A near infrared universal quantitative analysis model was established to determinate the effective ingredient content in pesticide EC （hikemalisation） by the PLS （partial least squares） algorithm, the model predic...A near infrared universal quantitative analysis model was established to determinate the effective ingredient content in pesticide EC （hikemalisation） by the PLS （partial least squares） algorithm, the model predictive ability was evaluated by the external inspection method. The model was established among samples containing the same active ingredient from five different companies, and the model determination coefficient R2 and RMSECV （root mean square error of cross validation） were 0.9997 and 0.0223, respectively, the relative error between predicted value and chemical value of the testing set samples was between -2.71% and 3.36%, which indicated that the method to determinate the effective ingredient content in pesticide EC by the established universal model can meet the need of pesticide market monitoring.展开更多
A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexi...A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory and verified in four kinds of binary aqueous solutions and two kinds of ternary aqueous solutions. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in four binary aqueous solutions and two ternary solutions at 298.15 K have good agreement with the reported activity data from literatures after shifting the standard state and concentration unit. Therefore, the calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples from the developed universal thermodynamic model for ternary and binary aqueous solutions can be applied to predict reaction ability of components in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions. It is also proved that the assumptions applied in the developed thermodynamic model are correct and reasonable, i.e., strong electrolyte aqueous solution is composed of cations and anions as simple ions, H2O as simple molecule and other hydrous salt compounds as complex molecules. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions strictly follow the mass action law.展开更多
The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural...The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural fractures,where the fracture is assumed to be an elliptical disc and the fracture orientation,rotation angle,length of the long axis and ratio of short-long axis lengths are considered as variables.This paper aims to estimate the fracture size-and azimuth-related parameters in the UED model based on the trace information from sampling windows.The stereological relationship between the trace length,size-and azimuth-related parameters of the UED model was established,and the formulae of the mean value and standard deviation of trace length were proposed.The proposed formulae were validated via the Monte Carlo simulations with less than 5%of error rate between the calculated and true values.With respect to the estimation of the size-and azimuth-related parameters using the trace length,an optimization method was developed based on the pre-assumed size and azimuth distribution forms.A hypothetical case study was designed to illustrate and verify the parameter estimation method,where three combinations of the sampling windows were used to estimate the parameters,and the results showed that the estimated values could agree well with the true values.Furthermore,a hypothetical three-dimensional(3D)elliptical fracture network was constructed,and the circular disc,non-UED and UED models were used to represent it.The simulated trace information from different models was compared,and the results clearly illustrated the superiority of the proposed UED model over the existing circular disc and non-UED models。展开更多
The general strategy and method of constructing universal calibration model for levofioxacin injections by near-infrared spectroscopy have been investigated and discussed. Firstly, a constant-temperature homogeneous l...The general strategy and method of constructing universal calibration model for levofioxacin injections by near-infrared spectroscopy have been investigated and discussed. Firstly, a constant-temperature homogeneous liquid calibration model for levofloxacin hydrochloride injections with the same composition but different active principal ingredient （API） content was established as the basic unit for universal model. Then, samples of levofloxacin hydrochloride injections containing propylene glycol or levofloxacin lactate injections were added to develop a primary constant-temperature liquid universal model. Temperature- amended final universal model was established to apply to samples under different temperatures. The final model was built from 61 calibration samples and 77 validation samples. The value of the root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） and coefficient of determination （r2） of leave-one-out cross-validation （LOOCV） were 0.792 and 0.9993, respectively, the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） of test set validation （TSV） was 0.87, and the average relative deviation was 1.44%. According to the ICH guidelines, the universal calibration model was evaluated. Based on the experimental statistical results, the recommended number of calibration samples for a constant-temperature homogeneous liquid quantitative model was no less than 15.展开更多
The modeling and motion control of a universal part feeder is addressed. The feeder consists of a flat plate （or called bed） and a part placed on the plate. The bed can vibrate side-by-side （in x axis）, back and f...The modeling and motion control of a universal part feeder is addressed. The feeder consists of a flat plate （or called bed） and a part placed on the plate. The bed can vibrate side-by-side （in x axis）, back and forth （in y axis）, clockwise and counter clockwise （about z axis）, actuated by three linear motors （voice coils）. When the bed does these vibrations, the part placed on the plat will have position and/or orientation change due to the interaction between the two contact surfaces. By controlling the ways in which the plate vibrates, the position and orientation of the part can be controlled. The two vibration profiles of the bed are investigated in the research： the high-low vibration mode and the bang-bang vibration mode. The motion equations of the bed and the part as well as the control schemes for the high-low vibration mode are presented. Both simulation and real-time testing verify the system＇s dynamic model and indicate the feasibilities of the developed control laws.展开更多
Researchers in P.R.China commonly create triangulate irregular networks(TINs) from contours and then convert TINs into digital elevation models(DEMs).However,the DEM produced by this method can not precisely describe ...Researchers in P.R.China commonly create triangulate irregular networks(TINs) from contours and then convert TINs into digital elevation models(DEMs).However,the DEM produced by this method can not precisely describe and simulate key hydrological features such as rivers and drainage borders.Taking a hilly region in southwestern China as a research area and using ArcGISTM software,we analyzed the errors of different interpolations to obtain distributions of the errors and precisions of different algorithms and to provide references for DEM productions.The results show that different interpolation errors satisfy normal distributions,and large error exists near the structure line of the terrain.Furthermore,the results also show that the precision of a DEM interpolated with the Australian National University digital elevation model(ANUDEM) is higher than that interpolated with TIN.The DEM interpolated with TIN is acceptable for generating DEMs in the hilly region of southwestern China.展开更多
Droughts and soil erosion are among the most prominent climatic driven hazards in drylands,leading to detrimental environmental impacts,such as degraded lands,deteriorated ecosystem services and biodiversity,and incre...Droughts and soil erosion are among the most prominent climatic driven hazards in drylands,leading to detrimental environmental impacts,such as degraded lands,deteriorated ecosystem services and biodiversity,and increased greenhouse gas emissions.In response to the current lack of studies combining drought conditions and soil erosion processes,in this study,we developed a comprehensive Geographic Information System(GIS)-based approach to assess soil erosion and droughts,thereby revealing the relationship between soil erosion and droughts under an arid climate.The vegetation condition index(VCI)and temperature condition index(TCI)derived respectively from the enhanced vegetation index(EVI)MOD13A2 and land surface temperature(LST)MOD11A2 products were combined to generate the vegetation health index(VHI).The VHI has been conceived as an efficient tool to monitor droughts in the Negueb watershed,southeastern Tunisia.The revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model was applied to quantitatively estimate soil erosion.The relationship between soil erosion and droughts was investigated through Pearson correlation.Results exhibited that the Negueb watershed experienced recurrent mild to extreme drought during 2000–2016.The average soil erosion rate was determined to be 1.8 t/(hm2•a).The mountainous western part of the watershed was the most vulnerable not only to soil erosion but also to droughts.The slope length and steepness factor was shown to be the most significant controlling parameter driving soil erosion.The relationship between droughts and soil erosion had a positive correlation(r=0.3);however,the correlation was highly varied spatially across the watershed.Drought was linked to soil erosion in the Negueb watershed.The current study provides insight for natural disaster risk assessment,land managers,and stake-holders to apply appropriate management measures to promote sustainable development goals in fragile environments.展开更多
We investigate generalized chaplygin gas for warm inflationary scenario in the context of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type I universe model.We assume two different cases of dissipative coefficient,i.e.,cons...We investigate generalized chaplygin gas for warm inflationary scenario in the context of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type I universe model.We assume two different cases of dissipative coefficient,i.e.,constant as well as function of scalar field.We construct dynamical equations as well as a relationship between scalar and radiation energy densities under slow-roll approximation.We also derive slow-roll parameters,scalar and tensor power spectra,scalar spectral index,tensor to scalar ratio for analyzing inflationary background during high dissipative regime.We also use the WMAP7 data for the discussion of our parameters.展开更多
The article considers a conceptual universe model as a periodic lattice (network) with nodes defined by the wave function in a background-independent Hamiltonian based on their relations and interactions. This model g...The article considers a conceptual universe model as a periodic lattice (network) with nodes defined by the wave function in a background-independent Hamiltonian based on their relations and interactions. This model gives rise to energy bands, similar to those in semiconductor solid-state models. In this context, valence band holes are described as dark matter particles with a heavy effective mass. The conducting band, with a spontaneously symmetry-breaking energy profile, contains particles with several times lighter effective mass, which can represent luminous matter. Some possible analogies with solid-state physics, such as the comparison between dark and luminous matter, are discussed. Additionally, tiny dark energy, as intrinsic lattice Casimir energy, is calculated for a lattice with a large number of lattice nodes.展开更多
Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used ...Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.展开更多
In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of t...In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.展开更多
A model of the universe (preprint 2019), based on a quantum approach to the evolution of space-time as well as on an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms, has made it possible to estimate a large...A model of the universe (preprint 2019), based on a quantum approach to the evolution of space-time as well as on an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms, has made it possible to estimate a large number of parameters relating to the universe and in particular the estimation of a colossal phantom energy E<sub>Λ</sub> represented by the existence of a hidden photon ŷpresent everywhere. This energy undergoes dilution in H<sup>4</sup> due to expansion of the universe. In order to introduce the effects of this energy on the curvature of space-time, we chose to express it by the cosmological constant Λ in the equation of the GR via the element tensor T<sup>00</sup>. This positive energy E<sub>Λ</sub> which acts as additional effect to gravity and we have expressed this energy in the form of an equation which expresses a so-called cosmological force F<sub>Λ</sub>. We estimated that this photon or hidden particle of spin 1 has an energy ~1 [meV] at our cosmic position t<sub>0</sub> which makes it an ultra-light axion ULA. Subsequently, with the action of this augmented force, especially in the first 400 [My] we were able to explain, in part, the rapid development of galaxy formation as seen by JWST as well as several observed dynamic behaviors of the barionic mass of some galaxies as MW, M33, UGC12591, NGC3198, UGC2885 and NGC253 whose observations raise questions and require additional explanations that led to the likely existence of unobserved matter called DM. However, it appears that this cosmological force makes it possible to explain several observations without the use of this DM. A first conclusion was drawn, namely the much earlier formation of galaxies by the action of this cosmological force coupled with gravity (GLASS z12). In addition, the model made it possible to explain the need or not to use the concept of DM for ETGs and LTGs by the more or less early and long period of the beginning of galaxy formation over a period ranging from ~170 to 1200 [My]. Thus, the model makes it possible to explain to a large extent the observations of the dynamics of the galaxies studied. However, several questions remain.展开更多
Over the past six decades,the implementation of soil and water conservation measures has significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau,China.However,while the overall reduction is well-doc...Over the past six decades,the implementation of soil and water conservation measures has significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau,China.However,while the overall reduction is well-documented,the dynamic interplay between soil erosion potential and sediment connectivity,specifically how they spatially covary under land use/cover changes,remains insufficiently understood.To address this gap,this study established a model framework by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),index of connectivity(IC),and sediment delivery ratio(SDR)to evaluate the spatio-temporal variations in soil erosion and sediment yield in the Hantaichuan Watershed,northern Loess Plateau,China,from 1995 to 2020 and to estimate the effects of land use/cover changes and check dam construction on sediment yield.The results revealed that the soil erosion in the Hantaichuan Watershed decreased by 43.90% from 1995 to 2020 and the sediment yield decreased by 69.28% under the combination of land use/cover changes and check dam construction.The IC and soil erosion(IC-SE)map revealed both the coupling and decoupling covariation relationships between sediment connectivity and soil erosion.By 2020,areas with high connectivity and high erosion(I-E)covered only 18.67% of the watershed,while contributed more than 40.00% to the total erosion.The I-E zones were mainly located in the central part of the watershed where aeolian sands derived from the Hobq Desert are concentrated and were identified as critical areas for soil and water conservation.This study provides support for priority management of watershed conservation measures as well as a valuable reference for future studies.展开更多
Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ...Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored.In this study,radial distribution of droplet impact angles,velocities,and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler(Nelson D3000,R3000,and Komet KPT)under two operating pressures(103 and 138 kPa)and three nozzle diameters(3.97,5.95,and 7.94 mm).Furthermore,the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed,and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated.For various types of sprinkler,operating pressures,and nozzle diameters,the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler,resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses.The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase,which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet.Therefore,the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction,and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy,but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress.Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers,D3000 exhibited the largest value(26.94-3313.51 N/m^(2)),followed by R3000(33.34-2650.80 N/m^(2)),and KPT(16.15-2485.69 N/m^(2)).From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion,KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers.In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress,a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results,because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant(P<0.01)effect on the shear stress.This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.展开更多
The training set of a universal near infrared (NIR) model for quantitative analysis of a drug should cover as many samples of this drug in the market as possible. Inevitably the model may fail for new products that ha...The training set of a universal near infrared (NIR) model for quantitative analysis of a drug should cover as many samples of this drug in the market as possible. Inevitably the model may fail for new products that have different excipients and production processes. In such circumstances the model should be updated. We here propose a new strategy to iteratively update a universal NIR quantitative model for azithromycin. We prove that universal quantitative models generated from this new strategy are comparably effective for azithromycin injection powders and azithromycin tablets, compared to the strategy using hierarchical clustering method which we reported previously. Furthermore, we establish the correlation coefficient r between a new sample and the training set samples can be used to decide whether or not the model should be updated.展开更多
Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we ...Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we propose a feasible pathway to address this paramount pursuit by developing universal materials models of deep-learning density functional theory Hamiltonian(Deep H),enabling computational modeling of the complicated structure-property relationship of materials in general.By constructing a large materials database and substantially improving the Deep H method,we obtain a universal materials model of Deep H capable of handling diverse elemental compositions and material structures,achieving remarkable accuracy in predicting material properties.We further showcase a promising application of fine-tuning universal materials models for enhancing specific materials models.This work not only demonstrates the concept of Deep H's universal materials model but also lays the groundwork for developing large materials models,opening up significant opportunities for advancing artificial intelligencedriven materials discovery.展开更多
It is very important to develop a universal soil model with higher simplicity and more accuracy,which can be widely applied to very general cases such as wet or dry soil,frozen or unfrozen soil and homogeneous or hete...It is very important to develop a universal soil model with higher simplicity and more accuracy,which can be widely applied to very general cases such as wet or dry soil,frozen or unfrozen soil and homogeneous or heterogeneous soil.Firstly in this study,based on analysis of both magnitude order and the numerical simulation results,the universal and simplified soil model(USSM)coupling heat and mass transport processes is developed.Secondly,in order to avoid the greater uncertainty caused by the phase change term in numerical iteration process for the model solution obtaining,new version of the universal simplified soil model(NUSSM)is further derived through variables transformation,and accordingly a more efficient numerical scheme for the new version is designed well.The simulation results from the NUSSM agree with the results from more complicated and accurate soil model very well,also reasonably reproduce the observed data under widely real conditions.The new version model,because of its simplicity,will match for the development of land surface model.展开更多
Emotion recognition from speech is an important field of research in human computer interaction. In this letter the framework of Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) supervector is introduce...Emotion recognition from speech is an important field of research in human computer interaction. In this letter the framework of Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) supervector is introduced for emotional speech recognition. Because of the importance of variance in reflecting the distribution of speech, the normalized mean vectors potential to exploit the information from the variance are adopted to form the GMM supervector. Comparative experiments from five aspects are conducted to study their corresponding effect to system performance. The experiment results, which indicate that the influence of number of mixtures is strong as well as influence of duration is weak, provide basis for the train set selection of Universal Background Model (UBM).展开更多
Directing to the weakness of the present fixed values mapping methods （method_F）, a vocal tract system conversion method based on the universal background model （UBM） is proposed for improving the performance of t...Directing to the weakness of the present fixed values mapping methods （method_F）, a vocal tract system conversion method based on the universal background model （UBM） is proposed for improving the performance of the speech conversion system from Chinese whis- pered speech to normal speech. For the numerous components of UBM, the errors produced by the acoustical probability density statistical model can＇t be ignored. Thus an effective Gaus- sian mixture components chosen method based on the posterior probability summation of the minimum spectral distortion is developed to optimizing the system performance. The proposed method （method_U） is analyzed and compared using the performance index （PI） based on Itakura-Saito spectral distortion measure. It is shown experimentally that the performance of method_U is more stability for different speakers and different phonemes than that of method_F. The average PI of method_U is better than method_F. It is shown that by selecting effective Gaussian mixture components, the PI of method_U can be further improved 5.11%. Subjective auditory tests also show that the proposed method can improve the definition and intelligibility of conversion speech.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20575076)Chinese Universities Scientific Fund(No.2012QJ028)
文摘A near infrared universal quantitative analysis model was established to determinate the effective ingredient content in pesticide EC （hikemalisation） by the PLS （partial least squares） algorithm, the model predictive ability was evaluated by the external inspection method. The model was established among samples containing the same active ingredient from five different companies, and the model determination coefficient R2 and RMSECV （root mean square error of cross validation） were 0.9997 and 0.0223, respectively, the relative error between predicted value and chemical value of the testing set samples was between -2.71% and 3.36%, which indicated that the method to determinate the effective ingredient content in pesticide EC by the established universal model can meet the need of pesticide market monitoring.
基金Project supported by Publication Foundation of National Science and Technology Academic Books of China
文摘A universal thermodynamic model of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solution was developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory and verified in four kinds of binary aqueous solutions and two kinds of ternary aqueous solutions. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in four binary aqueous solutions and two ternary solutions at 298.15 K have good agreement with the reported activity data from literatures after shifting the standard state and concentration unit. Therefore, the calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples from the developed universal thermodynamic model for ternary and binary aqueous solutions can be applied to predict reaction ability of components in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions. It is also proved that the assumptions applied in the developed thermodynamic model are correct and reasonable, i.e., strong electrolyte aqueous solution is composed of cations and anions as simple ions, H2O as simple molecule and other hydrous salt compounds as complex molecules. The calculated mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in ternary and binary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions strictly follow the mass action law.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41972264)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LR22E080002)the Observation and Research Station of Geohazards in Zhejiang,Ministry of Natural Resources,China(Grant No.ZJDZGCZ-2021).
文摘The geometric characteristics of fractures within a rock mass can be inferred by the data sampling from boreholes or exposed surfaces.Recently,the universal elliptical disc(UED)model was developed to represent natural fractures,where the fracture is assumed to be an elliptical disc and the fracture orientation,rotation angle,length of the long axis and ratio of short-long axis lengths are considered as variables.This paper aims to estimate the fracture size-and azimuth-related parameters in the UED model based on the trace information from sampling windows.The stereological relationship between the trace length,size-and azimuth-related parameters of the UED model was established,and the formulae of the mean value and standard deviation of trace length were proposed.The proposed formulae were validated via the Monte Carlo simulations with less than 5%of error rate between the calculated and true values.With respect to the estimation of the size-and azimuth-related parameters using the trace length,an optimization method was developed based on the pre-assumed size and azimuth distribution forms.A hypothetical case study was designed to illustrate and verify the parameter estimation method,where three combinations of the sampling windows were used to estimate the parameters,and the results showed that the estimated values could agree well with the true values.Furthermore,a hypothetical three-dimensional(3D)elliptical fracture network was constructed,and the circular disc,non-UED and UED models were used to represent it.The simulated trace information from different models was compared,and the results clearly illustrated the superiority of the proposed UED model over the existing circular disc and non-UED models。
基金National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No. 2010ZX09401-403)
文摘The general strategy and method of constructing universal calibration model for levofioxacin injections by near-infrared spectroscopy have been investigated and discussed. Firstly, a constant-temperature homogeneous liquid calibration model for levofloxacin hydrochloride injections with the same composition but different active principal ingredient （API） content was established as the basic unit for universal model. Then, samples of levofloxacin hydrochloride injections containing propylene glycol or levofloxacin lactate injections were added to develop a primary constant-temperature liquid universal model. Temperature- amended final universal model was established to apply to samples under different temperatures. The final model was built from 61 calibration samples and 77 validation samples. The value of the root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECV） and coefficient of determination （r2） of leave-one-out cross-validation （LOOCV） were 0.792 and 0.9993, respectively, the root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） of test set validation （TSV） was 0.87, and the average relative deviation was 1.44%. According to the ICH guidelines, the universal calibration model was evaluated. Based on the experimental statistical results, the recommended number of calibration samples for a constant-temperature homogeneous liquid quantitative model was no less than 15.
文摘The modeling and motion control of a universal part feeder is addressed. The feeder consists of a flat plate （or called bed） and a part placed on the plate. The bed can vibrate side-by-side （in x axis）, back and forth （in y axis）, clockwise and counter clockwise （about z axis）, actuated by three linear motors （voice coils）. When the bed does these vibrations, the part placed on the plat will have position and/or orientation change due to the interaction between the two contact surfaces. By controlling the ways in which the plate vibrates, the position and orientation of the part can be controlled. The two vibration profiles of the bed are investigated in the research： the high-low vibration mode and the bang-bang vibration mode. The motion equations of the bed and the part as well as the control schemes for the high-low vibration mode are presented. Both simulation and real-time testing verify the system＇s dynamic model and indicate the feasibilities of the developed control laws.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing under Grant No. CSTC2006AB1015.
文摘Researchers in P.R.China commonly create triangulate irregular networks(TINs) from contours and then convert TINs into digital elevation models(DEMs).However,the DEM produced by this method can not precisely describe and simulate key hydrological features such as rivers and drainage borders.Taking a hilly region in southwestern China as a research area and using ArcGISTM software,we analyzed the errors of different interpolations to obtain distributions of the errors and precisions of different algorithms and to provide references for DEM productions.The results show that different interpolation errors satisfy normal distributions,and large error exists near the structure line of the terrain.Furthermore,the results also show that the precision of a DEM interpolated with the Australian National University digital elevation model(ANUDEM) is higher than that interpolated with TIN.The DEM interpolated with TIN is acceptable for generating DEMs in the hilly region of southwestern China.
基金Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)The World Academy of Science (TWAS) for providing financial support
文摘Droughts and soil erosion are among the most prominent climatic driven hazards in drylands,leading to detrimental environmental impacts,such as degraded lands,deteriorated ecosystem services and biodiversity,and increased greenhouse gas emissions.In response to the current lack of studies combining drought conditions and soil erosion processes,in this study,we developed a comprehensive Geographic Information System(GIS)-based approach to assess soil erosion and droughts,thereby revealing the relationship between soil erosion and droughts under an arid climate.The vegetation condition index(VCI)and temperature condition index(TCI)derived respectively from the enhanced vegetation index(EVI)MOD13A2 and land surface temperature(LST)MOD11A2 products were combined to generate the vegetation health index(VHI).The VHI has been conceived as an efficient tool to monitor droughts in the Negueb watershed,southeastern Tunisia.The revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model was applied to quantitatively estimate soil erosion.The relationship between soil erosion and droughts was investigated through Pearson correlation.Results exhibited that the Negueb watershed experienced recurrent mild to extreme drought during 2000–2016.The average soil erosion rate was determined to be 1.8 t/(hm2•a).The mountainous western part of the watershed was the most vulnerable not only to soil erosion but also to droughts.The slope length and steepness factor was shown to be the most significant controlling parameter driving soil erosion.The relationship between droughts and soil erosion had a positive correlation(r=0.3);however,the correlation was highly varied spatially across the watershed.Drought was linked to soil erosion in the Negueb watershed.The current study provides insight for natural disaster risk assessment,land managers,and stake-holders to apply appropriate management measures to promote sustainable development goals in fragile environments.
文摘We investigate generalized chaplygin gas for warm inflationary scenario in the context of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type I universe model.We assume two different cases of dissipative coefficient,i.e.,constant as well as function of scalar field.We construct dynamical equations as well as a relationship between scalar and radiation energy densities under slow-roll approximation.We also derive slow-roll parameters,scalar and tensor power spectra,scalar spectral index,tensor to scalar ratio for analyzing inflationary background during high dissipative regime.We also use the WMAP7 data for the discussion of our parameters.
文摘The article considers a conceptual universe model as a periodic lattice (network) with nodes defined by the wave function in a background-independent Hamiltonian based on their relations and interactions. This model gives rise to energy bands, similar to those in semiconductor solid-state models. In this context, valence band holes are described as dark matter particles with a heavy effective mass. The conducting band, with a spontaneously symmetry-breaking energy profile, contains particles with several times lighter effective mass, which can represent luminous matter. Some possible analogies with solid-state physics, such as the comparison between dark and luminous matter, are discussed. Additionally, tiny dark energy, as intrinsic lattice Casimir energy, is calculated for a lattice with a large number of lattice nodes.
文摘Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.
文摘In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H<sub>0</sub>. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.
文摘A model of the universe (preprint 2019), based on a quantum approach to the evolution of space-time as well as on an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms, has made it possible to estimate a large number of parameters relating to the universe and in particular the estimation of a colossal phantom energy E<sub>Λ</sub> represented by the existence of a hidden photon ŷpresent everywhere. This energy undergoes dilution in H<sup>4</sup> due to expansion of the universe. In order to introduce the effects of this energy on the curvature of space-time, we chose to express it by the cosmological constant Λ in the equation of the GR via the element tensor T<sup>00</sup>. This positive energy E<sub>Λ</sub> which acts as additional effect to gravity and we have expressed this energy in the form of an equation which expresses a so-called cosmological force F<sub>Λ</sub>. We estimated that this photon or hidden particle of spin 1 has an energy ~1 [meV] at our cosmic position t<sub>0</sub> which makes it an ultra-light axion ULA. Subsequently, with the action of this augmented force, especially in the first 400 [My] we were able to explain, in part, the rapid development of galaxy formation as seen by JWST as well as several observed dynamic behaviors of the barionic mass of some galaxies as MW, M33, UGC12591, NGC3198, UGC2885 and NGC253 whose observations raise questions and require additional explanations that led to the likely existence of unobserved matter called DM. However, it appears that this cosmological force makes it possible to explain several observations without the use of this DM. A first conclusion was drawn, namely the much earlier formation of galaxies by the action of this cosmological force coupled with gravity (GLASS z12). In addition, the model made it possible to explain the need or not to use the concept of DM for ETGs and LTGs by the more or less early and long period of the beginning of galaxy formation over a period ranging from ~170 to 1200 [My]. Thus, the model makes it possible to explain to a large extent the observations of the dynamics of the galaxies studied. However, several questions remain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077076, 42177323)the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaYellow River Water Science Research Joint Fund (U2243211)。
文摘Over the past six decades,the implementation of soil and water conservation measures has significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield on the Loess Plateau,China.However,while the overall reduction is well-documented,the dynamic interplay between soil erosion potential and sediment connectivity,specifically how they spatially covary under land use/cover changes,remains insufficiently understood.To address this gap,this study established a model framework by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),index of connectivity(IC),and sediment delivery ratio(SDR)to evaluate the spatio-temporal variations in soil erosion and sediment yield in the Hantaichuan Watershed,northern Loess Plateau,China,from 1995 to 2020 and to estimate the effects of land use/cover changes and check dam construction on sediment yield.The results revealed that the soil erosion in the Hantaichuan Watershed decreased by 43.90% from 1995 to 2020 and the sediment yield decreased by 69.28% under the combination of land use/cover changes and check dam construction.The IC and soil erosion(IC-SE)map revealed both the coupling and decoupling covariation relationships between sediment connectivity and soil erosion.By 2020,areas with high connectivity and high erosion(I-E)covered only 18.67% of the watershed,while contributed more than 40.00% to the total erosion.The I-E zones were mainly located in the central part of the watershed where aeolian sands derived from the Hobq Desert are concentrated and were identified as critical areas for soil and water conservation.This study provides support for priority management of watershed conservation measures as well as a valuable reference for future studies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51939005)the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei Province,China(21327002D)+2 种基金the Hebei Forage Industry Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(HBCT2018160202)the Regional Collaborative Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China(2021E02056)the China Agriculture Research System of Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(CARS-34).
文摘Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy,and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored.In this study,radial distribution of droplet impact angles,velocities,and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler(Nelson D3000,R3000,and Komet KPT)under two operating pressures(103 and 138 kPa)and three nozzle diameters(3.97,5.95,and 7.94 mm).Furthermore,the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed,and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated.For various types of sprinkler,operating pressures,and nozzle diameters,the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler,resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses.The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase,which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet.Therefore,the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction,and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy,but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress.Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers,D3000 exhibited the largest value(26.94-3313.51 N/m^(2)),followed by R3000(33.34-2650.80 N/m^(2)),and KPT(16.15-2485.69 N/m^(2)).From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion,KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers.In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress,a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results,because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant(P<0.01)effect on the shear stress.This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.
文摘The training set of a universal near infrared (NIR) model for quantitative analysis of a drug should cover as many samples of this drug in the market as possible. Inevitably the model may fail for new products that have different excipients and production processes. In such circumstances the model should be updated. We here propose a new strategy to iteratively update a universal NIR quantitative model for azithromycin. We prove that universal quantitative models generated from this new strategy are comparably effective for azithromycin injection powders and azithromycin tablets, compared to the strategy using hierarchical clustering method which we reported previously. Furthermore, we establish the correlation coefficient r between a new sample and the training set samples can be used to decide whether or not the model should be updated.
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52388201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12334003)+4 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(12025405)the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China(2023YFA1406400)the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Future Chip(ICFC)the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineeringfunded by the Shuimu Tsinghua Scholar program。
文摘Realizing large materials models has emerged as a critical endeavor for materials research in the new era of artificial intelligence,but how to achieve this fantastic and challenging objective remains elusive.Here,we propose a feasible pathway to address this paramount pursuit by developing universal materials models of deep-learning density functional theory Hamiltonian(Deep H),enabling computational modeling of the complicated structure-property relationship of materials in general.By constructing a large materials database and substantially improving the Deep H method,we obtain a universal materials model of Deep H capable of handling diverse elemental compositions and material structures,achieving remarkable accuracy in predicting material properties.We further showcase a promising application of fine-tuning universal materials models for enhancing specific materials models.This work not only demonstrates the concept of Deep H's universal materials model but also lays the groundwork for developing large materials models,opening up significant opportunities for advancing artificial intelligencedriven materials discovery.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40575043 and 40233034)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX3-SW-229)
文摘It is very important to develop a universal soil model with higher simplicity and more accuracy,which can be widely applied to very general cases such as wet or dry soil,frozen or unfrozen soil and homogeneous or heterogeneous soil.Firstly in this study,based on analysis of both magnitude order and the numerical simulation results,the universal and simplified soil model(USSM)coupling heat and mass transport processes is developed.Secondly,in order to avoid the greater uncertainty caused by the phase change term in numerical iteration process for the model solution obtaining,new version of the universal simplified soil model(NUSSM)is further derived through variables transformation,and accordingly a more efficient numerical scheme for the new version is designed well.The simulation results from the NUSSM agree with the results from more complicated and accurate soil model very well,also reasonably reproduce the observed data under widely real conditions.The new version model,because of its simplicity,will match for the development of land surface model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61105076)Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province of China (No. 11040606M127) as well as Key ScientificTechnological Project of Anhui Province (No. 11010202192)
文摘Emotion recognition from speech is an important field of research in human computer interaction. In this letter the framework of Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) supervector is introduced for emotional speech recognition. Because of the importance of variance in reflecting the distribution of speech, the normalized mean vectors potential to exploit the information from the variance are adopted to form the GMM supervector. Comparative experiments from five aspects are conducted to study their corresponding effect to system performance. The experiment results, which indicate that the influence of number of mixtures is strong as well as influence of duration is weak, provide basis for the train set selection of Universal Background Model (UBM).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61071215)the Science and Technology Foundation of Suzhou(SYG201033)the Pre-research Foundation of Soochow University(Q311901111,14317399)
文摘Directing to the weakness of the present fixed values mapping methods （method_F）, a vocal tract system conversion method based on the universal background model （UBM） is proposed for improving the performance of the speech conversion system from Chinese whis- pered speech to normal speech. For the numerous components of UBM, the errors produced by the acoustical probability density statistical model can＇t be ignored. Thus an effective Gaus- sian mixture components chosen method based on the posterior probability summation of the minimum spectral distortion is developed to optimizing the system performance. The proposed method （method_U） is analyzed and compared using the performance index （PI） based on Itakura-Saito spectral distortion measure. It is shown experimentally that the performance of method_U is more stability for different speakers and different phonemes than that of method_F. The average PI of method_U is better than method_F. It is shown that by selecting effective Gaussian mixture components, the PI of method_U can be further improved 5.11%. Subjective auditory tests also show that the proposed method can improve the definition and intelligibility of conversion speech.
