A bis-Fe(Ⅲ)-μ-oxo-porphyrin dimer,where a rigid ethene linker covalently connects the two porphyrin units,has been exploited to investigate the effect of intermacrocyclic interactions and spin coupling upon stepwise...A bis-Fe(Ⅲ)-μ-oxo-porphyrin dimer,where a rigid ethene linker covalently connects the two porphyrin units,has been exploited to investigate the effect of intermacrocyclic interactions and spin coupling upon stepwise oxidations.The complex possesses a bent Fe-O-Fe unit bringing two porphyrin macrocycles into close vicinity,which results in strong intermacrocyclic interactions between them.Here,the two high-spin iron(Ⅲ)centres undergo strong anti-ferromagnetic coupling via the oxo-bridge(J_(Fe-Fe)),resulting in a large upfield shift of the protons in the diamagnetic region of its ^(1)H NMR spectrum.1e^(−)-oxidation produces a porphyrin π-cation radical that displays a well-resolved ^(1)H NMR spectrum with large isotropic shifts of the downfield-shifted methylene protons,indicative of much weaker anti-ferromagnetic coupling via the oxo bridge.As observed in the X-ray structure of the complex,1e^(−)-oxidation brings two porphyrin macrocycles much closer to each other.This results in a remarkably bent Fe-O-Fe unit that causes the porphyrin cores to become much more distorted due to stronger intermacrocyclic interactions between them.In addition,the Fe-N_(por) and Fe-O distances are also significantly decreased and increased,respectively,in the 1e^(−)-oxidized complex as compared with the unoxidized one,causing a significant decrease in the J_(Fe-Fe) value.The di-cation di-radical complex that results from 2e^(−)-oxidation,on the other hand,exhibits a weakly paramagnetic nature with significant upfield shifts of the methylene proton signals as well as smaller isotropic shifts than its 1e^(−)-oxidized complex.This suggests that the former has a much stronger anti-ferromagnetic coupling(J_(Fe-Fe))via the oxo group compared to the 1e^(−)-oxidized complex.Most interestingly,the ^(1)H NMR chemical shift of the methylene protons of the 1e^(−)-and 2e^(−)-oxidized complexes behave completely differently upon varying the temperature and follow Curie and anti-Curie behavior,respectively,which has been rationalized by considering the thermal population of the ground and excited states at the recorded temperatures.Variable temperature magnetic investigation in the solid state indicated antiferromagnetic coupling between the iron centres through the oxo bridge,which follows the order(J_(Fe-Fe)):oxo-bridged dimer(−130.4 cm^(−1))>2e^(−)-oxidized complex(−116.1 cm^(−1))≫1e^(−)-oxidized complex(−37.8 cm^(−1)).On the other hand,the spin couplings between unpaired iron spin with porphyrinπ-cation radical(JFe-r)are also antiferromagnetic but with relatively smaller values with an order:2e^(−)-oxidized complex(−27.2 cm^(−1))>1e^(−)-oxidized complex(−16.5 cm^(−1)).The DFT calculations not only reproduce the experimental J values very well but also provide an insight that suggests both the Fe-O-Fe angle and the Fe-O distances determine the overall J value while the bridging ethylene linker promotes ferromagnetic coupling.展开更多
The phototoxicity in cancer cells of three series of octahedral Ir(III)complexes of the general formula[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6],where the N^N ligand is dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine(dppz)and the C^N ligands are depro...The phototoxicity in cancer cells of three series of octahedral Ir(III)complexes of the general formula[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6],where the N^N ligand is dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine(dppz)and the C^N ligands are deprotonated 2-phenyl-,2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-or 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-benzimidazole derivatives(series 1,2 and 3,respectively)with different substituents(H,methyl or 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)on the imidazole units,has been studied.The 1-methyl benzimidazole compounds 2b and 3b were found to be the most photoactive in model human cervical cancer HeLa cells(IC50 about 20 nM under irradiation conditions,λexc=420 nm),inducing a substantial formation of apoptotic bodies as shown by flow cytometry,whereas the 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl derivatives 1c–3c showed the highest phototoxic indexes of the three series.Notably,the antiproliferative activity of the photoactivated Ir(Ⅲ)compounds was also significant under hypoxic conditions(2%O_(2)).Fluorescence confocal microscopy investigation for 1c,2c and 3c was undertaken,showing a significant subcellular localization of 3c in mitochondria,whereas 1c and 2c were located preferentially in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER).Further investigations on series 3 compounds using CellRox®(oxidative stress deep red reagent)have shown,after pretreatment with Tiron,that molecular superoxide radical(O_(2)^(·−))generation is mainly responsible for the oxidative stress induced by irradiation of the cells treated with the 2-(thiophen-2-yl)benzimidazole derivatives 3a–c.The photopotentiation of 3a and 3c also involves the formation of singlet oxygen(1O_(2)),but this does not occur with 3b,due to pretreatment with sodium azide.The ROS generation was also studied by standard droethidium(DHE)and singlet oxygen sensor green(SOSG)staining assays under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.The results showed that in tumor HeLa cells,the generation of superoxide radicals competed with singlet oxygen production in cells in normoxia,but became dominant under hypoxia.展开更多
基金the Science and Engineering Research Board(SERB),India,SERB-STARCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi for financial support+3 种基金SERB for giving him the Science and Technology Award for Research(SERB-STAR)SERB(SB/SJF/2019-20/12CRG/2022/001697)for fundingDST-INSPIRE,CSIR,and IIT Kanpur,respectively,for their fellowships.
文摘A bis-Fe(Ⅲ)-μ-oxo-porphyrin dimer,where a rigid ethene linker covalently connects the two porphyrin units,has been exploited to investigate the effect of intermacrocyclic interactions and spin coupling upon stepwise oxidations.The complex possesses a bent Fe-O-Fe unit bringing two porphyrin macrocycles into close vicinity,which results in strong intermacrocyclic interactions between them.Here,the two high-spin iron(Ⅲ)centres undergo strong anti-ferromagnetic coupling via the oxo-bridge(J_(Fe-Fe)),resulting in a large upfield shift of the protons in the diamagnetic region of its ^(1)H NMR spectrum.1e^(−)-oxidation produces a porphyrin π-cation radical that displays a well-resolved ^(1)H NMR spectrum with large isotropic shifts of the downfield-shifted methylene protons,indicative of much weaker anti-ferromagnetic coupling via the oxo bridge.As observed in the X-ray structure of the complex,1e^(−)-oxidation brings two porphyrin macrocycles much closer to each other.This results in a remarkably bent Fe-O-Fe unit that causes the porphyrin cores to become much more distorted due to stronger intermacrocyclic interactions between them.In addition,the Fe-N_(por) and Fe-O distances are also significantly decreased and increased,respectively,in the 1e^(−)-oxidized complex as compared with the unoxidized one,causing a significant decrease in the J_(Fe-Fe) value.The di-cation di-radical complex that results from 2e^(−)-oxidation,on the other hand,exhibits a weakly paramagnetic nature with significant upfield shifts of the methylene proton signals as well as smaller isotropic shifts than its 1e^(−)-oxidized complex.This suggests that the former has a much stronger anti-ferromagnetic coupling(J_(Fe-Fe))via the oxo group compared to the 1e^(−)-oxidized complex.Most interestingly,the ^(1)H NMR chemical shift of the methylene protons of the 1e^(−)-and 2e^(−)-oxidized complexes behave completely differently upon varying the temperature and follow Curie and anti-Curie behavior,respectively,which has been rationalized by considering the thermal population of the ground and excited states at the recorded temperatures.Variable temperature magnetic investigation in the solid state indicated antiferromagnetic coupling between the iron centres through the oxo bridge,which follows the order(J_(Fe-Fe)):oxo-bridged dimer(−130.4 cm^(−1))>2e^(−)-oxidized complex(−116.1 cm^(−1))≫1e^(−)-oxidized complex(−37.8 cm^(−1)).On the other hand,the spin couplings between unpaired iron spin with porphyrinπ-cation radical(JFe-r)are also antiferromagnetic but with relatively smaller values with an order:2e^(−)-oxidized complex(−27.2 cm^(−1))>1e^(−)-oxidized complex(−16.5 cm^(−1)).The DFT calculations not only reproduce the experimental J values very well but also provide an insight that suggests both the Fe-O-Fe angle and the Fe-O distances determine the overall J value while the bridging ethylene linker promotes ferromagnetic coupling.
基金supported by the Czech Science Foundation(Grant 17–05302S)Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic(Grant LTC17003)+1 种基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER funds(Project CTQ2015-64319-R and RTI2018-096891-B-I00)the University of Murcia for a grant(R-1034/2016).
文摘The phototoxicity in cancer cells of three series of octahedral Ir(III)complexes of the general formula[Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6],where the N^N ligand is dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine(dppz)and the C^N ligands are deprotonated 2-phenyl-,2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-or 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-benzimidazole derivatives(series 1,2 and 3,respectively)with different substituents(H,methyl or 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)on the imidazole units,has been studied.The 1-methyl benzimidazole compounds 2b and 3b were found to be the most photoactive in model human cervical cancer HeLa cells(IC50 about 20 nM under irradiation conditions,λexc=420 nm),inducing a substantial formation of apoptotic bodies as shown by flow cytometry,whereas the 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl derivatives 1c–3c showed the highest phototoxic indexes of the three series.Notably,the antiproliferative activity of the photoactivated Ir(Ⅲ)compounds was also significant under hypoxic conditions(2%O_(2)).Fluorescence confocal microscopy investigation for 1c,2c and 3c was undertaken,showing a significant subcellular localization of 3c in mitochondria,whereas 1c and 2c were located preferentially in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER).Further investigations on series 3 compounds using CellRox®(oxidative stress deep red reagent)have shown,after pretreatment with Tiron,that molecular superoxide radical(O_(2)^(·−))generation is mainly responsible for the oxidative stress induced by irradiation of the cells treated with the 2-(thiophen-2-yl)benzimidazole derivatives 3a–c.The photopotentiation of 3a and 3c also involves the formation of singlet oxygen(1O_(2)),but this does not occur with 3b,due to pretreatment with sodium azide.The ROS generation was also studied by standard droethidium(DHE)and singlet oxygen sensor green(SOSG)staining assays under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.The results showed that in tumor HeLa cells,the generation of superoxide radicals competed with singlet oxygen production in cells in normoxia,but became dominant under hypoxia.
