Research has been done on the effects of text familiarity on reading comprehension. It has been shown that there is no relationship between familiarity with the content of a passage and better comprehension of that pa...Research has been done on the effects of text familiarity on reading comprehension. It has been shown that there is no relationship between familiarity with the content of a passage and better comprehension of that passage through reading it. More specifically, it has been indicated that students perform better on a passage with an unfamiliar content （Carrel, 1983）. This study focuses on the effect of text familiarity on summary writing skill of foreign language students. In order to achieve this goal, 60 male and female students participated in this study. Four passages were selected from among reading comprehension TOEFL （Test of English as a Foreign Language） texts Two passages were familiar and the other two were unfamiliar. They were given to students for summary writing Through the processes of test administration, each subject was tested on four passages. The subjects performed better on the passage with unfamiliar content.展开更多
Familiar and unfamiliar drivers may exhibit different behaviours in response to the road environment.Overall familiarity with the road environment is a human factor believed to play a role in road crash injury severit...Familiar and unfamiliar drivers may exhibit different behaviours in response to the road environment.Overall familiarity with the road environment is a human factor believed to play a role in road crash injury severity due to its effect on a driver’s decision-making process,reaction time,etc.Hence,there is a need to separately analyse familiar and unfa miliar drivers regarding the injury severity of crashes.Using a six-year database of 30,481 rural two-vehicle crashes in Guilan province,Iran,this research first defined four categories of crashes,reflecting various levels of the involved drivers’familiarity with the environ ment(72%of drivers were from the same vs.28%from a different province).Next,the injury severity of crashes in each familiarity crash category was analysed using both non-parametric(classification and regression trees)and parametric(logistic regression)methods.When both crash parties were unfamiliar,several results are different compared to whenboth parties were familiar or when ignoring driver familiarity.For instance,young at-fault drivers increased the injury severity of crashes if they were unfamiliar,while they decreased the crash severity if they were familiar.Also,crashes in winter tended to be more severe when one or especially both crash parties were unfamiliar,but winter crashes were less severe when both drivers were familiar or when driver familiarity was ignored.Overall,when both drivers were familiar,63%of crashes were injury/fatal;however,when both drivers were unfamiliar,only 31%of crashes involved an injury or fatality.展开更多
文摘Research has been done on the effects of text familiarity on reading comprehension. It has been shown that there is no relationship between familiarity with the content of a passage and better comprehension of that passage through reading it. More specifically, it has been indicated that students perform better on a passage with an unfamiliar content （Carrel, 1983）. This study focuses on the effect of text familiarity on summary writing skill of foreign language students. In order to achieve this goal, 60 male and female students participated in this study. Four passages were selected from among reading comprehension TOEFL （Test of English as a Foreign Language） texts Two passages were familiar and the other two were unfamiliar. They were given to students for summary writing Through the processes of test administration, each subject was tested on four passages. The subjects performed better on the passage with unfamiliar content.
文摘Familiar and unfamiliar drivers may exhibit different behaviours in response to the road environment.Overall familiarity with the road environment is a human factor believed to play a role in road crash injury severity due to its effect on a driver’s decision-making process,reaction time,etc.Hence,there is a need to separately analyse familiar and unfa miliar drivers regarding the injury severity of crashes.Using a six-year database of 30,481 rural two-vehicle crashes in Guilan province,Iran,this research first defined four categories of crashes,reflecting various levels of the involved drivers’familiarity with the environ ment(72%of drivers were from the same vs.28%from a different province).Next,the injury severity of crashes in each familiarity crash category was analysed using both non-parametric(classification and regression trees)and parametric(logistic regression)methods.When both crash parties were unfamiliar,several results are different compared to whenboth parties were familiar or when ignoring driver familiarity.For instance,young at-fault drivers increased the injury severity of crashes if they were unfamiliar,while they decreased the crash severity if they were familiar.Also,crashes in winter tended to be more severe when one or especially both crash parties were unfamiliar,but winter crashes were less severe when both drivers were familiar or when driver familiarity was ignored.Overall,when both drivers were familiar,63%of crashes were injury/fatal;however,when both drivers were unfamiliar,only 31%of crashes involved an injury or fatality.
