The specific recombinant proteins rOspA B. afzelii, rOspA B. garinii a rOspA B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were used as antigens for construction of ELISA sets. ELISA examination enables determination of specific post-...The specific recombinant proteins rOspA B. afzelii, rOspA B. garinii a rOspA B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were used as antigens for construction of ELISA sets. ELISA examination enables determination of specific post-vaccination antibodies against OspA B. afzelii, B. garinii a B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.Using recombinant DNA technology, genes from B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were inserted into E. coli-expression vectors and the rOspA proteins were produced. These proteins were used for the construction of ELISA kits for the determination of post-vaccination antibodies against individual Borrelia serovars contained in the vaccine. The antibody response of dogs vaccinated with whole-cell vaccine BORRELYM 3 and non-vaccinated dogs was monitored and compared. The ELISA method proved as highly sensitive for the determination of post-vaccination antibodies against individual Borrelia serovars in vaccinated animals. Detection of these antibodies and their quantification may be used for evaluation of efficiency of vaccines against Lyme borreliosis in dogs caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Prospectively, it will be necessary to establish a correlation between post-vaccination antibody levels and protective immunity of vaccinated dogs.展开更多
Background:Despite highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2,COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy persisted in some populations in England during the pandemic,with rates and motivations for hesitancy varying by demographic g...Background:Despite highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2,COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy persisted in some populations in England during the pandemic,with rates and motivations for hesitancy varying by demographic group.Addressing the drivers of vaccine hesitancy through targeted interventions in hesitant groups is a public health priority for better and more rapid control of disease spread.We aimed to characterise the determinants and subtypes of vaccine hesitancy and identify more persistent forms of hesitancy via analysis of vaccine uptake in a large cross-sectional cohort with linked National Health Service(NHS)data.展开更多
The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR...The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR.However,their clinical translation is hindered by their inherently low immunogenicity,often requiring potent adjuvants and advanced delivery systems.Biomembrane nanostructures(e.g.,liposomes,exosomes,and cell membrane-derived nanostructures),characterized by superior biocompatibility,intrinsic targeting ability,and immune-modulating properties,could serve as versatile platforms that potentiate vaccine efficacy by increasing antigen stability,enabling codelivery of immunostimulants,and facilitating targeted delivery to lymphoid tissues/antigen-presenting cells.This intrinsic immunomodulation promotes robust humoral and cellular immune responses to combat bacteria.This review critically reviews(1)key biomembrane nanostructure classes for bacterial protein antigens,(2)design strategies leveraging biomembrane nanostructures to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses,(3)preclinical efficacy against diverse pathogens,and(4)translational challenges and prospects.Biomembrane nanostructure-driven approaches represent a paradigm shift in the development of next-generation bacterial protein vaccines against resistant infections.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of annual trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine(IIV3)under the context of Zhejiang province.Methods:A state transition simulation model was constructed to estimate the he...Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of annual trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine(IIV3)under the context of Zhejiang province.Methods:A state transition simulation model was constructed to estimate the health and economic outcomes of IIV3 vaccination program compared to no vaccination for hypothetical cohorts of Zhejiang province stratified by age and risk status.Model input parameters were chosen based on published literatures and expert advices.The analysis used societal perspectives and a one-year time horizon,and permanent outcomes were also included.The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER),with expression of US dollars per quality adjusted life years(QALYs)gained.Results:In subgroups not at high risk for influenza-related complications(non-high risk subgroup),ICER ranged from $6268/QALY(for adults aged 50-64 years)to $11260/QALY(for children aged from 6 months to 4 years).In subgroups at high risk for influenza-related complications(high risk subgroup),ICER ranged from cost-saving(adults aged≥65 years)to $5260/QALY(for children aged from 6 months to 4 years).ICER were most sensitive to changes in probability of influenza illness,cost of hospitalization,and probability of death for adults aged 18-49 years with non-high risk status.Conclusions:ICERs of annual influenza vaccination varied by age and risk status but were less than the Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita of Zhejiang province($17745 in 2023),which remained cost-effective for all-age and different risk status groups from a societal perspective.展开更多
BACKGROUND For decades,hepatitis A virus(HAV)has been a leading cause of acute hepatitis among children and was less prevalent among adults.However,recently a paradigm shift has been observed in the epidemiology of HA...BACKGROUND For decades,hepatitis A virus(HAV)has been a leading cause of acute hepatitis among children and was less prevalent among adults.However,recently a paradigm shift has been observed in the epidemiology of HAV,as evident by cases of acute hepatitis due to HAV among adults.AIM To estimate frequency of HAV in acute viral hepatitis and compare characteristics in HAV and hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection.METHODS This was a trend analysis conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi(Sindh,Pakistan)from February 2024 to May 2024.Individuals aged 18 years and older diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis attributed to hepatotropic viruses in 2024 were reviewed.To compare the trend patients admitted with acute hepatitis during 2019-2023 were also reviewed.Data regarding clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded.The yearly trend of acute hepatitis due to HAV and HEV was analyzed,and comparative analysis was done between HAV and HEV cases among adults.RESULTS A total of 396 patients were found to have acute hepatitis during our study duration.HAV was diagnosed in 234 patients(59%)while 157 patients(39.6%)were found to have acute HEV infection.Additionally,acute hepatitis B virus infection was identified in 3 patients(0.7%),whereas acute hepatitis C virus infection was found in 2(0.5%)cases of acute hepatitis.Yearly trends showed increasing occurrence of HAV infection among adults over last 5 years.The patients with acute HAV were younger than patients with HEV(28 years±8 years vs 30 years±8 years;P<0.01).Higher levels of total bilirubin were seen in HEV infection,while higher levels of alanine transaminase were seen in HAV infection.However,a higher proportion of acute liver failure(ALF),coagulopathy,and mortality were observed in HEV.CONCLUSION An increase in acute hepatitis A cases among adults shows less severity than hepatitis E,highlighting the need for better sanitation,hygiene,and adult hepatitis A vaccination programs.展开更多
Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past de...Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past decade,substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of rotavirus vaccines,which have been essential in alleviating the global burden of this disease,not only in human being but also in livestock species like calves and piglets,where these infections can cause significant economic losses.By synthesizing the latest research and real-world evidence,this review article is designated to provide deep insights into the current state of rotavirus vaccine technology and its global implementation as well as the application of rotavirus vaccines in veterinary settings and their importance in controlling zoonotic transmission and maintaining food security.展开更多
Objective:This review aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators to equitable coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine distribution in Nigeria using the consolidated framework for implementation research(CFIR).M...Objective:This review aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators to equitable coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine distribution in Nigeria using the consolidated framework for implementation research(CFIR).Methods:A comprehensive search strategy was applied across five databases—Web of Science,MEDLINE,EMBASE,CAB Direct,and CINAHL.The search,conducted as part of a scoping review,yielded 2,751 citations.Seven studies met the inclusion criteria after screening.Data were extracted and analyzed using CFIR constructs to identify key barriers and facilitators to equitable vaccine distribution.Results:Six barriers were identified:limited physical and socioeconomic access,bribery,nepotism,and insufficient availability of translated information.Facilitators included community involvement as local monitoring agents,unannounced staff inspections,healthcare worker training tailored to community needs,and localized outreach strategies such as jingles and call-in programs.CFIR constructs,including Local Conditions,Tailoring Strategies,Available Resources,and Physical Infrastructure,provided a framework for analyzing the findings.Conclusion:This review highlights significant barriers and promising facilitators to equitable vaccine distribution in Nigeria.Targeted interventions,such as community engagement,anti-corruption measures,and culturally tailored strategies,are critical to addressing these challenges and improving access.These findings underscore the need for localized,equity-focused approaches to enhance vaccine distribution systems in Nigeria and other low-resource settings.展开更多
Cancer is a major global concern due to its high mortality rate.Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment.However,low response rates and immune-related complications remain challenges.Extracellular vesic...Cancer is a major global concern due to its high mortality rate.Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment.However,low response rates and immune-related complications remain challenges.Extracellular vesicles(EVs),including exosomes,have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for various pathological conditions,especially cancer.Evidence indicates that changes in the quantity and composition of EVs can influence the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,potentially affecting the effectiveness of immunotherapy.Exploiting EVs for immune sensitization has generated significant clinical interest.This review provides an in-depth understanding of the origin of EVs,their therapeutic applications(such as drug delivery nanoplatforms and cancer immunotherapies,including vaccines),diagnostic potential as tumor biomarkers,ongoing EV-based clinical trials,and the challenges encountered in EV-based cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
Organoids are three-dimensional stem cell-derived models that offer a more physiologically relevant representation of tumor biology compared to traditional two-dimensional cell cultures or animal models.Organoids pres...Organoids are three-dimensional stem cell-derived models that offer a more physiologically relevant representation of tumor biology compared to traditional two-dimensional cell cultures or animal models.Organoids preserve the complex tissue architecture and cellular diversity of human cancers,enabling more accurate predictions of tumor growth,metastasis,and drug responses.Integration with microfluidic platforms,such as organ-on-a-chip systems,further enhances the ability to model tumor-environment interactions in real-time.Organoids facilitate in-depth exploration of tumor heterogeneity,molecular mechanisms,and the development of personalized treatment strategies when coupled with multi-omics technologies.Organoids provide a platform for investigating tumor-immune cell interactions,which aid in the design and testing of immune-based therapies and vaccines.Taken together,these features position organoids as a transformative tool in advancing cancer research and precision medicine.展开更多
[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the...[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.展开更多
Malignant melanoma,characterized by its high metastatic potential and resistance to conventional therapies,presents a major challenge in oncology.This review explores the current status and advancements in tumor vacci...Malignant melanoma,characterized by its high metastatic potential and resistance to conventional therapies,presents a major challenge in oncology.This review explores the current status and advancements in tumor vaccines for melanoma,focusing on peptide,DNA/RNA,dendritic cell,tumor cell,and neoantigen-based vaccines.Despite promising results,significant challenges remain,including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,patient heterogeneity,and the need for more effective antigen presentation.Recent strategies,such as combining vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),aim to counteract immune evasion and enhance T cell responses.Emerging approaches,including personalized neoantigen vaccines and the use of self-amplifying RNA platforms,hold promise for overcoming tumor heterogeneity and improving vaccine efficacy.Additionally,optimizing vaccine delivery systems through nanotechnology and genetic modifications is essential for increasing stability and scalability.This review highlights the potential of these innovative strategies to address current limitations,with a focus on how future research can refine and combine these approaches to improve melanoma treatment outcomes.展开更多
Dear Editor,Influenza viruses cause significant mortality and morbidity in humans.Vaccination is currently the most effective way to combat the virus(Perofsky and Nelson,2020).Unfortunately,the influenza virus frequen...Dear Editor,Influenza viruses cause significant mortality and morbidity in humans.Vaccination is currently the most effective way to combat the virus(Perofsky and Nelson,2020).Unfortunately,the influenza virus frequently changes its antigenicity through rapid mutations,leading to decreased vaccine efficacy or even failure.To improve vaccine effectiveness,it is necessary to monitor antigenic variation and update vaccine strains when significant antigenic variation occurs(Perofsky and Nelson,2020;Malik et al.,2024).展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage an...BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.展开更多
Background:Globally,the use of community pharmacies and pharmacists in the delivery of vaccination services has been hampered by several factors,laws,and regulations that do not support pharmacists to participate in t...Background:Globally,the use of community pharmacies and pharmacists in the delivery of vaccination services has been hampered by several factors,laws,and regulations that do not support pharmacists to participate in the delivery of vaccination services.With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic,many countries have included community pharmacists and pharmacies in vaccination services to improve coverage.This study described the delivery of vaccination services in community pharmacies using the COVID-19 experience and how their involvement impacted vaccination coverage in Nigeria.It also exposed how this experience can be used to support policy revisions to formally recognize pharmacists in immunization delivery.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 474 community pharmacists in two southwestern States in Nigeria,using a semi-structured questionnaire.It determines the number of community pharmacists who have been trained in the delivery of vaccination services,the types of vaccination services provided,and vaccines administered in their pharmacies.Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and p-value at≤0.05.Results:Response rate was 86.7%.Less than half of the respondents(40.1%)had undergone vaccination training.Of the 129(31.4%)respondents that provide vaccination services,72(55.8%)administer vaccines in their pharmacies.Out of these 72 respondents;45(62.5%)were administering vaccines before their involvement in COVID-19 vaccine administration;57(79.2%)of the health personnel who administer vaccines were pharmacists;60(83.3%)of them administer vaccines on request;22(30.6%)administered COVID-19 vaccines only;and only 7(9.7%)of the respondents had administered over 500 doses of COVID-19 vaccines.Training in vaccination was associated with the vaccination services provided(p<0.05).Respondents suggested government support through legal framework and policy review,training and empowering pharmacists in vaccine administration,and recognition of community pharmacists as PHC providers.展开更多
Influenza is a significant global public health challenge,with seasonal epidemics imposing substantial burdens on healthcare systems and vulnerable populations,causing 3 to 5 million severe cases and 290,000 to 650,00...Influenza is a significant global public health challenge,with seasonal epidemics imposing substantial burdens on healthcare systems and vulnerable populations,causing 3 to 5 million severe cases and 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory-related deaths worldwide each year[1].Vaccines are an effective means of preventing influenza.In recent years,China has made progress in vaccine development and immunization strategies.The population is recommended to receive influenza vaccines annually;however,their coverage remain suboptimal[2].The World Health Organization(WHO)highlights that all countries should consider implementing seasonal influenza immunization programs,with priority groups determined based on local epidemiological contexts.In alignment with the Immunization Agenda 2030,the use of seasonal influenza vaccines contributes to strengthening the life course of immunization and serves as a critical component for addressing influenza pandemics,as outlined in the WHO Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030.展开更多
Objective:To assess the complete vaccination coverage and timeliness of childhood vaccinations among Indigenous children in Peninsular Malaysia.Methods:The study utilized data from the 2022 Orang Asli Health Survey,a ...Objective:To assess the complete vaccination coverage and timeliness of childhood vaccinations among Indigenous children in Peninsular Malaysia.Methods:The study utilized data from the 2022 Orang Asli Health Survey,a cross-sectional survey conducted among a representative sample of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia.A total of 68 villages were randomly selected from a pool of 853 villages,encompassing diverse geographic and sociodemographic contexts with a total of 15950 respondents Orang Asli successfully interviewed.However,this study only utilized data from surveyed children aged 12 to 59 months with a total of 1551 children included.Validated structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and health status,with nurses verifying vaccination records.Children who received all nine primary vaccinations were defined as having complete vaccination while those who received vaccine within the recommended time were defined as having timely vaccination.Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 25.0,focusing on descriptive analyses of children's vaccination status.Results:The prevalence of overall complete vaccination among Indigenous children was 87.7%,while timely vaccination was only 40.3%.The prevalence of complete vaccination for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG),the first dose of hepatitis B,three doses of DTaP-IPV-Hib,and measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)was above 95.0%,except for the second and third doses of hepatitis B.The prevalence of timely vaccination ranged from above 95.0%for vaccines given at birth,gradually decreasing with increasing age to 57.5%for the first dose of MMR.Moreover,the completion rates for three doses of DtaP-IPV-Hib and the initial dose of MMR surpassed 90%among Indigenous children aged 12-23 months,yet the timeliness remained at a moderate level.Conclusions:While the overall complete vaccination coverage among Indigenous children in Malaysia is relatively high,there are concerning disparities in the timeliness of vaccination,particularly as children age.展开更多
“A child receiving a single shot containing mRNA vaccines that protect against multiple diseases,all delivered with one lipid nanoparticle”—this is how Professor Drew Weissman,the 2023 Nobel laureate in Physiology ...“A child receiving a single shot containing mRNA vaccines that protect against multiple diseases,all delivered with one lipid nanoparticle”—this is how Professor Drew Weissman,the 2023 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine[1],described the potential of messenger RNA(mRNA)therapy in an interview with Forbes[2].In 2024,the Nobel Prize was again awarded to RNA researchers,this time to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation[3],further underscoring the transformative capacity of RNA therapeutics in the 21st century healthcare.展开更多
Imagine a future where a single vaccine could protect you from a multitude of influenza strains,offering broad immunity with minimal risk.This vision is now closer to reality,thanks to a recent study that harnesses th...Imagine a future where a single vaccine could protect you from a multitude of influenza strains,offering broad immunity with minimal risk.This vision is now closer to reality,thanks to a recent study that harnesses the power of cellular proteins to create a new generation of live attenuated vaccines that outsmart flu’s relentless mutations.展开更多
Background:Invasive meningococcal disease is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis.Vaccination is highly effective in preventing meningitis and reducing its associated complications...Background:Invasive meningococcal disease is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis.Vaccination is highly effective in preventing meningitis and reducing its associated complications.This study aims to assess the United Arab Emirates(UAE)parents meningitis knowledge and explore vaccination attitudes and practices.Methodology:An observational cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2024 across the UAE using convenience sampling through social media,electronic mail,and word of mouth.A 58-item questionnaire collected information regarding demographics,meningitis knowledge,attitudes and practices,and meningococcal vaccination knowledge and practices.Results:Of 443 parents included,more than a third had no knowledge about meningitis.Symptoms and severity were well-recognized overall,but clear gaps were evident regarding complications and meningococcal vaccines.Only 10.38%(46/443)identified themselves as knowledgeable/very knowledgeable regarding meningococcal vaccines.A healthcare provider recommendation was the strongest factor encouraging parents to vaccinate their child.Most vaccine hesitancy was seen regarding side effects.Views and practices regarding the two vaccines aligned closely,with more than four-fifths of participants needing more information and the major reasons for not vaccinating a child being a lack of information or lack of recommendation.Social media and governmental websites were the most common sources for learning more about meningitis,with doctors ranking third.In fact,trust in doctors varied with less than half having moderate or strong trust in their main paediatrician.Multivariate logistic regression revealed that coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination status[adjusted odds ratio(AOR):0.365,95%confidence interval(CI):0.172 to 0.774,P=0.013]and female gender(AOR:2.741,95%CI:1.184 to 6.347,P=0.019)were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy.Conclusion:Meningococcal vaccine hesitancy is a significant concern,primarily driven by fears of side effects and lack of knowledge and physician recommendation.However,vaccine attitudes were overall positive and highly dependent on physician involvement.There is a need for targeted educational initiatives enhancing meningitis disease awareness and vaccine uptake.展开更多
Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generate...Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generated 3 recombinant rabies viruses(RABV),rERAG_(333E)/S6P,rERAG_(333E)/DS6P and rERAG_(333E)/BA2S6P,expressing the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of wild-type(S6P),δ(DS6P)or BA.2(BA2S6P)strain based on an oral rabies vaccine candidate(rERAG_(333E)).Oral or inactivated immunization of the 3 RABVs monovalent or trivalent were safe,and induced robust RABV neutralizing antibody and cross-antibody responses against the three SARS-CoV-2 in mice and minks.The challenge tests showed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine completely protected mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts,and largely prevented viral replication and lung damage caused by wild-type SARS-CoV-2infection in minks.Notably,we also confirmed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine can largely protect minks against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 transmission via respiratory droplets.Our findings suggest that rERAG_(333E)-based COVID-19 vaccines appear to be suitable oral candidates to protect minks from SARS-CoV-2infection and transmission,and may serve as inactivated vaccines for further investigation in humans.展开更多
文摘The specific recombinant proteins rOspA B. afzelii, rOspA B. garinii a rOspA B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were used as antigens for construction of ELISA sets. ELISA examination enables determination of specific post-vaccination antibodies against OspA B. afzelii, B. garinii a B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.Using recombinant DNA technology, genes from B. afzelii, B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were inserted into E. coli-expression vectors and the rOspA proteins were produced. These proteins were used for the construction of ELISA kits for the determination of post-vaccination antibodies against individual Borrelia serovars contained in the vaccine. The antibody response of dogs vaccinated with whole-cell vaccine BORRELYM 3 and non-vaccinated dogs was monitored and compared. The ELISA method proved as highly sensitive for the determination of post-vaccination antibodies against individual Borrelia serovars in vaccinated animals. Detection of these antibodies and their quantification may be used for evaluation of efficiency of vaccines against Lyme borreliosis in dogs caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Prospectively, it will be necessary to establish a correlation between post-vaccination antibody levels and protective immunity of vaccinated dogs.
文摘Background:Despite highly effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2,COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy persisted in some populations in England during the pandemic,with rates and motivations for hesitancy varying by demographic group.Addressing the drivers of vaccine hesitancy through targeted interventions in hesitant groups is a public health priority for better and more rapid control of disease spread.We aimed to characterise the determinants and subtypes of vaccine hesitancy and identify more persistent forms of hesitancy via analysis of vaccine uptake in a large cross-sectional cohort with linked National Health Service(NHS)data.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82573571)the Shanghai 2025 Basic Research Plan Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401393)the First Batch of Open Topics of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices(2025QN13)。
文摘The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR.However,their clinical translation is hindered by their inherently low immunogenicity,often requiring potent adjuvants and advanced delivery systems.Biomembrane nanostructures(e.g.,liposomes,exosomes,and cell membrane-derived nanostructures),characterized by superior biocompatibility,intrinsic targeting ability,and immune-modulating properties,could serve as versatile platforms that potentiate vaccine efficacy by increasing antigen stability,enabling codelivery of immunostimulants,and facilitating targeted delivery to lymphoid tissues/antigen-presenting cells.This intrinsic immunomodulation promotes robust humoral and cellular immune responses to combat bacteria.This review critically reviews(1)key biomembrane nanostructure classes for bacterial protein antigens,(2)design strategies leveraging biomembrane nanostructures to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses,(3)preclinical efficacy against diverse pathogens,and(4)translational challenges and prospects.Biomembrane nanostructure-driven approaches represent a paradigm shift in the development of next-generation bacterial protein vaccines against resistant infections.
基金funded by Medical and Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang province(Grant number:2023KY633).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of annual trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine(IIV3)under the context of Zhejiang province.Methods:A state transition simulation model was constructed to estimate the health and economic outcomes of IIV3 vaccination program compared to no vaccination for hypothetical cohorts of Zhejiang province stratified by age and risk status.Model input parameters were chosen based on published literatures and expert advices.The analysis used societal perspectives and a one-year time horizon,and permanent outcomes were also included.The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER),with expression of US dollars per quality adjusted life years(QALYs)gained.Results:In subgroups not at high risk for influenza-related complications(non-high risk subgroup),ICER ranged from $6268/QALY(for adults aged 50-64 years)to $11260/QALY(for children aged from 6 months to 4 years).In subgroups at high risk for influenza-related complications(high risk subgroup),ICER ranged from cost-saving(adults aged≥65 years)to $5260/QALY(for children aged from 6 months to 4 years).ICER were most sensitive to changes in probability of influenza illness,cost of hospitalization,and probability of death for adults aged 18-49 years with non-high risk status.Conclusions:ICERs of annual influenza vaccination varied by age and risk status but were less than the Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita of Zhejiang province($17745 in 2023),which remained cost-effective for all-age and different risk status groups from a societal perspective.
文摘BACKGROUND For decades,hepatitis A virus(HAV)has been a leading cause of acute hepatitis among children and was less prevalent among adults.However,recently a paradigm shift has been observed in the epidemiology of HAV,as evident by cases of acute hepatitis due to HAV among adults.AIM To estimate frequency of HAV in acute viral hepatitis and compare characteristics in HAV and hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection.METHODS This was a trend analysis conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi(Sindh,Pakistan)from February 2024 to May 2024.Individuals aged 18 years and older diagnosed with acute viral hepatitis attributed to hepatotropic viruses in 2024 were reviewed.To compare the trend patients admitted with acute hepatitis during 2019-2023 were also reviewed.Data regarding clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded.The yearly trend of acute hepatitis due to HAV and HEV was analyzed,and comparative analysis was done between HAV and HEV cases among adults.RESULTS A total of 396 patients were found to have acute hepatitis during our study duration.HAV was diagnosed in 234 patients(59%)while 157 patients(39.6%)were found to have acute HEV infection.Additionally,acute hepatitis B virus infection was identified in 3 patients(0.7%),whereas acute hepatitis C virus infection was found in 2(0.5%)cases of acute hepatitis.Yearly trends showed increasing occurrence of HAV infection among adults over last 5 years.The patients with acute HAV were younger than patients with HEV(28 years±8 years vs 30 years±8 years;P<0.01).Higher levels of total bilirubin were seen in HEV infection,while higher levels of alanine transaminase were seen in HAV infection.However,a higher proportion of acute liver failure(ALF),coagulopathy,and mortality were observed in HEV.CONCLUSION An increase in acute hepatitis A cases among adults shows less severity than hepatitis E,highlighting the need for better sanitation,hygiene,and adult hepatitis A vaccination programs.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology(AML2023A02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662023DKPY004).
文摘Rotavirus infections cause severe gastroenteritis and dehydration in young children and animals worldwide,leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality,predominantly in low-and middleincome countries.In the past decade,substantial progress has been made in the development and implementation of rotavirus vaccines,which have been essential in alleviating the global burden of this disease,not only in human being but also in livestock species like calves and piglets,where these infections can cause significant economic losses.By synthesizing the latest research and real-world evidence,this review article is designated to provide deep insights into the current state of rotavirus vaccine technology and its global implementation as well as the application of rotavirus vaccines in veterinary settings and their importance in controlling zoonotic transmission and maintaining food security.
文摘Objective:This review aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators to equitable coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine distribution in Nigeria using the consolidated framework for implementation research(CFIR).Methods:A comprehensive search strategy was applied across five databases—Web of Science,MEDLINE,EMBASE,CAB Direct,and CINAHL.The search,conducted as part of a scoping review,yielded 2,751 citations.Seven studies met the inclusion criteria after screening.Data were extracted and analyzed using CFIR constructs to identify key barriers and facilitators to equitable vaccine distribution.Results:Six barriers were identified:limited physical and socioeconomic access,bribery,nepotism,and insufficient availability of translated information.Facilitators included community involvement as local monitoring agents,unannounced staff inspections,healthcare worker training tailored to community needs,and localized outreach strategies such as jingles and call-in programs.CFIR constructs,including Local Conditions,Tailoring Strategies,Available Resources,and Physical Infrastructure,provided a framework for analyzing the findings.Conclusion:This review highlights significant barriers and promising facilitators to equitable vaccine distribution in Nigeria.Targeted interventions,such as community engagement,anti-corruption measures,and culturally tailored strategies,are critical to addressing these challenges and improving access.These findings underscore the need for localized,equity-focused approaches to enhance vaccine distribution systems in Nigeria and other low-resource settings.
文摘Cancer is a major global concern due to its high mortality rate.Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment.However,low response rates and immune-related complications remain challenges.Extracellular vesicles(EVs),including exosomes,have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for various pathological conditions,especially cancer.Evidence indicates that changes in the quantity and composition of EVs can influence the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,potentially affecting the effectiveness of immunotherapy.Exploiting EVs for immune sensitization has generated significant clinical interest.This review provides an in-depth understanding of the origin of EVs,their therapeutic applications(such as drug delivery nanoplatforms and cancer immunotherapies,including vaccines),diagnostic potential as tumor biomarkers,ongoing EV-based clinical trials,and the challenges encountered in EV-based cancer immunotherapy.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(Grant No.2021RU002)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z240013)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82450111,82388102,82373416,and 92259303)Beijing Research Ward Excellence Program(Grant Nos.BRWEP2024W034080200 and BRWEP2024W034080204)Peking University People’s Hospital Research and Development Funds(Grant No.RZG2024-02).
文摘Organoids are three-dimensional stem cell-derived models that offer a more physiologically relevant representation of tumor biology compared to traditional two-dimensional cell cultures or animal models.Organoids preserve the complex tissue architecture and cellular diversity of human cancers,enabling more accurate predictions of tumor growth,metastasis,and drug responses.Integration with microfluidic platforms,such as organ-on-a-chip systems,further enhances the ability to model tumor-environment interactions in real-time.Organoids facilitate in-depth exploration of tumor heterogeneity,molecular mechanisms,and the development of personalized treatment strategies when coupled with multi-omics technologies.Organoids provide a platform for investigating tumor-immune cell interactions,which aid in the design and testing of immune-based therapies and vaccines.Taken together,these features position organoids as a transformative tool in advancing cancer research and precision medicine.
文摘[Objective]To design and express a recombinant protein rMKIBV incorporating confirmed antigenic epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV)as a vaccine to provide comprehensive protection.Additionally,it explores the potential of polyclonal yolk antibodies(IgY)harvested from laying hens immunized with the rMKIBV vaccine in the prevention and control of IBV.[Methods]The antigenic epitope sequences of IBV,obtained from online databases,were compared with sequences of representative IBV strains from GenBank.Flexible peptides were designed to link all antigenic peptides.The constructed amino acid sequence was analyzed,reverse-translated,codon-optimized,and then inserted into the pET-28a(+)cloning vector.The recombinant vector was introduced into Escherichia coli for expression.The purified,desalted,and endotoxin-removed rMKIBV protein was used as a vaccine to immunize animals for investigation of its immunogenicity and ability to stimulate specific IgY production in laying hens.[Results]The retrieved IBV antigenic epitope sequences showed high similarity with the published N and S protein sequences of 22 representative IBV strains.The predicted isoelectric point and molecular weight of rMKIBV were 10.25 and 63.39 kDa,respectively.The secondary structure of rMKIBV included a high proportion of random coils,which suggested strong antigenicity.High-purity rMKIBV was obtained from E.coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-mkibv.This protein specifically bound to anti-His-tag antibodies,N protein antibodies,and S protein antibodies.The mice immunized with this protein showed increases in the spleen index(P<0.05),elevations in the levels of serum-specific IgG antibodies(P<0.01)and IFN-γ(P<0.05),and no significant change in the IL-2 level.Immunized laying hens successfully produced IgY in egg yolks,with specific IgY antibody levels significantly increasing.Moreover,the IgY antibody titer gradually rose after immunization,reaching the peak after about 50 days and then gradually declining to reach a stable level.[Conclusion]We successfully constructed and expressed the recombinant protein rMKIBV.The protein demonstrated good immunogenicity,stimulating specific antibody production in both mice and laying hens.Notably,the IgY extracted from the yolks of immunized laying hens offers a novel approach to IBV prevention and control.These findings hold significant scientific and practical value for the development of vaccines against IBV.
文摘Malignant melanoma,characterized by its high metastatic potential and resistance to conventional therapies,presents a major challenge in oncology.This review explores the current status and advancements in tumor vaccines for melanoma,focusing on peptide,DNA/RNA,dendritic cell,tumor cell,and neoantigen-based vaccines.Despite promising results,significant challenges remain,including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,patient heterogeneity,and the need for more effective antigen presentation.Recent strategies,such as combining vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),aim to counteract immune evasion and enhance T cell responses.Emerging approaches,including personalized neoantigen vaccines and the use of self-amplifying RNA platforms,hold promise for overcoming tumor heterogeneity and improving vaccine efficacy.Additionally,optimizing vaccine delivery systems through nanotechnology and genetic modifications is essential for increasing stability and scalability.This review highlights the potential of these innovative strategies to address current limitations,with a focus on how future research can refine and combine these approaches to improve melanoma treatment outcomes.
基金upported by the Major Project of Guangzhou National Laboratory(GZNL2024A01002)National Key Plan for Scientific Research and Development of China(2022YFC2303802)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170651&32370700)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2024JJ2015).
文摘Dear Editor,Influenza viruses cause significant mortality and morbidity in humans.Vaccination is currently the most effective way to combat the virus(Perofsky and Nelson,2020).Unfortunately,the influenza virus frequently changes its antigenicity through rapid mutations,leading to decreased vaccine efficacy or even failure.To improve vaccine effectiveness,it is necessary to monitor antigenic variation and update vaccine strains when significant antigenic variation occurs(Perofsky and Nelson,2020;Malik et al.,2024).
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)often miss the scheduled vaccines and have a higher risk of infection susceptibility,including vaccineprevented diseases.AIM To evaluate the vaccine coverage and levels of the post-vaccine antibodies against measles,mumps,rubella,and hepatitis B in children with IBD.METHODS Total 98 patients:46 females(47.2%)and 52 males(52.8%)with IBD(Crohn’s disease-75%and ulcerative colitis-25%)with disease onset age-11.0(6.0;14.0)years whom clinical data,vaccination status and levels of the postvaccination antibodies(IgG)for measles,rubella,mumps,hepatitis B,measured with ELISA were prospectively evaluated.The control group consisted of 88 healthy peers from the biobank data.RESULTS Patients with IBD had lower levels of measles,rubella,and hepatitis B,except mumps,compared to controls.Incomplete vaccination/non-protective titer of the antibodies against measles,mumps rubella,and hepatitis B had 33(33.7%)/52.3%,21(21.4%)/50.4%,26(25.8)/25.6%and 26(25.8%)/55.2%,respectively.Patients with incomplete vaccination had a lower age at the diagnosis for all vaccines.The age of the IBD diagnosis≤6 years was the predictor of incomplete vaccination for measles[odds ratio(OR)=4.6,P=0.001],mumps(OR=5.0,P=0.001),rubella(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and hepatitis B(OR=5.4,P=0.0005)and corticosteroid treatment for measles(OR=2.2,P=0.074)and mumps(OR=3.0,P=0.047)vaccines.Incomplete vaccination was the predictor of nonprotective titer of antibodies against rubella(OR=6.8,95%CI:2.3-19.9,P=0.0002)/mumps(OR=7.0,95%CI:2.4-20.8;P=0.0002).CONCLUSION Patients with IBD had low vaccine coverage and lower levels of anti-vaccine antibodies against measles,rubella,and hepatitis B.Nearly half of the IBD patients require revaccination.
文摘Background:Globally,the use of community pharmacies and pharmacists in the delivery of vaccination services has been hampered by several factors,laws,and regulations that do not support pharmacists to participate in the delivery of vaccination services.With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic,many countries have included community pharmacists and pharmacies in vaccination services to improve coverage.This study described the delivery of vaccination services in community pharmacies using the COVID-19 experience and how their involvement impacted vaccination coverage in Nigeria.It also exposed how this experience can be used to support policy revisions to formally recognize pharmacists in immunization delivery.Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 474 community pharmacists in two southwestern States in Nigeria,using a semi-structured questionnaire.It determines the number of community pharmacists who have been trained in the delivery of vaccination services,the types of vaccination services provided,and vaccines administered in their pharmacies.Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics and p-value at≤0.05.Results:Response rate was 86.7%.Less than half of the respondents(40.1%)had undergone vaccination training.Of the 129(31.4%)respondents that provide vaccination services,72(55.8%)administer vaccines in their pharmacies.Out of these 72 respondents;45(62.5%)were administering vaccines before their involvement in COVID-19 vaccine administration;57(79.2%)of the health personnel who administer vaccines were pharmacists;60(83.3%)of them administer vaccines on request;22(30.6%)administered COVID-19 vaccines only;and only 7(9.7%)of the respondents had administered over 500 doses of COVID-19 vaccines.Training in vaccination was associated with the vaccination services provided(p<0.05).Respondents suggested government support through legal framework and policy review,training and empowering pharmacists in vaccine administration,and recognition of community pharmacists as PHC providers.
基金supported by the Chinese Association of Preventive Medicine-Vaccine and Immunization Youth Talent Support Project(CPMAQT-YM0314)。
文摘Influenza is a significant global public health challenge,with seasonal epidemics imposing substantial burdens on healthcare systems and vulnerable populations,causing 3 to 5 million severe cases and 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory-related deaths worldwide each year[1].Vaccines are an effective means of preventing influenza.In recent years,China has made progress in vaccine development and immunization strategies.The population is recommended to receive influenza vaccines annually;however,their coverage remain suboptimal[2].The World Health Organization(WHO)highlights that all countries should consider implementing seasonal influenza immunization programs,with priority groups determined based on local epidemiological contexts.In alignment with the Immunization Agenda 2030,the use of seasonal influenza vaccines contributes to strengthening the life course of immunization and serves as a critical component for addressing influenza pandemics,as outlined in the WHO Global Influenza Strategy 2019-2030.
文摘Objective:To assess the complete vaccination coverage and timeliness of childhood vaccinations among Indigenous children in Peninsular Malaysia.Methods:The study utilized data from the 2022 Orang Asli Health Survey,a cross-sectional survey conducted among a representative sample of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia.A total of 68 villages were randomly selected from a pool of 853 villages,encompassing diverse geographic and sociodemographic contexts with a total of 15950 respondents Orang Asli successfully interviewed.However,this study only utilized data from surveyed children aged 12 to 59 months with a total of 1551 children included.Validated structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic data and health status,with nurses verifying vaccination records.Children who received all nine primary vaccinations were defined as having complete vaccination while those who received vaccine within the recommended time were defined as having timely vaccination.Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 25.0,focusing on descriptive analyses of children's vaccination status.Results:The prevalence of overall complete vaccination among Indigenous children was 87.7%,while timely vaccination was only 40.3%.The prevalence of complete vaccination for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG),the first dose of hepatitis B,three doses of DTaP-IPV-Hib,and measles,mumps,and rubella(MMR)was above 95.0%,except for the second and third doses of hepatitis B.The prevalence of timely vaccination ranged from above 95.0%for vaccines given at birth,gradually decreasing with increasing age to 57.5%for the first dose of MMR.Moreover,the completion rates for three doses of DtaP-IPV-Hib and the initial dose of MMR surpassed 90%among Indigenous children aged 12-23 months,yet the timeliness remained at a moderate level.Conclusions:While the overall complete vaccination coverage among Indigenous children in Malaysia is relatively high,there are concerning disparities in the timeliness of vaccination,particularly as children age.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3305900)the Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Computational Biology Program(24JS2830400)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(222202517006)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(the 111 Project)(B17017).
文摘“A child receiving a single shot containing mRNA vaccines that protect against multiple diseases,all delivered with one lipid nanoparticle”—this is how Professor Drew Weissman,the 2023 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine[1],described the potential of messenger RNA(mRNA)therapy in an interview with Forbes[2].In 2024,the Nobel Prize was again awarded to RNA researchers,this time to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation[3],further underscoring the transformative capacity of RNA therapeutics in the 21st century healthcare.
文摘Imagine a future where a single vaccine could protect you from a multitude of influenza strains,offering broad immunity with minimal risk.This vision is now closer to reality,thanks to a recent study that harnesses the power of cellular proteins to create a new generation of live attenuated vaccines that outsmart flu’s relentless mutations.
文摘Background:Invasive meningococcal disease is a potentially life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis.Vaccination is highly effective in preventing meningitis and reducing its associated complications.This study aims to assess the United Arab Emirates(UAE)parents meningitis knowledge and explore vaccination attitudes and practices.Methodology:An observational cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2024 across the UAE using convenience sampling through social media,electronic mail,and word of mouth.A 58-item questionnaire collected information regarding demographics,meningitis knowledge,attitudes and practices,and meningococcal vaccination knowledge and practices.Results:Of 443 parents included,more than a third had no knowledge about meningitis.Symptoms and severity were well-recognized overall,but clear gaps were evident regarding complications and meningococcal vaccines.Only 10.38%(46/443)identified themselves as knowledgeable/very knowledgeable regarding meningococcal vaccines.A healthcare provider recommendation was the strongest factor encouraging parents to vaccinate their child.Most vaccine hesitancy was seen regarding side effects.Views and practices regarding the two vaccines aligned closely,with more than four-fifths of participants needing more information and the major reasons for not vaccinating a child being a lack of information or lack of recommendation.Social media and governmental websites were the most common sources for learning more about meningitis,with doctors ranking third.In fact,trust in doctors varied with less than half having moderate or strong trust in their main paediatrician.Multivariate logistic regression revealed that coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination status[adjusted odds ratio(AOR):0.365,95%confidence interval(CI):0.172 to 0.774,P=0.013]and female gender(AOR:2.741,95%CI:1.184 to 6.347,P=0.019)were significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy.Conclusion:Meningococcal vaccine hesitancy is a significant concern,primarily driven by fears of side effects and lack of knowledge and physician recommendation.However,vaccine attitudes were overall positive and highly dependent on physician involvement.There is a need for targeted educational initiatives enhancing meningitis disease awareness and vaccine uptake.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2301700)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(YQ2022C040)。
文摘Minks are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2,and have transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to humans.Oral immunization is one of the most promising strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in minks.Here,we generated 3 recombinant rabies viruses(RABV),rERAG_(333E)/S6P,rERAG_(333E)/DS6P and rERAG_(333E)/BA2S6P,expressing the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of wild-type(S6P),δ(DS6P)or BA.2(BA2S6P)strain based on an oral rabies vaccine candidate(rERAG_(333E)).Oral or inactivated immunization of the 3 RABVs monovalent or trivalent were safe,and induced robust RABV neutralizing antibody and cross-antibody responses against the three SARS-CoV-2 in mice and minks.The challenge tests showed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine completely protected mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts,and largely prevented viral replication and lung damage caused by wild-type SARS-CoV-2infection in minks.Notably,we also confirmed that 2 doses of rERAG_(333E)-S6P as an oral or inactivated vaccine can largely protect minks against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 transmission via respiratory droplets.Our findings suggest that rERAG_(333E)-based COVID-19 vaccines appear to be suitable oral candidates to protect minks from SARS-CoV-2infection and transmission,and may serve as inactivated vaccines for further investigation in humans.
