Tsunamis are one of the most destructive disasters in the ocean.Large tsunamis are mostly generated by earthquakes,and they can propagate across the ocean without significantly losing energy.During the shoaling proces...Tsunamis are one of the most destructive disasters in the ocean.Large tsunamis are mostly generated by earthquakes,and they can propagate across the ocean without significantly losing energy.During the shoaling process in coastal areas,the wave amplitude increases dramatically,causing severe life loss and property damage.There have been frequent tsunamis since the 21 st century,drawing the attention of many countries on the study of tsunami mechanism and warning.Tsunami records also play an essential role in deriving earthquake rupture models in subduction zones.This paper reviews the recent progress and limitations of tsunami research,from the aspects of tsunami generation,propagation,inversion and warning.Potential tsunami warning strategies are discussed and future prospects on tsunami research are provided.展开更多
Rapid and accurate earthquake source characterization plays a vital role in tsunami early warning(TEW).However,traditional seismic observations can suffer from clipping or baseline shifts,leading to magnitude saturati...Rapid and accurate earthquake source characterization plays a vital role in tsunami early warning(TEW).However,traditional seismic observations can suffer from clipping or baseline shifts,leading to magnitude saturation and underestimation of tsunami potential.Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)measurements provide an alternative:they record co-seismic displacements with centimeter-or even millimeter-level accuracy in real time without saturation.Moreover,GNSS techniques can detect co-seismic ionospheric disturbances(CIDs)induced by tsunami waves,offering an additional observational window to assess tsunami potential.In this review,we summarize the application of GNSS for TEW from the ground deformation(lithospheric)and ionospheric perspectives.We outline the main algorithms for precise co-seismic deformation monitoring and fast earthquake source inversion that feed tsunami forecasts,and we describe the principles and recent achievements of GNSS-based ionospheric sensing for tsunami detection.We also discuss emerging improvements toward more reliable GNSS-based TEW systems,including low Earth orbit(LEO)satellite data for improving coverage,GNSS-interferometric reflectometry for direct tsunami wave sensing,and machine learning approaches that enhance real-time decision-making.展开更多
This paper investigates the potential extreme tsunami hazards of the worst case scenario of the magnitude M_w=9.30 in South China Sea（SCS）as the Manila Trench is becoming one of the most hazardous tsunami source reg...This paper investigates the potential extreme tsunami hazards of the worst case scenario of the magnitude M_w=9.30 in South China Sea（SCS）as the Manila Trench is becoming one of the most hazardous tsunami source regions.Using nonlinear shallow water equations model,the time series of surface elevation,arrival time,spatial distributions of maximum wave amplitude and velocity distribution are presented.The characteristics of wave and currents are analyzed.The numerical results indicate that most of the energy of tsunami wave distributes in central and north part of SCS.The offshore regions around SCS will be influenced significantly by the tsunami currents generated by an earthquake in the Manila subduction zone.The maximum wave amplitude near Guangdong Province,Hainan Island,and Taiwan Island exceeds 4 m and velocities at the majority of measured locations near coast exceeds 2 m/s.Nested grid with high resolution is used to study the impacts of the tsunami on Hainan Island,Taiwan Island,and Lingding Bay.The regions with high hazard risk due to strong currents are identified.Finally,a fast tsunami warning method in SCS is developed and discussed,which can provide tsunami warning information in 5 min.展开更多
Since the disastrous aftermath of the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami(Indonesia)and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami(Japan),China has made much effort to mitigate tsunami hazards.We briefly reviewed the progress of cataloguing,modeling,e...Since the disastrous aftermath of the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami(Indonesia)and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami(Japan),China has made much effort to mitigate tsunami hazards.We briefly reviewed the progress of cataloguing,modeling,early warning and hazard analysis for tsunamis in China.Compiling a Chinese tsunami catalogue is a challenge at present due to a large number of inconsistent research results.In China,the numerical models widely used in engineering and related studies are developed by other countries,and the development of a domestic model is being funded by the Chinese government.The tsunami early warning system has been set up and used during the recent tsunami events,such as the Chile earthquake on February 27,2010.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1901602,11632012)。
文摘Tsunamis are one of the most destructive disasters in the ocean.Large tsunamis are mostly generated by earthquakes,and they can propagate across the ocean without significantly losing energy.During the shoaling process in coastal areas,the wave amplitude increases dramatically,causing severe life loss and property damage.There have been frequent tsunamis since the 21 st century,drawing the attention of many countries on the study of tsunami mechanism and warning.Tsunami records also play an essential role in deriving earthquake rupture models in subduction zones.This paper reviews the recent progress and limitations of tsunami research,from the aspects of tsunami generation,propagation,inversion and warning.Potential tsunami warning strategies are discussed and future prospects on tsunami research are provided.
基金sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFC3008600,2024YFF0506704,and 2023YFF0803404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42474046 and 92258303)。
文摘Rapid and accurate earthquake source characterization plays a vital role in tsunami early warning(TEW).However,traditional seismic observations can suffer from clipping or baseline shifts,leading to magnitude saturation and underestimation of tsunami potential.Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)measurements provide an alternative:they record co-seismic displacements with centimeter-or even millimeter-level accuracy in real time without saturation.Moreover,GNSS techniques can detect co-seismic ionospheric disturbances(CIDs)induced by tsunami waves,offering an additional observational window to assess tsunami potential.In this review,we summarize the application of GNSS for TEW from the ground deformation(lithospheric)and ionospheric perspectives.We outline the main algorithms for precise co-seismic deformation monitoring and fast earthquake source inversion that feed tsunami forecasts,and we describe the principles and recent achievements of GNSS-based ionospheric sensing for tsunami detection.We also discuss emerging improvements toward more reliable GNSS-based TEW systems,including low Earth orbit(LEO)satellite data for improving coverage,GNSS-interferometric reflectometry for direct tsunami wave sensing,and machine learning approaches that enhance real-time decision-making.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11632012,51379123)
文摘This paper investigates the potential extreme tsunami hazards of the worst case scenario of the magnitude M_w=9.30 in South China Sea（SCS）as the Manila Trench is becoming one of the most hazardous tsunami source regions.Using nonlinear shallow water equations model,the time series of surface elevation,arrival time,spatial distributions of maximum wave amplitude and velocity distribution are presented.The characteristics of wave and currents are analyzed.The numerical results indicate that most of the energy of tsunami wave distributes in central and north part of SCS.The offshore regions around SCS will be influenced significantly by the tsunami currents generated by an earthquake in the Manila subduction zone.The maximum wave amplitude near Guangdong Province,Hainan Island,and Taiwan Island exceeds 4 m and velocities at the majority of measured locations near coast exceeds 2 m/s.Nested grid with high resolution is used to study the impacts of the tsunami on Hainan Island,Taiwan Island,and Lingding Bay.The regions with high hazard risk due to strong currents are identified.Finally,a fast tsunami warning method in SCS is developed and discussed,which can provide tsunami warning information in 5 min.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Fund No.51278473the Environmental Protection Research Fund for Public Interest No.201209040the northeast Asia(China-Japan-Korea)cooperative research project of earthquake,tsunami and volcano No.ZRH2014-11.
文摘Since the disastrous aftermath of the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami(Indonesia)and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami(Japan),China has made much effort to mitigate tsunami hazards.We briefly reviewed the progress of cataloguing,modeling,early warning and hazard analysis for tsunamis in China.Compiling a Chinese tsunami catalogue is a challenge at present due to a large number of inconsistent research results.In China,the numerical models widely used in engineering and related studies are developed by other countries,and the development of a domestic model is being funded by the Chinese government.The tsunami early warning system has been set up and used during the recent tsunami events,such as the Chile earthquake on February 27,2010.
