Typhoid fever remains a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation.The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella...Typhoid fever remains a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation.The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi highlights the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies.Medicinal plants represent a promising avenue for addressing this crisis,as their bioactive compounds exhibit potent antibacterial properties.According to the World Health Organization,over 20,000 medicinal plant species have been identified as valuable resources for drug discovery,with more than 1,340 demonstrating antimicrobial activity and over 30,000 antimicrobial compounds isolated.Through an extensive review,key phytochemicals with anti-typhoid properties were identified,along with their mechanisms of action and supporting evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies.This review compiles data on plants with demonstrated anti-typhoid activity,highlights challenges such as standardization,regulatory frameworks,and integration into modern healthcare,and explores the role of omics technologies in advancing the discovery of novel plant-based antimicrobial agents.By discussing potential medicinal plant targets and intervention strategies,this work lays the groundwork for future research into plant-derived anti-infective therapies and contributes to the global effort to combat the growing threat of typhoid fever,particularly in resource-limited settings.展开更多
In this paper,a reliable stochastic numerical analysis for typhoid fever incorporating with protection against infection has been considered.We have compared the solutions of stochastic and deterministic typhoid fever...In this paper,a reliable stochastic numerical analysis for typhoid fever incorporating with protection against infection has been considered.We have compared the solutions of stochastic and deterministic typhoid fever model.It has been shown that the stochastic typhoid fever model is more realistic as compared to the deterministic typhoid fever model.The effect of threshold number T*hold in stochastic typhoid fever model.The proposed framework of the stochastic non-standard finite difference scheme(SNSFD)preserves all dynamical properties like positivity,bounded-ness and dynamical consistency defined by Mickens,R.E.The stochastic numerical simulation of the model showed that increase in protection leads to low disease prevalence in a population.展开更多
AIM:To represent our clinical experience in the treatment of intestinal perforation arising from typhoid fever.METHODS:The records of 22 surgically-treated patients with typhoid intestinal perforation were evaluated r...AIM:To represent our clinical experience in the treatment of intestinal perforation arising from typhoid fever.METHODS:The records of 22 surgically-treated patients with typhoid intestinal perforation were evaluated retrospectively.RESULTS:There were 18 males and 4 females,mean age 37 years(range,8-64 years).Presenting symptoms were fever,abdominal pain,diarrhea or constipation.Sixteen cases were subjected to segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,while 3 cases received 2-layered primary repair following debridement,one case with multiple perforations received 2-layered primary repair and end ileostomy,one case received segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis followed by an end ileostomy,and one case received segmental resection and end ileostomy with mucous fistula operation.Postoperative morbidity was seen in 5 cases and mortality was found in one case.CONCLUSION:Intestinal perforation resulting from Salmonella typhi is an important health problem in Eastern and Southeastern Turkey.In management of this illness,early and appropriate surgical intervention is vital.展开更多
Rationale:Salmonella is a common etiological agent behind the tropical fever syndrome in the Indian subcontinent.Its prevalence in India remains high due to a lack of proper sanitation services in large parts of the c...Rationale:Salmonella is a common etiological agent behind the tropical fever syndrome in the Indian subcontinent.Its prevalence in India remains high due to a lack of proper sanitation services in large parts of the country.Its neuropsychiatric manifestations is rare and the understanding on their pathophysiology is still poor.Patient concerns:A 19-year-old male,presented with a 10-day history of altered mental status,high-grade fever and violent behaviour.2 Days prior to admission,he developed decreased responsiveness and a muttering delirium with self-talking.Diagnosis:Coma vigil secondary to salmonellosis.Interventions:Intravenous ceftriaxone and dexamethasone.Outcomes:The resolution of the coma vigil and the associated Salmonella infection were observed;however,the patient developed residual mutism.Lessons:The atypical presentation of a globally obtunded state followed by mutism in typhoid coma in this case should be brought to the attention of clinicians worldwide.Additionally,the enduring speech limitations and potential psychiatric consequences may be linked to the prolonged duration of the infection.展开更多
Splenic abscesses are increasingly being identified,possibly due to widespread use of imaging modalities in clinical practice.The commonest clinical features are high grade fever and exclusively localised left upper q...Splenic abscesses are increasingly being identified,possibly due to widespread use of imaging modalities in clinical practice.The commonest clinical features are high grade fever and exclusively localised left upper quadrant abdominal pain.These symptoms are similar to most infectious diseases prevalent in the tropics,making imaging by ultrasonography or computer tomography a necessity in the diagnosis.There are reports from different geographic areas on splenic abscesses associated with typhoid fever.We reported ruptured splenic abscess presenting with peritonitis as a rare and grave complication of typhoid fever.展开更多
We present this rare occurrence of a 17 yr old boy,a known case of congenital hypoparathyroidism, who presented with fever and jaundice for 8 days and 2 episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures.Premorbidly patien...We present this rare occurrence of a 17 yr old boy,a known case of congenital hypoparathyroidism, who presented with fever and jaundice for 8 days and 2 episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures.Premorbidly patient was on regular oral calcium supplementations with normal serum calcium levels.Investigations revealed severe hypocalcaemia(3.2 mg/dL),low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypomagnesacmia.The marked elevation of serum bilirubin was accompanied by derangement of liver enzymes.Microbiological investigations were confirmatory for both hepatitis A and typhoid fever.In spite of the aggressive management with intravenous calcium gluconate infusion,refractory hypocalcaemia persisted with recovery only after gradual decline in the bilirubin levels.We inferred that the cholestatic process produced by both acute viral hepatitis A and typhoid fever precipitated this state of refractory hypocalcaemia in the previously well preserved patient.展开更多
Splenic abscess is an uncommon clinical presentation in surgical practice,associated with high morbidity and mortality.Mortality may be 100%if left untreated.Splenic abscess is also rarely encountered as a complicatio...Splenic abscess is an uncommon clinical presentation in surgical practice,associated with high morbidity and mortality.Mortality may be 100%if left untreated.Splenic abscess is also rarely encountered as a complication of typhoid fever.We present here a case of multiple splenic abscesses with neuropsychiatric complications due to typhoid fever,which was managed successfully with splenectomy and other supportive therapies.Another case of single splenic abscess due to enteric fever was treated successfully with CT-guided aspiration and appropriate antibiotics.Being a rare entity in clinical practice,splenic abscess has been poorly studied.Haemalogenous seeding of the spleen due to typhoid is a common cause of splenic abscess in the tropical countries.In multiple or multiloeulated abscesses aspiration usually does not succeed,which happened in our case.Splenectomy remains the definitive choice of treatment.However,Ultra sonography(USG) or CT-guided aspiration may be tried in selective cases.展开更多
Objective:To discuss the prevalence,clinical and laboratory presentations of relapse typhoid fever.Methods:All relapse cases were reviewed to identify the clinical and laboratory presentation of the relapse typhoid fe...Objective:To discuss the prevalence,clinical and laboratory presentations of relapse typhoid fever.Methods:All relapse cases were reviewed to identify the clinical and laboratory presentation of the relapse typhoid fever.Results:Two hundred and forty six patients were admitted to a teaching tertiary hospital in North-eastern state of Malaysia and fourteen(5.69%) relapse cases were identified.The duration of relapse after the patient was discharged was(25.0±9.9) d.The patients presented with fever,diarrhoea,headache,abdominal pain and constipation. The duration of fever before admission in the initial episode[(8.6±4.2) d]was significantly longer than the relapse episode[(5.0±2.5) d](P=0.019).Four patients have hepatomegaly in initial episode and ten in relapse episode(P=0.852).The defervescence days of initial episodes was (3.2±2.2) d,comparing to relapse episode[(2.0±1.8) d]which was statistically not significant (P=0.124).Conclusion:Assumption of the relapse typhoid fever is milder comparing to original episodes based on observation and is not supported by statistical analysis.展开更多
Purpose: The study was conducted to survey the knowledge and behavioural practices of food handlers in bukas (a type of local restaurant) in Nigeria with the aim of assessing the hygiene practices of food handlers and...Purpose: The study was conducted to survey the knowledge and behavioural practices of food handlers in bukas (a type of local restaurant) in Nigeria with the aim of assessing the hygiene practices of food handlers and whether they were knowledgeable about typhoid fever and its mode of transmission. Methods: One hundred and seventy four (174) Respondents were ad- ministered questionnaires on their sociode- mographic characteristics, behavioural practices and knowledge of typhoid fever. Results: Ma- jority of the food handlers drank pure water (32.1%), borehole water (32.6%) and public tap water (31.1%) at the about the same frequecy. More than half (62.2%) washed their hands with water only before eating while 27.7% did not wash their hands always before preparing food. After using toilets, 71.9% washed their hands with soap and water while 28.1% washed their hands with only water. When asked if they had heard about typhoid fever 90% said they had heard, out of which15.6% did not know how it was contracted while the others had partial knowledge. Conclusion: Food handlers play a prominent role in the transmission of typhoid fever and so it is important that the food handlers are well informed about their hygiene status and the causes of typhoid fever trans- mission and ways by which typhoid fever spread is prevented. This will go a long way to help reduce the incidence of typhoid fever in the country.展开更多
Ciprofloxacin is currently the drug of choice for typhoid fever, but Salmonella typhi resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing, while levofloxacin has been shown to be very effective in a few open studies. This study...Ciprofloxacin is currently the drug of choice for typhoid fever, but Salmonella typhi resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing, while levofloxacin has been shown to be very effective in a few open studies. This study aimed to compare the efficacy, and safety of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin for typhoid fever. From 110 patients with confirmed typhoid fever, 54 patients received oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily with one drop out, while 56 received ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 7 days with two drop outs. Defervescence of fever was achieved on an average of 3 days after initiating levofloxacin and 5 days after starting ciprofloxacin and one microbiologically non confirmed typhoid fever relapse occurred in the levofloxacin group while two relapses with positive Salmonella microorganism occurred in the ciprofloxacin group. No carrier of Salmonella typhi was found in both groups at day 30. Adverse reactions were more pronounced in the ciprofloxacin group compared to the levofloxacin group. In conclusion, oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for one week showed faster fever clearance compared to ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily in typhoid fever in Indonesia, and less adverse reactions occurred with levofloxacin compared to ciprofloxacin. This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper (title, text, heads, etc.) are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document.展开更多
Background and Study Aim: Typhoid (Enteric) fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. It is endemic in the developing countries including Egypt. Different diagnostic tools can ...Background and Study Aim: Typhoid (Enteric) fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. It is endemic in the developing countries including Egypt. Different diagnostic tools can achieve diagnosis and include cultures from the blood, stool, bone marrow, rarely urine for isolation of the organism. Antibody detection by Widal test and relatively recent typhoid are also used. The current study aimed at comparing the most commonly used antibody detection Widal test with the rapid antibody detection typhidot for diagnosis of typhoid fever among Egyptian adults. Patients and Methods: The study included 140 patients who are presented with picture suggestive of typhoid fever. Confirmed cases after the blood culture were included in the final analysis. Widal and typhidot tests were performed in all patients and were compared for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy. Results: 45 patients out of 140 were diagnosed as typhoid fever by blood culture. Out of them, Widal test was positive in 39 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 86.7%, 89.5%, 79.5%, 93.4% and 88.5% respectively. Typhidot test was positive in 42 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 93.3%, 90.6%, 82.3%, 96.6%, and 91.4% respectively (P = 0.00). Conclusions: Typhidot test is reliable, simple highly sensitive and specific test in diagnosing typhoid fever when compared with Widal test.展开更多
Enteric fever is widely prevalent in the tropics. Central nervous system involvement is not rare and reported incidence varies from 5% to 35% [1]. Various well-known neuropsychiatric manifestations include confusional...Enteric fever is widely prevalent in the tropics. Central nervous system involvement is not rare and reported incidence varies from 5% to 35% [1]. Various well-known neuropsychiatric manifestations include confusional state, encephalopathy, meningism, convulsions and focal neurological deficits. Acute cerebellar ataxia as an isolated neurological complication of enteric fever is very rare and limited to only a few case reports [2]. Here we report a case of enteric fever who presents Acute Cerebellar Ataxia.展开更多
A comprehensive mathematical framework modelling transmission dynamics of typhoid fever exists for Far North Cameroon where unsanitary conditions significantly exacerbate Salmonella Typhi spread rapidly.Analysis incor...A comprehensive mathematical framework modelling transmission dynamics of typhoid fever exists for Far North Cameroon where unsanitary conditions significantly exacerbate Salmonella Typhi spread rapidly.Analysis incorporates a deterministic model rooted in ordinary differential equations and a stochastic methodology factoring in uncertainties somewhat randomly.Dual modelling strategy highlights dominant role of water-related factors and climatic variables in shaping epidemic trajectory quite significantly over time.Seasonal disease pattern exhibits two pronounced incidence peaks in April-May and July-August corresponding respectively to drinking water scarcity periods and increased surface runoff facilitating pathogen dissemination.Advanced Bayesian techniques particularly Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm and variational inference enable estimation of key epidemiological parameters accurately with Markov processes.Analysis reveals that the basic reproduction number exceeds epidemic threshold during critical periods remarkably often under certain conditions.Simulations of multiple scenarios pretty effectively demonstrate efficacy of targeted control measures like vaccination programs and public awareness crusades nationwide.Such interventions drastically curtail transmission rates and stabilise epidemic trends somewhat effectively meanwhile.Findings contribute valuable insights into epidemiological dynamics of typhoid fever amidst climate variability and offer a robust foundation for public health risk management strategies.Strategic integration of real-time epidemiological data and water-quality surveillance systems holds great promise for enhancing sustainable control of this nasty waterborne disease.展开更多
Background Typhoid/paratyphoid fever （TPF） is endemic in Guizhou.We conducted wavelet analysis and Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis to explore the impact of meteorological variations on TPF infection in Guizhou...Background Typhoid/paratyphoid fever （TPF） is endemic in Guizhou.We conducted wavelet analysis and Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis to explore the impact of meteorological variations on TPF infection in Guizhou,in an attempt to assess the risk factors associated with TPF epidemics.Methods We examined the association between TPF incidence in Guizhou and temperature,precipitation and relative humidity using 24 years of data from 1984 to 2007.Periodicities of TPF incidence and the impact of climate factors on the TPF were detected by Spearman＇s rank correlation and wavelet analysis,Results Temperature and precipitation with a 1-month lag were positively correlated with the monthly incidence of TPF.The multiyear incidence pattern of TPF in Guizhou was explicitly periodic.Moreover,the association and driving effect of precipitation on TPF were observed,and the results showed that the incidence of TPF in Guizhou had a closer correlation with precipitation than with temperature.Conclusions Safe water supply is the key issue for TPF control in Guizhou.Moreover,climate variation might impact the enteric infections,which may inform policy assessment for TPF control in Guizhou.展开更多
Background Certain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens,including syphilis,gonorrhea,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,leprosy,and tuberculosis.These diseases signifi...Background Certain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens,including syphilis,gonorrhea,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,leprosy,and tuberculosis.These diseases significantly impact global health,contributing heavily to the disease burden.The study aims to thoroughly evaluate the global burden of syphilis,gonorrhea,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,and leprosy.Methods Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study 2021,age-specific and Socio-demographic Index(SDI)-specific incidence,disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and death for eight specific bacterial infections across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed.Percentage changes in age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),DALY rate,and mortality rate(ASMR)were also examined,with a focus on disease distribution across different regions,age groups,genders,and SDI.Results By 2021,among the eight diseases,gonococcal infection had the highest global ASIR[1096.58 per 100,000 population,95%uncertainty interval(UI):838.70,1385.47 per 100,000 population],and syphilis had the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(107.13 per 100,000 population,95%UI:41.77,212.12 per 100,000 population).Except for syphilis and gonococcal infection,the age-standardized DALY rate of the remaining diseases decreased by at least 55%compared to 1990,with tetanus showing the largest decrease by at least 90%.Globally,significant declines in the ASIR,age-standardized DALY rate,and ASMR for these eight bacterial infections have been observed in association with increases in the SDI.Regions with lower SDI,such as sub-Saharan Africa,experienced a relatively higher burden of these eight bacterial infections.Conclusions Although there has been an overall decline in these eight diseases,they continue to pose significant public health challenges,particularly in low SDI regions.To further reduce this burden in these areas,targeted intervention strategies are essential,including multi-sectoral collaboration,policy support,improved WASH management,and enhanced research efforts.展开更多
Typhoid fever is an important health issue in developing countries,and the pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.ser.Typhi)depends on the presence of different virulence factors.Therefore,this study aim...Typhoid fever is an important health issue in developing countries,and the pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.ser.Typhi)depends on the presence of different virulence factors.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the spread of virulence genes among S.Typhi isolates from patients with typhoid fever in Baghdad,Iraq.Sixty S.Typhi isolates were collected from several hospitals in Baghdad and identified using VITEK-II and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)to detect the 16S rRNA gene.After testing their susceptibility to different antimicrobials(via the disk diffusion method),we found the highest resistance rates(100%)were to ampicillin,piperacillin,cefotaxime,and ceftriaxone.The highest sensitivity rates(100%)were to ertapenem,imipenem,meropenem,and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.The presence of genes encoding for virulence in S.Typhi isolates was tested by conventional PCR.The results showed that out of 60 isolates,59(98.3%),59(98.3%),58(96.7%),and 60(100%)were positive for viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL genes,respectively.The sequencing of PCR products(viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL genes)was carried out at the Macrogen Company(Seoul,Korea).The sequences were compared with nucleotide sequences in the BLAST GenBank database,and data obtained from the sequencing of these virulence genes were submitted to GenBank under different accession numbers.A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence found a high similarity between local sequences and the closely related sequences of genes in GenBank.The presence of the viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL virulence genes in nearly all of the isolates under examination suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenicity of local isolates.展开更多
Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal...Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal perforation(TIP), observed in 0.8% to 39%, with a striking rate difference between high-income and low-middle-income countries. Although the mortality rate consequent to TIP in resource-poor countries is improved in the last decades, it is still fluctuating from 5% to 80%, due to surgical-and not surgical-related constraints. Huge economic costs and long timelines are required to provide a short-to middle-term solution to the lack of safe water and sanitation. Inherent limitations of the currently available diagnostic tools may lead to under-evaluation as well as over-evaluation of the disease, with consequent delayed treatment or inappropriate, excessive antibiotic use, hence increasing the likelihood of bacterial resistance. There is a need for immunization programs in populations at greatest risk, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Uniform surgical strategies and guidelines, on the basis of sound or prospective surgical studies and adapted to the local realities, are still lacking. Major drawbacks of the surgical treatment are the frequent delays to surgery, either for late diagnosis or for difficult transports, and the unavailable appropriate intensive care units in most peripheral facilities. As a consequence, poor patient's conditions at presentation, severe peritoneal contamination and unsuitable postoperative care are the foremost determinant of surgical morbidity and mortality.展开更多
Malaria and typhoid fever are debilitating diseases responsible for the deaths of thousands of lives annually. Over the last decade both diseases have received increasing attention with particular focus on malaria. Ho...Malaria and typhoid fever are debilitating diseases responsible for the deaths of thousands of lives annually. Over the last decade both diseases have received increasing attention with particular focus on malaria. However, recent reports indicate an increasing co-infection rate between mala- ria and typhoid fever. Familiar signs and symptoms of both diseases have led to the belief in some communities that it’s a new disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mala- ria and typhi O and H antigens among patients reporting with fever. Patients reporting with fever from April 2013-March 2014 were recruited for the study. Our results showed that there was no association between having malaria and typhoid fever infection. However, having fever was asso- ciated with having both diseases. Also, fever among patients was more likely to be caused by Sal- monella typhi O and H antigens than plasmodium parasites. Infections of both diseases were higher in wet season than in dry season. The study recommends that malaria and typhoid fever intervention programs are increased in endemic areas. Also attention should be paid to typhoid fever infection rates in the country.展开更多
文摘Typhoid fever remains a major global health challenge,particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation.The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi highlights the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies.Medicinal plants represent a promising avenue for addressing this crisis,as their bioactive compounds exhibit potent antibacterial properties.According to the World Health Organization,over 20,000 medicinal plant species have been identified as valuable resources for drug discovery,with more than 1,340 demonstrating antimicrobial activity and over 30,000 antimicrobial compounds isolated.Through an extensive review,key phytochemicals with anti-typhoid properties were identified,along with their mechanisms of action and supporting evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies.This review compiles data on plants with demonstrated anti-typhoid activity,highlights challenges such as standardization,regulatory frameworks,and integration into modern healthcare,and explores the role of omics technologies in advancing the discovery of novel plant-based antimicrobial agents.By discussing potential medicinal plant targets and intervention strategies,this work lays the groundwork for future research into plant-derived anti-infective therapies and contributes to the global effort to combat the growing threat of typhoid fever,particularly in resource-limited settings.
文摘In this paper,a reliable stochastic numerical analysis for typhoid fever incorporating with protection against infection has been considered.We have compared the solutions of stochastic and deterministic typhoid fever model.It has been shown that the stochastic typhoid fever model is more realistic as compared to the deterministic typhoid fever model.The effect of threshold number T*hold in stochastic typhoid fever model.The proposed framework of the stochastic non-standard finite difference scheme(SNSFD)preserves all dynamical properties like positivity,bounded-ness and dynamical consistency defined by Mickens,R.E.The stochastic numerical simulation of the model showed that increase in protection leads to low disease prevalence in a population.
文摘AIM:To represent our clinical experience in the treatment of intestinal perforation arising from typhoid fever.METHODS:The records of 22 surgically-treated patients with typhoid intestinal perforation were evaluated retrospectively.RESULTS:There were 18 males and 4 females,mean age 37 years(range,8-64 years).Presenting symptoms were fever,abdominal pain,diarrhea or constipation.Sixteen cases were subjected to segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis,while 3 cases received 2-layered primary repair following debridement,one case with multiple perforations received 2-layered primary repair and end ileostomy,one case received segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis followed by an end ileostomy,and one case received segmental resection and end ileostomy with mucous fistula operation.Postoperative morbidity was seen in 5 cases and mortality was found in one case.CONCLUSION:Intestinal perforation resulting from Salmonella typhi is an important health problem in Eastern and Southeastern Turkey.In management of this illness,early and appropriate surgical intervention is vital.
文摘Rationale:Salmonella is a common etiological agent behind the tropical fever syndrome in the Indian subcontinent.Its prevalence in India remains high due to a lack of proper sanitation services in large parts of the country.Its neuropsychiatric manifestations is rare and the understanding on their pathophysiology is still poor.Patient concerns:A 19-year-old male,presented with a 10-day history of altered mental status,high-grade fever and violent behaviour.2 Days prior to admission,he developed decreased responsiveness and a muttering delirium with self-talking.Diagnosis:Coma vigil secondary to salmonellosis.Interventions:Intravenous ceftriaxone and dexamethasone.Outcomes:The resolution of the coma vigil and the associated Salmonella infection were observed;however,the patient developed residual mutism.Lessons:The atypical presentation of a globally obtunded state followed by mutism in typhoid coma in this case should be brought to the attention of clinicians worldwide.Additionally,the enduring speech limitations and potential psychiatric consequences may be linked to the prolonged duration of the infection.
文摘Splenic abscesses are increasingly being identified,possibly due to widespread use of imaging modalities in clinical practice.The commonest clinical features are high grade fever and exclusively localised left upper quadrant abdominal pain.These symptoms are similar to most infectious diseases prevalent in the tropics,making imaging by ultrasonography or computer tomography a necessity in the diagnosis.There are reports from different geographic areas on splenic abscesses associated with typhoid fever.We reported ruptured splenic abscess presenting with peritonitis as a rare and grave complication of typhoid fever.
文摘We present this rare occurrence of a 17 yr old boy,a known case of congenital hypoparathyroidism, who presented with fever and jaundice for 8 days and 2 episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures.Premorbidly patient was on regular oral calcium supplementations with normal serum calcium levels.Investigations revealed severe hypocalcaemia(3.2 mg/dL),low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypomagnesacmia.The marked elevation of serum bilirubin was accompanied by derangement of liver enzymes.Microbiological investigations were confirmatory for both hepatitis A and typhoid fever.In spite of the aggressive management with intravenous calcium gluconate infusion,refractory hypocalcaemia persisted with recovery only after gradual decline in the bilirubin levels.We inferred that the cholestatic process produced by both acute viral hepatitis A and typhoid fever precipitated this state of refractory hypocalcaemia in the previously well preserved patient.
文摘Splenic abscess is an uncommon clinical presentation in surgical practice,associated with high morbidity and mortality.Mortality may be 100%if left untreated.Splenic abscess is also rarely encountered as a complication of typhoid fever.We present here a case of multiple splenic abscesses with neuropsychiatric complications due to typhoid fever,which was managed successfully with splenectomy and other supportive therapies.Another case of single splenic abscess due to enteric fever was treated successfully with CT-guided aspiration and appropriate antibiotics.Being a rare entity in clinical practice,splenic abscess has been poorly studied.Haemalogenous seeding of the spleen due to typhoid is a common cause of splenic abscess in the tropical countries.In multiple or multiloeulated abscesses aspiration usually does not succeed,which happened in our case.Splenectomy remains the definitive choice of treatment.However,Ultra sonography(USG) or CT-guided aspiration may be tried in selective cases.
文摘Objective:To discuss the prevalence,clinical and laboratory presentations of relapse typhoid fever.Methods:All relapse cases were reviewed to identify the clinical and laboratory presentation of the relapse typhoid fever.Results:Two hundred and forty six patients were admitted to a teaching tertiary hospital in North-eastern state of Malaysia and fourteen(5.69%) relapse cases were identified.The duration of relapse after the patient was discharged was(25.0±9.9) d.The patients presented with fever,diarrhoea,headache,abdominal pain and constipation. The duration of fever before admission in the initial episode[(8.6±4.2) d]was significantly longer than the relapse episode[(5.0±2.5) d](P=0.019).Four patients have hepatomegaly in initial episode and ten in relapse episode(P=0.852).The defervescence days of initial episodes was (3.2±2.2) d,comparing to relapse episode[(2.0±1.8) d]which was statistically not significant (P=0.124).Conclusion:Assumption of the relapse typhoid fever is milder comparing to original episodes based on observation and is not supported by statistical analysis.
文摘Purpose: The study was conducted to survey the knowledge and behavioural practices of food handlers in bukas (a type of local restaurant) in Nigeria with the aim of assessing the hygiene practices of food handlers and whether they were knowledgeable about typhoid fever and its mode of transmission. Methods: One hundred and seventy four (174) Respondents were ad- ministered questionnaires on their sociode- mographic characteristics, behavioural practices and knowledge of typhoid fever. Results: Ma- jority of the food handlers drank pure water (32.1%), borehole water (32.6%) and public tap water (31.1%) at the about the same frequecy. More than half (62.2%) washed their hands with water only before eating while 27.7% did not wash their hands always before preparing food. After using toilets, 71.9% washed their hands with soap and water while 28.1% washed their hands with only water. When asked if they had heard about typhoid fever 90% said they had heard, out of which15.6% did not know how it was contracted while the others had partial knowledge. Conclusion: Food handlers play a prominent role in the transmission of typhoid fever and so it is important that the food handlers are well informed about their hygiene status and the causes of typhoid fever trans- mission and ways by which typhoid fever spread is prevented. This will go a long way to help reduce the incidence of typhoid fever in the country.
文摘Ciprofloxacin is currently the drug of choice for typhoid fever, but Salmonella typhi resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing, while levofloxacin has been shown to be very effective in a few open studies. This study aimed to compare the efficacy, and safety of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin for typhoid fever. From 110 patients with confirmed typhoid fever, 54 patients received oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily with one drop out, while 56 received ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 7 days with two drop outs. Defervescence of fever was achieved on an average of 3 days after initiating levofloxacin and 5 days after starting ciprofloxacin and one microbiologically non confirmed typhoid fever relapse occurred in the levofloxacin group while two relapses with positive Salmonella microorganism occurred in the ciprofloxacin group. No carrier of Salmonella typhi was found in both groups at day 30. Adverse reactions were more pronounced in the ciprofloxacin group compared to the levofloxacin group. In conclusion, oral levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for one week showed faster fever clearance compared to ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily in typhoid fever in Indonesia, and less adverse reactions occurred with levofloxacin compared to ciprofloxacin. This electronic document is a “live” template. The various components of your paper (title, text, heads, etc.) are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document.
文摘Background and Study Aim: Typhoid (Enteric) fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi. It is endemic in the developing countries including Egypt. Different diagnostic tools can achieve diagnosis and include cultures from the blood, stool, bone marrow, rarely urine for isolation of the organism. Antibody detection by Widal test and relatively recent typhoid are also used. The current study aimed at comparing the most commonly used antibody detection Widal test with the rapid antibody detection typhidot for diagnosis of typhoid fever among Egyptian adults. Patients and Methods: The study included 140 patients who are presented with picture suggestive of typhoid fever. Confirmed cases after the blood culture were included in the final analysis. Widal and typhidot tests were performed in all patients and were compared for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy. Results: 45 patients out of 140 were diagnosed as typhoid fever by blood culture. Out of them, Widal test was positive in 39 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 86.7%, 89.5%, 79.5%, 93.4% and 88.5% respectively. Typhidot test was positive in 42 patients with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 93.3%, 90.6%, 82.3%, 96.6%, and 91.4% respectively (P = 0.00). Conclusions: Typhidot test is reliable, simple highly sensitive and specific test in diagnosing typhoid fever when compared with Widal test.
文摘Enteric fever is widely prevalent in the tropics. Central nervous system involvement is not rare and reported incidence varies from 5% to 35% [1]. Various well-known neuropsychiatric manifestations include confusional state, encephalopathy, meningism, convulsions and focal neurological deficits. Acute cerebellar ataxia as an isolated neurological complication of enteric fever is very rare and limited to only a few case reports [2]. Here we report a case of enteric fever who presents Acute Cerebellar Ataxia.
文摘A comprehensive mathematical framework modelling transmission dynamics of typhoid fever exists for Far North Cameroon where unsanitary conditions significantly exacerbate Salmonella Typhi spread rapidly.Analysis incorporates a deterministic model rooted in ordinary differential equations and a stochastic methodology factoring in uncertainties somewhat randomly.Dual modelling strategy highlights dominant role of water-related factors and climatic variables in shaping epidemic trajectory quite significantly over time.Seasonal disease pattern exhibits two pronounced incidence peaks in April-May and July-August corresponding respectively to drinking water scarcity periods and increased surface runoff facilitating pathogen dissemination.Advanced Bayesian techniques particularly Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm and variational inference enable estimation of key epidemiological parameters accurately with Markov processes.Analysis reveals that the basic reproduction number exceeds epidemic threshold during critical periods remarkably often under certain conditions.Simulations of multiple scenarios pretty effectively demonstrate efficacy of targeted control measures like vaccination programs and public awareness crusades nationwide.Such interventions drastically curtail transmission rates and stabilise epidemic trends somewhat effectively meanwhile.Findings contribute valuable insights into epidemiological dynamics of typhoid fever amidst climate variability and offer a robust foundation for public health risk management strategies.Strategic integration of real-time epidemiological data and water-quality surveillance systems holds great promise for enhancing sustainable control of this nasty waterborne disease.
文摘Background Typhoid/paratyphoid fever （TPF） is endemic in Guizhou.We conducted wavelet analysis and Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis to explore the impact of meteorological variations on TPF infection in Guizhou,in an attempt to assess the risk factors associated with TPF epidemics.Methods We examined the association between TPF incidence in Guizhou and temperature,precipitation and relative humidity using 24 years of data from 1984 to 2007.Periodicities of TPF incidence and the impact of climate factors on the TPF were detected by Spearman＇s rank correlation and wavelet analysis,Results Temperature and precipitation with a 1-month lag were positively correlated with the monthly incidence of TPF.The multiyear incidence pattern of TPF in Guizhou was explicitly periodic.Moreover,the association and driving effect of precipitation on TPF were observed,and the results showed that the incidence of TPF in Guizhou had a closer correlation with precipitation than with temperature.Conclusions Safe water supply is the key issue for TPF control in Guizhou.Moreover,climate variation might impact the enteric infections,which may inform policy assessment for TPF control in Guizhou.
文摘Background Certain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens,including syphilis,gonorrhea,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,leprosy,and tuberculosis.These diseases significantly impact global health,contributing heavily to the disease burden.The study aims to thoroughly evaluate the global burden of syphilis,gonorrhea,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus,and leprosy.Methods Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study 2021,age-specific and Socio-demographic Index(SDI)-specific incidence,disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and death for eight specific bacterial infections across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed.Percentage changes in age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),DALY rate,and mortality rate(ASMR)were also examined,with a focus on disease distribution across different regions,age groups,genders,and SDI.Results By 2021,among the eight diseases,gonococcal infection had the highest global ASIR[1096.58 per 100,000 population,95%uncertainty interval(UI):838.70,1385.47 per 100,000 population],and syphilis had the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(107.13 per 100,000 population,95%UI:41.77,212.12 per 100,000 population).Except for syphilis and gonococcal infection,the age-standardized DALY rate of the remaining diseases decreased by at least 55%compared to 1990,with tetanus showing the largest decrease by at least 90%.Globally,significant declines in the ASIR,age-standardized DALY rate,and ASMR for these eight bacterial infections have been observed in association with increases in the SDI.Regions with lower SDI,such as sub-Saharan Africa,experienced a relatively higher burden of these eight bacterial infections.Conclusions Although there has been an overall decline in these eight diseases,they continue to pose significant public health challenges,particularly in low SDI regions.To further reduce this burden in these areas,targeted intervention strategies are essential,including multi-sectoral collaboration,policy support,improved WASH management,and enhanced research efforts.
文摘Typhoid fever is an important health issue in developing countries,and the pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi(S.ser.Typhi)depends on the presence of different virulence factors.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the spread of virulence genes among S.Typhi isolates from patients with typhoid fever in Baghdad,Iraq.Sixty S.Typhi isolates were collected from several hospitals in Baghdad and identified using VITEK-II and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)to detect the 16S rRNA gene.After testing their susceptibility to different antimicrobials(via the disk diffusion method),we found the highest resistance rates(100%)were to ampicillin,piperacillin,cefotaxime,and ceftriaxone.The highest sensitivity rates(100%)were to ertapenem,imipenem,meropenem,and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.The presence of genes encoding for virulence in S.Typhi isolates was tested by conventional PCR.The results showed that out of 60 isolates,59(98.3%),59(98.3%),58(96.7%),and 60(100%)were positive for viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL genes,respectively.The sequencing of PCR products(viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL genes)was carried out at the Macrogen Company(Seoul,Korea).The sequences were compared with nucleotide sequences in the BLAST GenBank database,and data obtained from the sequencing of these virulence genes were submitted to GenBank under different accession numbers.A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence found a high similarity between local sequences and the closely related sequences of genes in GenBank.The presence of the viaB,staA,cdtB,and orfL virulence genes in nearly all of the isolates under examination suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenicity of local isolates.
文摘Typhoid fever is a public health challenge mostly concentrated in impoverished, overcrowded areas of the developing world, with lack of safe drinking and sanitation. The most serious complication is typhoid intestinal perforation(TIP), observed in 0.8% to 39%, with a striking rate difference between high-income and low-middle-income countries. Although the mortality rate consequent to TIP in resource-poor countries is improved in the last decades, it is still fluctuating from 5% to 80%, due to surgical-and not surgical-related constraints. Huge economic costs and long timelines are required to provide a short-to middle-term solution to the lack of safe water and sanitation. Inherent limitations of the currently available diagnostic tools may lead to under-evaluation as well as over-evaluation of the disease, with consequent delayed treatment or inappropriate, excessive antibiotic use, hence increasing the likelihood of bacterial resistance. There is a need for immunization programs in populations at greatest risk, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Uniform surgical strategies and guidelines, on the basis of sound or prospective surgical studies and adapted to the local realities, are still lacking. Major drawbacks of the surgical treatment are the frequent delays to surgery, either for late diagnosis or for difficult transports, and the unavailable appropriate intensive care units in most peripheral facilities. As a consequence, poor patient's conditions at presentation, severe peritoneal contamination and unsuitable postoperative care are the foremost determinant of surgical morbidity and mortality.
文摘Malaria and typhoid fever are debilitating diseases responsible for the deaths of thousands of lives annually. Over the last decade both diseases have received increasing attention with particular focus on malaria. However, recent reports indicate an increasing co-infection rate between mala- ria and typhoid fever. Familiar signs and symptoms of both diseases have led to the belief in some communities that it’s a new disease. In this study, we investigated the relationship between mala- ria and typhi O and H antigens among patients reporting with fever. Patients reporting with fever from April 2013-March 2014 were recruited for the study. Our results showed that there was no association between having malaria and typhoid fever infection. However, having fever was asso- ciated with having both diseases. Also, fever among patients was more likely to be caused by Sal- monella typhi O and H antigens than plasmodium parasites. Infections of both diseases were higher in wet season than in dry season. The study recommends that malaria and typhoid fever intervention programs are increased in endemic areas. Also attention should be paid to typhoid fever infection rates in the country.
