreat...Recreation and beach use constitute core aspects of coastal tourism development since they incorporate various stakeholders at different levels and diverse activities. This research investigates the economical recreational value of the coastal zone between Molos and Arkitsa, in prefecture of Fthiotida, in Sterea Ellada region, in Greece. The study area provides substantial benefits to host community and remains an advantageous natural setting for tourism sustainable development. An economic valuation of the benefits largely assists the efforts of the local authorities to establish viable tourism products and preferred destination attributes. The travel cost method was used to estimate recreation demand. Based on personal and on site interviews 1,433 questionnaires were collected. The consumer surplus per day enjoyed by the visitors is 22,352.28 （Euros）. The analysis assigned a considerable value to the coastal zone. Results shed light on core issues such as environmental management and proper resource allocation in view of finding areas for further improvement so as to increase consumer surplus by satisfying the needs and wants of coastal visitors.展开更多
Wisdom and Belief of the East-Understanding the Chinese Values Author:Han Zhen Price:RMB 95 Paperback,207 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press China is increasingly taking center stage in the international arena...Wisdom and Belief of the East-Understanding the Chinese Values Author:Han Zhen Price:RMB 95 Paperback,207 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press China is increasingly taking center stage in the international arena,and people from around the world are particularly interested in the path the country has taken and the direction it is heading in.More importantly,they want to know what China can contribute to the world.All this curiosity may be boiled down to a seemingly simple question:How to understand China?However,it is not a question that is easily answered in just a few words.展开更多
Water resource management is critical to Turkey’s economy and environment. The country has about 112 billion m<sup>3</sup> per year of economically exploitable water. However, population growth, climate c...Water resource management is critical to Turkey’s economy and environment. The country has about 112 billion m<sup>3</sup> per year of economically exploitable water. However, population growth, climate change and pollution of water bodies are putting increasing pressure on these resources. In this context, understanding the contribution of water to the economy and environment is crucial for its conservation. To meet this need, the World Bank launched a program aiming at improving valuation and accounting systems of natural resources in Turkey. As part of this program, this article estimates in monetary terms the economic value of water in Bey?ehir Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Turkey. Valuation is based on the Total Economic Value concept, which includes use and non-use values. The results show that the economic value of water is about seven times higher than its financial value. In addition, the economic value of water allocated for municipal use (TL5/m<sup>3</sup>) is substantially greater than that supplied for irrigation (TL0.5/m<sup>3</sup>). The analysis suggests that allocation of water from Bey?ehir Lake among different uses is inefficient. To validate this conclusion and improve allocation, a more comprehensive assessment of the economic benefits of water resources is needed, particularly of water supply for irrigation, municipal use, recreation and biodiversity. The analysis also indicates that economic valuation can be a powerful tool to improve water management at the river basin level.展开更多
The present research developed a bioeconomic model for control of Californian thistle （Cirsium arvense L. Scop.） in intensive, lowland sheep pastures in New Zealand. Production costs included two control methods： h...The present research developed a bioeconomic model for control of Californian thistle （Cirsium arvense L. Scop.） in intensive, lowland sheep pastures in New Zealand. Production costs included two control methods： herbicides and defoliation, with defoliation encompassing both physical means and biocontrol measures. The model was used to examine the economic value of a research programme into biological control of the weed, given several different future scenarios. These scenarios were high herbicide prices, a price premium for lamb raised without chemical herbicides, and development of herbicide resistance. The model results were used to estimate national impacts. If the only change in the agricultural sector was the cost of the biocontrol to the nation＇s farmers, the research programme to find an effective biocontrol agent had little economic impact. If other factors changed, such as the price of petroleum or levels of herbicide resistance in the weed. the model＇s results suggested that intensive sheep farming could grow or shrink by as much as NZ$219 million dollars over five years. In the latter case, having an alternative control method reduced potential losses and increased potential gains, resulting in a net benefit of between NZ$81 million and NZ$153 million. This work extended prior research in several ways. First. Californian thistle reproduces via root buds, which affected the modelling of weed behaviour. Secondly, the model allowed optimistation over continuous levels of weed control for two different methods. Thirdly, the model accounted for both weed control and damage to nitrogen-fixing clover from herbicide use. Finally, the research investigated optimal weed control in several different alternative future states.展开更多
Highlights:Values and valuing are seen as enhancing pedagogical actions.•Throughout the papers,the review of the literature is complemented and each research includes specific theoretical constructs.•Regarding researc...Highlights:Values and valuing are seen as enhancing pedagogical actions.•Throughout the papers,the review of the literature is complemented and each research includes specific theoretical constructs.•Regarding research methods,quantitative comparative research projects,which explore students'values related to mathematics,have been influencing other research about values.•A broad and shared theme by the group is the observation of the educational phenomena from a perspective that acknowledges culture and the humanness of the mathematical knowledge.In their research,the collective of authors truly incorporates humaneness in the production and in the teaching and learning of mathematics.展开更多
Weak measurement offers a powerful framework for probing nonclassical features of quantum mechanics,with anomalous weak values serving as operational signatures of contextuality.While the anomalous weak value verifica...Weak measurement offers a powerful framework for probing nonclassical features of quantum mechanics,with anomalous weak values serving as operational signatures of contextuality.While the anomalous weak value verification of quantum contextuality has been predominantly investigated in the single-photon regime and analyzed under approximation condition of infinitesimally small perturbation strength.This study releases the approximation condition and takes into account the impact of perturbation strength on the rigor of the verification.And the investigation on the verification of contextuality is extended to the multi-photon scenarios for observing the influence of the correlation between photons on the verification.Without the limitation of infinitesimally small probability of disturbance,anomalous weak values are identified as necessary for contextuality to emerge,thereby refining the criterion proposed by Pusey[Phys.Rev.Lett.113200401(2014)].In the multi-photon scenarios,the emergence of contextuality also depends strongly on both the photon number and the photon-number distribution state.In particular,contextuality is found to be maximized when the single-photon component dominates and the second-order correlation is lower.These results highlight the critical role of photon statistics in experimental tests of contextuality via anomalous weak values.展开更多
Maintaining the structural integrity of parallel natural gas pipelines during leakage-induced jet fires remains a critical engineering challenge.Existing methods often fail to account for the complex interactions amon...Maintaining the structural integrity of parallel natural gas pipelines during leakage-induced jet fires remains a critical engineering challenge.Existing methods often fail to account for the complex interactions among heat transfer,material behavior,and pipeline geometry,which can lead to overly simplified and potentially unsafe assessments.To address these limitations,this study develops a multiphysics approach that integrates small-orifice leakage theory with detailed thermo-fluid-structural simulations.The proposed framework contributes to a more accurate failure analysis through three main components:(1)coupled modeling that tracks transient heat flow and stress development as fire conditions evolve;(2)risk assessment incorporating spatial layout,material property changes with temperature,and operational limits;and(3)sensitivity analysis to identify key design factors that influence structural performance under high thermal loads.Simulation results demonstrate that thermal radiation from neighboring jet fires significantly accelerates material degradation,with inter-pipeline spacing emerging as a critical determinant of structural response.Notably,increasing the spacing between pipelines reduces thermal interaction and mechanical stress transfer.As a result,systems with optimized spacing exhibit markedly lower deformation than conventional configurations.These findings provide a foundation for re-evaluating pipeline layout strategies and strengthening safety protocols,particularly in high-risk environments where fire exposure can severely compromise structural reliability.The proposed approach offers actionable guidance for engineers and policymakers seeking to enhance the resilience of pipeline infrastructure under extreme thermal conditions.展开更多
Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in forest inventory by enabling efficient large-scale monitoring while minimizing fieldwork costs.However,missing values pose a critical challenge in remote sensing applications,as ...Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in forest inventory by enabling efficient large-scale monitoring while minimizing fieldwork costs.However,missing values pose a critical challenge in remote sensing applications,as ignoring or mishandling such data gaps can introduce systematic bias into the estimation of target variables for natural resource monitoring.This can lead to cascading errors that propagate through forest and ecosystem management decisions,ultimately hindering progress toward sustainable forest management,biodiversity conservation,and climate change mitigation strategies.This study aims to propose and demonstrate a procedure that employs hybrid estimators to address the limitations of missing remotely sensed data in forest inventory,using Landsat 7 ETM+SLC-off data as an archived source for forest resource monitoring as a case in point.We compared forest inventory estimates from the hybrid estimator with those from a conventional model-based(CMB)estimator using Sentinel-2 data without missing values.Monte Carlo simulations revealed three key findings:(1)The hybrid estimator,leveraging missing-data remote sensing represented by Landsat 7 ETM+SLCoff data,achieved a sampling precision of over 90%,meeting China's national standard for the National Forest Inventory(NFI);(2)The hybrid estimator demonstrated comparable efficiency to the CMB estimator;(3)The uncertainty associated with hybrid estimators was primarily dominated by model parameter estimation,which could be effectively mitigated by slightly increasing the training sample size or refining model specification.Overall,in forest inventory,the hybrid estimator can surmount the limitations posed by missing values in remotely sensed auxiliary data,effectively balancing cost-effectiveness and flexibility.展开更多
Eucommia ulmoides is an important economic forest tree species in China,of which the different tissues and organs are widely used in traditional medicine for their abundant bioactive ingredients.Previous studies alway...Eucommia ulmoides is an important economic forest tree species in China,of which the different tissues and organs are widely used in traditional medicine for their abundant bioactive ingredients.Previous studies always focused on the Eucommia gum,a potential alternative to natural rubber because of its“rubber plastic duality”.In recent years,Eucommia has increasingly attracted more attention and interest for its excellent nutritional and economic value,with the deepening of research and the development of products involving in the application of bioactive ingredients.However,the dietary health effects and future application prospects of the bioactive components of E.ulmoides have not been systematically summarized.Therefore,we firstly reviewed the main bioactive ingredients category,structural characteristics,extraction methods and nutritive value.Furthermore,we also summarized the wide application of bioactive ingredients in food and medicine fields.Finally,this review provides a comprehensive overview of the safety and future development of products derived from E.ulmoides,as well as exploring potential applications for its bioactive constituents,aiming to facilitate further extensive investigation into its utilization.展开更多
Purpose-This study investigates the impact of flagship trains on high-speed railway capacity utilization and develops a brand value-oriented optimization framework that balances service quality enhancement with operat...Purpose-This study investigates the impact of flagship trains on high-speed railway capacity utilization and develops a brand value-oriented optimization framework that balances service quality enhancement with operational efficiency.Design/methodology/approach-A mathematical optimization model based on integer programming is developed,incorporating flagship train constraints into capacity optimization.Case studies compare scenarios with and without flagship train considerations using the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway data across 20 experimental groups.Findings-Operating flagship trains with hourly departure constraints results in an average decrease of 0.9 trains and an 8.4%reduction in capacity utilization rate.When scheduling 2 flagship trains within a 2-h timeframe,capacity utilization decreases from 86.43%to 83.73%,quantifying the trade-off between brand positioning and operational capacity.Originality/value-This research provides the first quantitative framework for brand value-oriented railway capacity optimization,establishing clear definitions for flagship trains and mathematical foundations for evaluating service quality versus efficiency trade-offs.The findings offer practical decision support for railway operators balancing competitive positioning with capacity maximization.展开更多
In the Tianshan region,a complete textile industry chain has been established,covering the entire process from cotton cultivation and chemical fiber production,through spinning,weaving,dyeing,and finishing,and further...In the Tianshan region,a complete textile industry chain has been established,covering the entire process from cotton cultivation and chemical fiber production,through spinning,weaving,dyeing,and finishing,and further extending to apparel,home textiles,and industrial textiles.In November 2025,the first list of five characteristic textile and apparel industry clusters in Xinjiang was officially announced,marking a new stage in the clustering of Xinjiang's textile and apparel industry.Data shows that the total output value of Xinjiang's cotton and textile and apparel industry chain has exceeded 220 billion yuan.With the nation's largest cotton production,a complete industrial chain system,and strong synergistic effects,Xinjiang has become a leading and highly competitive textile industry hub in China.展开更多
Thetechnical,economic,and environmental performance of solar hot-water(SWH)systems for Swedish residential apartments—where approximately 80%of household energy is devoted to space heating and sanitary hotwater produ...Thetechnical,economic,and environmental performance of solar hot-water(SWH)systems for Swedish residential apartments—where approximately 80%of household energy is devoted to space heating and sanitary hotwater production—was assessed.Two collector types,flat plate(FP)and evacuated tube(ET),were simulated in TSOL Pro 5.5 for five major cities(Stockholm,Goteborg,Malmo,Uppsala,Linkoping).Climatic data and cold-water temperatures were sourced fromMeteonorm7.1,and economic parameters were derived fromrecent national statistics and literature.All calculations explicitly accounted for heat losses from collectors,storage tanks,and internal and external piping systems,and established solar-fraction equations and NPV methodology were applied.Sensitivity analyseswere conducted to determine optimal collector area and hot-water storage volume.Additionally,a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis(10,000 iterations,±10%)and break-even subsidy/carbon-credit assessments were performed.The discount rate for NPV calculations was set at 0% for capital interest with a 5%reinvestment return over a 25-year lifespan.The highest annual solar heat yield(8017.5 kWh)was obtained in Malmo with 32 m^(2) of ET collectors,meeting 52.7%of total heating demand.Annual CO_(2) emissions were avoided by FP and ET systems by approximately~9.07 and~10.55 tonnes,respectively.Economic analysis showed that no payback was achieved without government allowance;however,at a$0.05/m^(2) allowance,positive NPV was exhibited at all stations.Lower levelized heat costs were delivered by FP systems,while ET systems demonstrated consistent superiority under climatic and economic variability according to the Monte Carlo analysis.Optimal design parameters were identified as 32 collectors and a 1680 L heating buffer tank,and Sankey diagrams highlighted collector losses as the dominant inefficiency.It was concluded that properly designed SWH systems,when supported by targeted subsidies,can significantly reduce fossil-fuel demand and CO_(2) emissions in Swedish residential buildings.This work provides the first city-specific technical–economic–environmental dataset for Sweden,establishes a foundation for a national solar-heating atlas,and informs policymaking toward 100%renewable energy targets;beyond the baseline evaluation,explicit subsidy and carbon-price thresholds,quantified uncertainty ranges,and loss-flow visualizations are also provided,reinforcing the robustness and policy relevance of the findings.展开更多
The shift toward specialized and large-scale agricultural production has spurred the emergence of agricultural clusters as key forces of rural vitalization and sustainable development.This paper explored the formation...The shift toward specialized and large-scale agricultural production has spurred the emergence of agricultural clusters as key forces of rural vitalization and sustainable development.This paper explored the formation and evolution of Meizhou pomelo industry cluster in China,focusing on its role in restructuring rural socio-economic systems and integrating the whole value chains.Based on a case study employing qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and participatory observation,the agricultural cluster evolution of Meizhou pomelo was categorized into three key phases of initial decentralization,self-organized scaling,and reorganized clustering.Geographical proximity and industrial agglomeration constitute the physical foundation,while vertical/horizontal linkages,technologic-al innovation,and policy support enhance competitiveness.Special mechanisms emerge through localized social networks,farmer co-operatives’activation,and cross-regional market expansion.The cluster’s impact is manifested in the shift from extensive to standard-ized and modernized production,diversified and flexible livelihood of farmers,and the integration of agriculture with industry and ser-vices.The development of the whole value chain based on agricultural cluster represents a critical pathway for achieving agricultural modernization,encompassing both internal and external value chain optimization.Through quality assurance systems,product diversi-fication strategies,operational efficiency improvements,and brand enhancement,these clusters amplify product value propositions and market competitiveness.This systemic approach facilitates supply-demand coordination,enables resource synergies,and optimizes eco-nomic returns across the horizontal and vertical value chain.This paper argues that agricultural clusters serve as strategic catalysts for sustainable rural development by reconstructing local production systems,fostering innovation ecosystems,and aligning agricultural modernization.It contributes to debates on rural vitalization by demonstrating how agricultural clustering can reconfigure rural areas as hubs of ecological modernization,rather than mere urban peripheries.展开更多
The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged a...The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged as a central force shaping youth decision-making across work,consumption,relationships and lifestyle choices.Unlike traditional economic rationality that prioritises income and material security,emotional value focuses on how choices make individuals feel and how they align with personal meaning.This shift is particularly evident in rapidly transforming societies such as China and Ghana,where economic restructuring,globalisation and social change have reshaped pathways to adulthood.展开更多
基金supported by Humanities and Social Sciences research project of Ministry of Education(Grant No.24YJCZH342)the Inventory of ecological products and calculation of Gross ecosystem product(GEP)in Zhangye City(Grant No.E4390901)。
文摘Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecological products and transforming green mountains into gold mountains is the precise assessment of ecosystem products in specific geographic units(VEP)within farmland ecosystems,which elucidates regional agricultural resource endowments and spatial distribution.However,agricultural ecological products face challenges in valuation,trading,and monetization,and research on pathways for their value transformation remains limited.This study uses Zhangye City in inland river basins as an example to construct a catalog of farmland ecosystem ecological products and explores VEP accounting methods based on multi-source data,including statistical,remote sensing,and monitoring data,at the city and county scales,and analyzes differentiated value transformation pathways according to the attributes of various agricultural ecological products.The results show that material supply value ranks highest among the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins,followed by regulatory services,while recreational agriculture value ranks lowest.The ranking of VEP varies from the ranking of farmland ecosystem area,with available agricultural water being a major constraint on the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins.Regional climate,geographic position,and transportation are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within material supply products.Precipitation,soil structure,and cropping patterns are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within regulatory services.The local cultural resources and tourism infrastructure are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within cultural services.Regarding the pathways for achieving the value of agricultural ecological products,market-oriented strategies dominate the mainstay of material supply products,government-led mechanisms are pivotal for regulatory service products,and a combination of government and market strategies is essential for cultural service products.
文摘The objective of this paper is the valuation of radiological health effects of Yatagan Power Plant. To this aim the radiation dose calculations are carried out for the population living within 80 km radius of the plant. The average of the maximum measured specific isotopes 238U, 232Th and 226Ra in the flying ash samples are considered as radioactive sources. Based on the dose calculations, first the stochastic health effects and then monetary health effects are estimated. The estimated total collective dose and economic value of the pre-dicted health effects are 0.3098 man Sv/y and 14791 US$/y respectively. The results obtained from the dose calculations are lower than the limits of International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) and it does not pose any risk for public health. Monetary value of health risks is also negligible in comparison to the av-erage yearly sales revenue of the plant which is 250 million US$.
文摘Cultural tourism helps preserve historical architecture and develop traditional arts in Xinjiangas the sun rises over Kazanqi in northwest China,the early morning silence is broken only by the tinkling sound of a horse’s sleigh bells.The old horsedrawn carriage bringing the day’s first visitors make its way slowly through the Kazanqi Folk Tourism District,a triple-A scenic spot in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.No tourist buses or cars are allowed here.Visitors travel around the area using traditional means of
基金research grants(P0030199 and P0038209)from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University。
文摘In this study,we develop and empirically test a valuation model for a commonly encountered option in office leases:a tenant’s option to renew at future market rent(a fair market value)with lease termination as the maturity date.The model integrates decision analysis with real options analysis and market risk with private risks.“Option value”is defined as the private value of the option to either party pre-contract,while“option price”assumes a fair agreement between transacting parties and can be positive(rental premium paid)or negative(rental discount offered).Without manifest expectations,an analysis of a sample of office leases supports the model’s logic with price estimates in a practical range.The tenants’option price/value is shown to have a negative relationship with the original/renewal lease term;conversely,the landlords’option value is positively related to the original/renewal term.Comparative analyses show that transaction costs have a positive effect on tenants’option value and on prices,while vacancy costs and the vacancy period are both positively related to the landlords’option value and negatively related to price.Market rent is found to have a negative relationship with option price.Overall,this study provides a theoretical analysis and empirical tests of the value of a real option that allows option holders to renew/extend their contracts at a fair market value.
文摘This paper presents a pilot effort to identify a methodology to more efficiently codify, quantify and illustrate the intrinsic values associated with ecological resources as expressed by stakeholders. Existing methodologies examine the value of ecological resources, but are often criticized for their monetary focus. These methods generally produce quasi-market values for non-market resources. The natural and cultural resources associated with a national park are analyzed in terms of the expressed values of active stakeholders to quantitatively produce multiple dimensions of value for each resource relative to all others. The resulting abstract and graphical value-space quantitatively reflects stakeholder participation, reflects non-market intrinsic value, and proactively contributes to environmental management and decision making.
文摘The existing building (EB) as a system and part of the whole system is causing expansion knowledge, which we need if valuate heritage building (HB) or building in the city center (CCB). In many reasons, HB should not be the subject of capital, and therefore not dependent on supply and demand. Valuation of HB or CCB needs attention to the understanding of the difference between buildings even if they stand in the same street or part of the city. This involves so many things, for example, intangible heritage, position on the street, sun expose, traffic, metro, bus station, school, park, etc. We need enough knowledge and mechanism for support to get it. How to get enough knowledge for valuation HB or CCB? Background of real estate value of cultural HB or CCB arises from the system, which needs many elements. Firstly, understanding the building as a system with materials, installations, details, and intangible cultural heritage has an impact on details in buildings. Secondly, HB or CCB is important to understand our history, and they are like books that content history knowledge of engineering and arts. Thirdly, property value does not always arise from buildings. Value involves traffic, sun-exposed, the distance from social buildings (hospital, bus station, railway station) or parks, noise, air pollution, etc. HB or CCB is part of the higher/bigger system. This type of real estate presents many reasons for introducing interdisciplinarity and is part of a complete global system. Interdisciplinarity requires knowledge and new approaches to help in the acquisition of knowledge. The goal of these approaches is how in a simpler and faster way to gain knowledge about the object, HB and CCB, and the wider system. Information technology allows collecting a wider range of information faster and better than in the past. At the same time, the same information changes into the necessary knowledge, but the question is if we have enough mass of data and what kind of data we need. The paper shows the theoretical background for the valuation of HB and CCB system.
文摘Recreation and beach use constitute core aspects of coastal tourism development since they incorporate various stakeholders at different levels and diverse activities. This research investigates the economical recreational value of the coastal zone between Molos and Arkitsa, in prefecture of Fthiotida, in Sterea Ellada region, in Greece. The study area provides substantial benefits to host community and remains an advantageous natural setting for tourism sustainable development. An economic valuation of the benefits largely assists the efforts of the local authorities to establish viable tourism products and preferred destination attributes. The travel cost method was used to estimate recreation demand. Based on personal and on site interviews 1,433 questionnaires were collected. The consumer surplus per day enjoyed by the visitors is 22,352.28 （Euros）. The analysis assigned a considerable value to the coastal zone. Results shed light on core issues such as environmental management and proper resource allocation in view of finding areas for further improvement so as to increase consumer surplus by satisfying the needs and wants of coastal visitors.
文摘Wisdom and Belief of the East-Understanding the Chinese Values Author:Han Zhen Price:RMB 95 Paperback,207 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press China is increasingly taking center stage in the international arena,and people from around the world are particularly interested in the path the country has taken and the direction it is heading in.More importantly,they want to know what China can contribute to the world.All this curiosity may be boiled down to a seemingly simple question:How to understand China?However,it is not a question that is easily answered in just a few words.
文摘Water resource management is critical to Turkey’s economy and environment. The country has about 112 billion m<sup>3</sup> per year of economically exploitable water. However, population growth, climate change and pollution of water bodies are putting increasing pressure on these resources. In this context, understanding the contribution of water to the economy and environment is crucial for its conservation. To meet this need, the World Bank launched a program aiming at improving valuation and accounting systems of natural resources in Turkey. As part of this program, this article estimates in monetary terms the economic value of water in Bey?ehir Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Turkey. Valuation is based on the Total Economic Value concept, which includes use and non-use values. The results show that the economic value of water is about seven times higher than its financial value. In addition, the economic value of water allocated for municipal use (TL5/m<sup>3</sup>) is substantially greater than that supplied for irrigation (TL0.5/m<sup>3</sup>). The analysis suggests that allocation of water from Bey?ehir Lake among different uses is inefficient. To validate this conclusion and improve allocation, a more comprehensive assessment of the economic benefits of water resources is needed, particularly of water supply for irrigation, municipal use, recreation and biodiversity. The analysis also indicates that economic valuation can be a powerful tool to improve water management at the river basin level.
文摘The present research developed a bioeconomic model for control of Californian thistle （Cirsium arvense L. Scop.） in intensive, lowland sheep pastures in New Zealand. Production costs included two control methods： herbicides and defoliation, with defoliation encompassing both physical means and biocontrol measures. The model was used to examine the economic value of a research programme into biological control of the weed, given several different future scenarios. These scenarios were high herbicide prices, a price premium for lamb raised without chemical herbicides, and development of herbicide resistance. The model results were used to estimate national impacts. If the only change in the agricultural sector was the cost of the biocontrol to the nation＇s farmers, the research programme to find an effective biocontrol agent had little economic impact. If other factors changed, such as the price of petroleum or levels of herbicide resistance in the weed. the model＇s results suggested that intensive sheep farming could grow or shrink by as much as NZ$219 million dollars over five years. In the latter case, having an alternative control method reduced potential losses and increased potential gains, resulting in a net benefit of between NZ$81 million and NZ$153 million. This work extended prior research in several ways. First. Californian thistle reproduces via root buds, which affected the modelling of weed behaviour. Secondly, the model allowed optimistation over continuous levels of weed control for two different methods. Thirdly, the model accounted for both weed control and damage to nitrogen-fixing clover from herbicide use. Finally, the research investigated optimal weed control in several different alternative future states.
文摘Highlights:Values and valuing are seen as enhancing pedagogical actions.•Throughout the papers,the review of the literature is complemented and each research includes specific theoretical constructs.•Regarding research methods,quantitative comparative research projects,which explore students'values related to mathematics,have been influencing other research about values.•A broad and shared theme by the group is the observation of the educational phenomena from a perspective that acknowledges culture and the humanness of the mathematical knowledge.In their research,the collective of authors truly incorporates humaneness in the production and in the teaching and learning of mathematics.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant Nos.62371199 and 62071186)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2024A1515012427)+1 种基金the Quantum Science Strate-gic Initiative Project of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.GDZX2305001)the Key Laboratory Project of Guangdong Province,China(Grant No.2020B1212060066).
文摘Weak measurement offers a powerful framework for probing nonclassical features of quantum mechanics,with anomalous weak values serving as operational signatures of contextuality.While the anomalous weak value verification of quantum contextuality has been predominantly investigated in the single-photon regime and analyzed under approximation condition of infinitesimally small perturbation strength.This study releases the approximation condition and takes into account the impact of perturbation strength on the rigor of the verification.And the investigation on the verification of contextuality is extended to the multi-photon scenarios for observing the influence of the correlation between photons on the verification.Without the limitation of infinitesimally small probability of disturbance,anomalous weak values are identified as necessary for contextuality to emerge,thereby refining the criterion proposed by Pusey[Phys.Rev.Lett.113200401(2014)].In the multi-photon scenarios,the emergence of contextuality also depends strongly on both the photon number and the photon-number distribution state.In particular,contextuality is found to be maximized when the single-photon component dominates and the second-order correlation is lower.These results highlight the critical role of photon statistics in experimental tests of contextuality via anomalous weak values.
文摘Maintaining the structural integrity of parallel natural gas pipelines during leakage-induced jet fires remains a critical engineering challenge.Existing methods often fail to account for the complex interactions among heat transfer,material behavior,and pipeline geometry,which can lead to overly simplified and potentially unsafe assessments.To address these limitations,this study develops a multiphysics approach that integrates small-orifice leakage theory with detailed thermo-fluid-structural simulations.The proposed framework contributes to a more accurate failure analysis through three main components:(1)coupled modeling that tracks transient heat flow and stress development as fire conditions evolve;(2)risk assessment incorporating spatial layout,material property changes with temperature,and operational limits;and(3)sensitivity analysis to identify key design factors that influence structural performance under high thermal loads.Simulation results demonstrate that thermal radiation from neighboring jet fires significantly accelerates material degradation,with inter-pipeline spacing emerging as a critical determinant of structural response.Notably,increasing the spacing between pipelines reduces thermal interaction and mechanical stress transfer.As a result,systems with optimized spacing exhibit markedly lower deformation than conventional configurations.These findings provide a foundation for re-evaluating pipeline layout strategies and strengthening safety protocols,particularly in high-risk environments where fire exposure can severely compromise structural reliability.The proposed approach offers actionable guidance for engineers and policymakers seeking to enhance the resilience of pipeline infrastructure under extreme thermal conditions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFF1304002-05)the National Social Science Fund of China(No.22BTJ005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32572049)。
文摘Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in forest inventory by enabling efficient large-scale monitoring while minimizing fieldwork costs.However,missing values pose a critical challenge in remote sensing applications,as ignoring or mishandling such data gaps can introduce systematic bias into the estimation of target variables for natural resource monitoring.This can lead to cascading errors that propagate through forest and ecosystem management decisions,ultimately hindering progress toward sustainable forest management,biodiversity conservation,and climate change mitigation strategies.This study aims to propose and demonstrate a procedure that employs hybrid estimators to address the limitations of missing remotely sensed data in forest inventory,using Landsat 7 ETM+SLC-off data as an archived source for forest resource monitoring as a case in point.We compared forest inventory estimates from the hybrid estimator with those from a conventional model-based(CMB)estimator using Sentinel-2 data without missing values.Monte Carlo simulations revealed three key findings:(1)The hybrid estimator,leveraging missing-data remote sensing represented by Landsat 7 ETM+SLCoff data,achieved a sampling precision of over 90%,meeting China's national standard for the National Forest Inventory(NFI);(2)The hybrid estimator demonstrated comparable efficiency to the CMB estimator;(3)The uncertainty associated with hybrid estimators was primarily dominated by model parameter estimation,which could be effectively mitigated by slightly increasing the training sample size or refining model specification.Overall,in forest inventory,the hybrid estimator can surmount the limitations posed by missing values in remotely sensed auxiliary data,effectively balancing cost-effectiveness and flexibility.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201586 and 32301760)Key Specialized Research and Development Program in Henan Province(232102110218)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Research Start-Up Fund of Henan Province(HN2022112)Special Fund for Young Talents in Henan Agricultural University(30501318).
文摘Eucommia ulmoides is an important economic forest tree species in China,of which the different tissues and organs are widely used in traditional medicine for their abundant bioactive ingredients.Previous studies always focused on the Eucommia gum,a potential alternative to natural rubber because of its“rubber plastic duality”.In recent years,Eucommia has increasingly attracted more attention and interest for its excellent nutritional and economic value,with the deepening of research and the development of products involving in the application of bioactive ingredients.However,the dietary health effects and future application prospects of the bioactive components of E.ulmoides have not been systematically summarized.Therefore,we firstly reviewed the main bioactive ingredients category,structural characteristics,extraction methods and nutritive value.Furthermore,we also summarized the wide application of bioactive ingredients in food and medicine fields.Finally,this review provides a comprehensive overview of the safety and future development of products derived from E.ulmoides,as well as exploring potential applications for its bioactive constituents,aiming to facilitate further extensive investigation into its utilization.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China Railway Group Co.,Ltd,grant number P2024X002the China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited,grant number 2024YJ154.
文摘Purpose-This study investigates the impact of flagship trains on high-speed railway capacity utilization and develops a brand value-oriented optimization framework that balances service quality enhancement with operational efficiency.Design/methodology/approach-A mathematical optimization model based on integer programming is developed,incorporating flagship train constraints into capacity optimization.Case studies compare scenarios with and without flagship train considerations using the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway data across 20 experimental groups.Findings-Operating flagship trains with hourly departure constraints results in an average decrease of 0.9 trains and an 8.4%reduction in capacity utilization rate.When scheduling 2 flagship trains within a 2-h timeframe,capacity utilization decreases from 86.43%to 83.73%,quantifying the trade-off between brand positioning and operational capacity.Originality/value-This research provides the first quantitative framework for brand value-oriented railway capacity optimization,establishing clear definitions for flagship trains and mathematical foundations for evaluating service quality versus efficiency trade-offs.The findings offer practical decision support for railway operators balancing competitive positioning with capacity maximization.
文摘In the Tianshan region,a complete textile industry chain has been established,covering the entire process from cotton cultivation and chemical fiber production,through spinning,weaving,dyeing,and finishing,and further extending to apparel,home textiles,and industrial textiles.In November 2025,the first list of five characteristic textile and apparel industry clusters in Xinjiang was officially announced,marking a new stage in the clustering of Xinjiang's textile and apparel industry.Data shows that the total output value of Xinjiang's cotton and textile and apparel industry chain has exceeded 220 billion yuan.With the nation's largest cotton production,a complete industrial chain system,and strong synergistic effects,Xinjiang has become a leading and highly competitive textile industry hub in China.
文摘Thetechnical,economic,and environmental performance of solar hot-water(SWH)systems for Swedish residential apartments—where approximately 80%of household energy is devoted to space heating and sanitary hotwater production—was assessed.Two collector types,flat plate(FP)and evacuated tube(ET),were simulated in TSOL Pro 5.5 for five major cities(Stockholm,Goteborg,Malmo,Uppsala,Linkoping).Climatic data and cold-water temperatures were sourced fromMeteonorm7.1,and economic parameters were derived fromrecent national statistics and literature.All calculations explicitly accounted for heat losses from collectors,storage tanks,and internal and external piping systems,and established solar-fraction equations and NPV methodology were applied.Sensitivity analyseswere conducted to determine optimal collector area and hot-water storage volume.Additionally,a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis(10,000 iterations,±10%)and break-even subsidy/carbon-credit assessments were performed.The discount rate for NPV calculations was set at 0% for capital interest with a 5%reinvestment return over a 25-year lifespan.The highest annual solar heat yield(8017.5 kWh)was obtained in Malmo with 32 m^(2) of ET collectors,meeting 52.7%of total heating demand.Annual CO_(2) emissions were avoided by FP and ET systems by approximately~9.07 and~10.55 tonnes,respectively.Economic analysis showed that no payback was achieved without government allowance;however,at a$0.05/m^(2) allowance,positive NPV was exhibited at all stations.Lower levelized heat costs were delivered by FP systems,while ET systems demonstrated consistent superiority under climatic and economic variability according to the Monte Carlo analysis.Optimal design parameters were identified as 32 collectors and a 1680 L heating buffer tank,and Sankey diagrams highlighted collector losses as the dominant inefficiency.It was concluded that properly designed SWH systems,when supported by targeted subsidies,can significantly reduce fossil-fuel demand and CO_(2) emissions in Swedish residential buildings.This work provides the first city-specific technical–economic–environmental dataset for Sweden,establishes a foundation for a national solar-heating atlas,and informs policymaking toward 100%renewable energy targets;beyond the baseline evaluation,explicit subsidy and carbon-price thresholds,quantified uncertainty ranges,and loss-flow visualizations are also provided,reinforcing the robustness and policy relevance of the findings.
基金Under the auspices of the Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research,Ministry of Education of China(No.23JZD008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42171193)+2 种基金Key Project of Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning(No.GD24ES013,GD25ZX04)2025 Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Special Project(No.2025A04J7127)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.24wkjc11)。
文摘The shift toward specialized and large-scale agricultural production has spurred the emergence of agricultural clusters as key forces of rural vitalization and sustainable development.This paper explored the formation and evolution of Meizhou pomelo industry cluster in China,focusing on its role in restructuring rural socio-economic systems and integrating the whole value chains.Based on a case study employing qualitative methods such as in-depth interviews and participatory observation,the agricultural cluster evolution of Meizhou pomelo was categorized into three key phases of initial decentralization,self-organized scaling,and reorganized clustering.Geographical proximity and industrial agglomeration constitute the physical foundation,while vertical/horizontal linkages,technologic-al innovation,and policy support enhance competitiveness.Special mechanisms emerge through localized social networks,farmer co-operatives’activation,and cross-regional market expansion.The cluster’s impact is manifested in the shift from extensive to standard-ized and modernized production,diversified and flexible livelihood of farmers,and the integration of agriculture with industry and ser-vices.The development of the whole value chain based on agricultural cluster represents a critical pathway for achieving agricultural modernization,encompassing both internal and external value chain optimization.Through quality assurance systems,product diversi-fication strategies,operational efficiency improvements,and brand enhancement,these clusters amplify product value propositions and market competitiveness.This systemic approach facilitates supply-demand coordination,enables resource synergies,and optimizes eco-nomic returns across the horizontal and vertical value chain.This paper argues that agricultural clusters serve as strategic catalysts for sustainable rural development by reconstructing local production systems,fostering innovation ecosystems,and aligning agricultural modernization.It contributes to debates on rural vitalization by demonstrating how agricultural clustering can reconfigure rural areas as hubs of ecological modernization,rather than mere urban peripheries.
文摘The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective.This month,we discuss how to understand the growing emphasis on emotional returns among young people.Emotional value has emerged as a central force shaping youth decision-making across work,consumption,relationships and lifestyle choices.Unlike traditional economic rationality that prioritises income and material security,emotional value focuses on how choices make individuals feel and how they align with personal meaning.This shift is particularly evident in rapidly transforming societies such as China and Ghana,where economic restructuring,globalisation and social change have reshaped pathways to adulthood.
