Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains...Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains as to what we consider as‘useful knowledge’to be(Flexner,1939;Gibbons et al.,1994).The purpose of this paper is to explore and propose an alternative conception of scientific knowledge usefulness,advocating for a balanced approach between direct and indirect utility of knowledge in higher education.To this end,the paper revisits Mill’s(1859)conception of epistemic utility as explained in his work On Liberty to present an idea of scientific knowledge usefulness which is utilitarian in a broader sense.Building on this foundation,the paper promotes a pluralistic conception of epistemic utility and suggests a typology by discerning between direct and indirect utility of knowledge.Overall,by revisiting Mill’s(1859)notion of utility,this paper aims to demonstrate that the notion of‘utility’is not only a function that serves the Idea of the University,but it is also linked to the notion of‘self-development’-Bildung.In that sense,one can make the case for a broader and more complex scientific utilitarianism.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Disagreement exists regarding the need for knowledge about complementary and integrative health（CIH） strategies, as well as for the need to consider such strategies in clinical nursing practice. OBJECT...BACKGROUND： Disagreement exists regarding the need for knowledge about complementary and integrative health（CIH） strategies, as well as for the need to consider such strategies in clinical nursing practice. OBJECTIVE： This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and use of CIH strategies among nurses in Iran. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： A cross-sectional study of nurses working in two hospitals of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, in southeast Iran, was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015. The questionnaire, developed specifically for this research, was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and use of CIH by nurses. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret the survey responses.RESULTS： Most nurses（n=95, 60.5%） have average knowledge about CIH strategies with most holding a positive attitude about use（n=81, 51.6%）. The majority（n=90, 57.3%） of nurses, however, never applied CIH methods. Where CIH was used, massage was most often clinically applied（n=129, 82.2%） and a large percentage believed it useful for treating illness（n=136, 87.9%）. Other CIH methods commonly used included prayer and herbal medicine.CONCLUSION： Nurses have positive attitudes about CIH though knowledge was typically weak. Educational programs should carefully consider how knowledge about CIH methods could be strengthened within curricula.展开更多
In order to compete in the global manufacturing mar ke t, agility is the only possible solution to response to the fragmented market se gments and frequently changed customer requirements. However, manufacturing agil ...In order to compete in the global manufacturing mar ke t, agility is the only possible solution to response to the fragmented market se gments and frequently changed customer requirements. However, manufacturing agil ity can only be attained through the deployment of knowledge. To embed knowledge into a CAD system to form a knowledge intensive CAD (KIC) system is one of way to enhance the design compatibility of a manufacturing company. The most difficu lt phase to develop a KIC system is to capitalize a huge amount of legacy data t o form a knowledge database. In the past, such capitalization process could only be done solely manually or semi-automatic. In this paper, a five step model fo r automatic design knowledge capitalization through the use of data mining is pr oposed whilst details of how to select, verify and performance benchmarking an a ppropriate data mining algorithm for a specific design task will also be discuss ed. A case study concerning the design of a plastic toaster casing was used as an illustration for the proposed methodology and it was found that the avera ge absolute error of the predictions for the most appropriate algorithm is withi n 17%.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Onassis Foundation,a funding body based in Greece.
文摘Since the foundation of the Western modern university in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,there has always been debate on the purpose and social or political utility of scientific knowledge.The question remains as to what we consider as‘useful knowledge’to be(Flexner,1939;Gibbons et al.,1994).The purpose of this paper is to explore and propose an alternative conception of scientific knowledge usefulness,advocating for a balanced approach between direct and indirect utility of knowledge in higher education.To this end,the paper revisits Mill’s(1859)conception of epistemic utility as explained in his work On Liberty to present an idea of scientific knowledge usefulness which is utilitarian in a broader sense.Building on this foundation,the paper promotes a pluralistic conception of epistemic utility and suggests a typology by discerning between direct and indirect utility of knowledge.Overall,by revisiting Mill’s(1859)notion of utility,this paper aims to demonstrate that the notion of‘utility’is not only a function that serves the Idea of the University,but it is also linked to the notion of‘self-development’-Bildung.In that sense,one can make the case for a broader and more complex scientific utilitarianism.
文摘BACKGROUND： Disagreement exists regarding the need for knowledge about complementary and integrative health（CIH） strategies, as well as for the need to consider such strategies in clinical nursing practice. OBJECTIVE： This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and use of CIH strategies among nurses in Iran. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： A cross-sectional study of nurses working in two hospitals of Zabol University of Medical Sciences, in southeast Iran, was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015. The questionnaire, developed specifically for this research, was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and use of CIH by nurses. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to interpret the survey responses.RESULTS： Most nurses（n=95, 60.5%） have average knowledge about CIH strategies with most holding a positive attitude about use（n=81, 51.6%）. The majority（n=90, 57.3%） of nurses, however, never applied CIH methods. Where CIH was used, massage was most often clinically applied（n=129, 82.2%） and a large percentage believed it useful for treating illness（n=136, 87.9%）. Other CIH methods commonly used included prayer and herbal medicine.CONCLUSION： Nurses have positive attitudes about CIH though knowledge was typically weak. Educational programs should carefully consider how knowledge about CIH methods could be strengthened within curricula.
文摘In order to compete in the global manufacturing mar ke t, agility is the only possible solution to response to the fragmented market se gments and frequently changed customer requirements. However, manufacturing agil ity can only be attained through the deployment of knowledge. To embed knowledge into a CAD system to form a knowledge intensive CAD (KIC) system is one of way to enhance the design compatibility of a manufacturing company. The most difficu lt phase to develop a KIC system is to capitalize a huge amount of legacy data t o form a knowledge database. In the past, such capitalization process could only be done solely manually or semi-automatic. In this paper, a five step model fo r automatic design knowledge capitalization through the use of data mining is pr oposed whilst details of how to select, verify and performance benchmarking an a ppropriate data mining algorithm for a specific design task will also be discuss ed. A case study concerning the design of a plastic toaster casing was used as an illustration for the proposed methodology and it was found that the avera ge absolute error of the predictions for the most appropriate algorithm is withi n 17%.
