In the version of the article initially published,errors were identified in the figures,Figs.2Q and 6A,owing to the incorrect placement of images during the preparation and assembly of representative images.These revi...In the version of the article initially published,errors were identified in the figures,Figs.2Q and 6A,owing to the incorrect placement of images during the preparation and assembly of representative images.These revisions do not affect any results or conclusions in the article.The original data for these figures have been submitted to the Editorial Office,and access to this data can be obtained by contacting either the corresponding authors or the Editorial Office.展开更多
Miniaturization of photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)to portable and wearable levels requires special design of scanning,detection,acquisition,and excitation units.Now the first three can be minimized to gram and millimete...Miniaturization of photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)to portable and wearable levels requires special design of scanning,detection,acquisition,and excitation units.Now the first three can be minimized to gram and millimeter levels,but the excitation sources usually remain bulky and also face different challenges,including low pulse energy,wide pulse width,limited wavelength,or high cost.展开更多
In this study, the ground potential rise(GPR) phenomenon caused by a lightning current injected into a field-shaped artificial grounding grid, as well as the potential difference between two different nodes at the edg...In this study, the ground potential rise(GPR) phenomenon caused by a lightning current injected into a field-shaped artificial grounding grid, as well as the potential difference between two different nodes at the edge of the grounding grid, was observed and analyzed under artificially triggered lightning conditions. Based on circuit theory and measured current data, a π-equivalent circuit was established to simulate the transient response of the grounding grid.Nineteen return strokes from three artificially triggered lightning events were analyzed. The peak currents of the 19 return strokes range from -6.7 to -25.1 kA, and the mean value was -14.3 kA. The GPR decreased rapidly and formed a subpeak after reaching the initial peak, with the mean value of the initial peak being -148.65 kV and the mean value of the subpeak being -92.87 kV. The GPR induced by the triggered lightning currents exhibited a subpeak phenomenon. Simulation results indicate that the subpeak phenomenon is related to localized corrosion of the vertical grounding electrode. The potential difference at the grounding grid edge exhibited a multi-pulse waveform with alternating polarity, dominated by positive pulses. The peak values of both the positive and negative polarity pulses gradually decreased, with the first positive pulse displaying a significantly higher intensity than that of subsequent pulses.展开更多
Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially...Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially among patients with poor functional outcomes.ICH is often accompanied by decreased consciousness and limb dysfunction.This seriously affects patients’ability to live independently.Although rapid advances in neurosurgery have greatly improved patient survival,there remains insufficient evidence that surgical treatment significantly improves long-term outcomes.With in-depth pathophysiological studies after ICH,increasing evidence has shown that secondary injury after ICH is related to long-term prognosis and that the key to secondary injury is various immune-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions after ICH.In basic and clinical studies of various systemic inflammatory diseases,triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2(TREM-1/2),and the TREM receptor family is closely related to the inflammatory response.Various inflammatory diseases can be upregulated and downregulated through receptor intervention.How the TREM receptor functions after ICH,the types of results from intervention,and whether the outcomes can improve secondary brain injury and the long-term prognosis of patients are unknown.An analysis of relevant research results from basic and clinical trials revealed that the inhibition of TREM-1 and the activation of TREM-2 can alleviate the neuroinflammatory immune response,significantly improve the long-term prognosis of neurological function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and thus improve the ability of patients to live independently.展开更多
Despite recent advances in understanding the biology of aging,the field remains fragmented due to the lack of a central organizing hypothesis.Although there are ongoing debates on whether the aging process is programm...Despite recent advances in understanding the biology of aging,the field remains fragmented due to the lack of a central organizing hypothesis.Although there are ongoing debates on whether the aging process is programmed or stochastic,it is now evident that neither perspective alone can fully explain the complexity of aging.Here,we propose the pro-aging metabolic reprogramming(PAMRP)theory,which integrates and unifies the genetic-program and stochastic hypotheses.This theory posits that aging is driven by degenerative metabolic reprogramming(MRP)over time,requiring the emergence of pro-aging substrates and triggers(PASs and PATs)to predispose cells to cellular and genetic reprogramming(CRP and GRP).展开更多
Low–angle submarine landslides pose a greater threat to offshore infrastructure compared to those with steep sliding angles.Understanding the preparation and triggering mechanism of these low–angle submarine landsli...Low–angle submarine landslides pose a greater threat to offshore infrastructure compared to those with steep sliding angles.Understanding the preparation and triggering mechanism of these low–angle submarine landslides remains a significant challenge.This study focuses on a deformed low–angle submarine landslide in the shelf–slope break of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea,integrating sedimentology,geophysics,and geotechnology to investigate potential failure mechanisms.The architecture and deformation characteristics of the submarine landslide were elucidated by analyzing multibeam and seismic data.Within the context of the regional geological history and tectonic framework,this study focuses on the factors(e.g.,rapid sedimentation,fluid activity,and earthquakes)that potentially contributed to the submarine slope failure.Furthermore,a series of stability evaluations considering the effects of rapid sedimentation and earthquakes was conducted.Our findings indicate that the most probable triggering mechanism involves the combined effects of sedimentation controlled by sea–level fluctuations,high–pressure gas activity,and seismic events.The high–pressure gas,which acts as a long–term preconditioning factor by elevating pore pressures and reducing shear resistance within the sediment,accumulated beneath the upper and middle sections of the low–permeability stratum that was formed during sea–level rise and ultimately evolved into the sliding mass.The overpressure generated by gas accumulation predisposed the submarine slope to instability,and a frequent or moderate earthquake ultimately initiated local failure.This study enhances the mechanistic understanding of low–angle slope failures in the shelf–slope break zone and provides critical insights for assessing marine hazard risks.展开更多
Source properties and stress fields are critical to understand fundamental mechanisms for fluid-induced earthquakes.In this study,we identify the focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)of 360 earthquakes with local magnitude ...Source properties and stress fields are critical to understand fundamental mechanisms for fluid-induced earthquakes.In this study,we identify the focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)of 360 earthquakes with local magnitude M_(L)≥1.5 in the Changning shale gas field from January 2016 to May 2017 by fitting three-component waveforms.We then constrain the directions of the maximum horizontal stress(σ_(H_(max)))for four dense earthquake clusters using the stress tensor inversion method.The stress drops of 121 earthquakes with M_(L)≥1.5 are calculated using the spectral ratio method.We examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of stress field,and discuss the cause of non-double-couple(non-DC)components in seismicity clusters.Following the Mohr-Coulomb criterion,we estimate the fluid overpressure thresholds from FMS for different seismic clusters,providing insights into potential physical mechanisms for induced seismicity.The FMS results indicate that shallow reverse earthquakes,with steep dip angles,characterize most events.The source mechanisms of earthquakes with M_(L)≥1.5 are dominated by DC components(>70%),but several earthquakes with M_(L)>3.0 and the microseismic events nearby during injection period display significant non-DC components(>30%).Stress inversion results reveal that the σ_(H_(max)) direction ranges from 120°to 128°.Stress drops of earthquakes range between 0.10 and 64.49 MPa,with high values occurring on reverse faults situated at a greater distance from the shale layer,accompanied by a moderate rotation(≤25°)in the trend of σ_(H_(max)).The seismic clusters close to the shale layer exhibit low fluid overpressure thresholds,prone to being triggered by high pore-pressure fluid.The integrated results suggest that the diffusion of high pore pressures is likely to be the primary factor for observed earthquakes.The present results are expected to offer valuable insights into the origin of anomalous seismicity near the shale gas sites.展开更多
BACKGROUND Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis(TPP)is an endocrine emergency caused by thyrotoxicosis,manifesting mainly as periodic myasthenia and hypokalemia,and posing a serious threat to the patient's health.Fatigue...BACKGROUND Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis(TPP)is an endocrine emergency caused by thyrotoxicosis,manifesting mainly as periodic myasthenia and hypokalemia,and posing a serious threat to the patient's health.Fatigue,strenuous exercise,alcohol abuse,high carbohydrate intake and insulin injections are common triggers of paralysis.This article reports a case of severe TPP induced by insulin injection,elucidates the characteristics and pathogenesis of the disease,analyses the risk factors for triggering TPP,and hopefully provides more clinical data for TPP patients.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old Asian man presented to the emergency department with a oneweek history of limb weakness and worsening half-day.His medical history included poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and he had been switched to Aspart50 a week earlier.He was alert and oriented with upper extremity strength grade 3 and lower extremity strength grade 1.Emergency department tests showed hypokalemia of 1.6 mmol/L.The paramedics administered 1.5 g of potassium intravenously,followed by 4.0 g orally.Weakness in the arms and legs improved.He was referred to endocrinology where he was diagnosed with Graves'disease,with suboptimal control and insulin injections possibly causing TPP.We stopped his insulin and he was discharged with a potassium level of 4.0 mmol/L.CONCLUSION Insulin is a trigger for TPP and should be avoided in patients with hyperthyroidism.Early recognition and treatment of TPP is crucial,especially in patients presenting with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter investigates global stabilization of uncertain nonlinear systems via adaptive event-triggered output feedback.Uncertainties lie in both system nonlinearities and measurement sensitivity.To this...Dear Editor,This letter investigates global stabilization of uncertain nonlinear systems via adaptive event-triggered output feedback.Uncertainties lie in both system nonlinearities and measurement sensitivity.To this end,a dynamic high gain is introduced to cope with the influence of large uncertainties,the unknown measurement sensitivity and the execution error,while a time-varying threshold event-triggering mechanism is constructed to effectively exclude the Zeno phenomenon.As such,the adaptive event-triggered control ensures globally bounded and convergent of system states.The design method is demonstrated using a controlled pendulum example.展开更多
Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain...Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain poorly understood.In this study,finite element method-based numerical simulations were conducted based on the rock slope at Dagangshan Hydropower Station in Sichuan province,China.Firstly,systematic analysis in both the time and frequency domains were performed to examine the seismic dynamic characteristics of the slope.Subsequently,the transfer function method and the multiple stepwise linear regression method were employed to clarify the underlying mechanism and determine critical factors influencing the slope instability during earthquakes.Time-domain analysis reveals that rock slope dynamic response exhibits notable elevation,surface,and local amplification effects.Specifically,the Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA)amplification coefficient(MPGA)is significantly higher at elevated locations,near the slope surface and in areas with protrusions.Moreover,the existence of fracture zones and anti-shear galleries minimally influences the dynamic responses but considerably affect the rupture.Specifically,fracture zones exacerbate rupture,while anti-shear galleries mitigate it.Frequency-domain analysis indicates that the dynamic responses of the slope are closely correlated with the degree of slope rupture.As earthquake magnitude increases,the rupture degree of the slope intensifies,and the dominant frequency of the response within the slope decreases,e.g.,its value shifts from 3.63 to 2.75 Hz at measurement point 9near the slope surface.The transfer function of rock slope,calculated under the excitation of wide flat spectrum white noise can reflect the interrelationships between the inherent properties and the rupture degree.Notably,the peak of the transfer function undergoes inversion as the degree of rupture increases.Furthermore,through multiple stepwise linear regression analysis,four key factors influencing the surface dynamic response of the slope were identified:rock strength,slope angle,elevation,and seismic dominant frequency.These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of rock slope dynamic responses triggered by earthquakes,offering essential guidance for understanding and mitigating seismic impacts on rock slopes.展开更多
The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach...The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach the warning target area,and carry out automatic disposal of lifeline engineering facilities.Through the construction of the National Earthquake Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project,an earthquake early warning network consisting of over 1900 monitoring stations has been established in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration.The early warning system has achieved second level earthquake warning and minute level intensity rapid reporting.The implementation of these functions relies on the system's ability to timely,accurately,and reliably identify seismic waves.But with the development of social economy,the background noise of earthquake observation environment is becoming increasingly complex,which brings certain challenges to earthquake wave recognition,some interference events have the risk of triggering the earthquake warning system incorrectly.Therefore,this article focuses on seismic wave recognition in complex noise environments and proposes a seismic wave detection method based on triangulation to enhance the antiinterference ability and recognition accuracy of early warning systems.展开更多
The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast contin...The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is an autoimmune disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis.Viral infections have been proposed as contributing triggers,supported by the disease’s seasonal pattern,which typi...BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is an autoimmune disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis.Viral infections have been proposed as contributing triggers,supported by the disease’s seasonal pattern,which typically shows higher incidence in autumn and winter.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and associated lockdowns created a unique context to examine the incidence and seasonality of T1DM during a period characterized by reduced circulation of common viral infections.AIM To investigate the incidence and seasonality of T1DM before and during COVID-19 pandemic in relation to global viral infection rates.METHODS This population-based retrospective study utilized a nationwide computerized database.Extracted data included the number of new T1DM cases over the 8 years preceding and during the COVID-19 pandemic,demographic characteristics of affected individuals,and nationwide respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction data from weekly nasal wash sample collections.RESULTS A total of 2176 patients were diagnosed with new-onset T1DM during the prepandemic period,compared to 348 cases during the pandemic.In the same periods,33727 respiratory virus-positive polymerase chain reaction results from nasal wash samples were recorded pre-pandemic,compared to 2603 during the pandemic.Additionally,363399 positive COVID-19 cases were reported during the pandemic period.Seasonality analysis revealed a higher rate of new-onset T1DM cases and a weaker seasonal pattern during the pandemic.Trend analysis showed a consistent increase in T1DM incidence prior to COVID-19,with a more variable trend observed during the pandemic.Correlation analysis between T1DM incidence and respiratory viruses demonstrated a weak correlation between T1DM incidence and a few respiratory viruses.CONCLUSION The observed increase in new-onset T1DM cases and the disruption of its typical seasonal pattern during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest a potential association between respiratory virus exposure and the development of T1DM.展开更多
This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunde...This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunderstorms associated with negative TLFs in South China.The triggered-flash region(TFR)displays distinct stratiform cloud characteristics,including lower radar reflectivity heights and a predominance of ice crystals and dry snow above the 0℃ layer.In contrast,the thunderstorm convection core region(CCR)tends to have more graupel particles in the mixed-phase layers and exhibits an ice-water content peak approximately 3.4 times that of the TFR.The charge regions involved in discharges in TFRs exhibit a dipolar charge structure,with the-5℃ layer roughly dividing the upper positive and lower negative charge regions.Conversely,the CCRs feature a typical tripolar charge structure.The dominant dipole charge structure in the TFR results in an increase in the negative charge field below the negative charge region with height,providing a necessary condition for successfully triggering negative TLFs.Furthermore,the horizontal extent of TLFs is positively correlated with their duration and charge transfer.Regions where TLF channels with larger charge transfers propagate tend to have greater maximum radar reflectivity but lower average radar reflectivity compared to regions with TLFs with smaller charge transfer.展开更多
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interac...Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interacts with various receptors in the human body, including CD44, LYVE-1, RHAMM, and TLR2, and is well-known for its analgesic effects when used in intra-articular or ultrasound-guided nerve trunk injections. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase cleaves high molecular weight HA to generate HA35, a low molecular weight fragment with enhanced tissue permeability, capable of binding to HA receptors on cell surfaces to produce broad-spectrum analgesic effects. Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with MPS were treated and assessed in this study. HA35 was administered through injection at a dosage of 100 mg daily for 15 days. Patients evaluated their MPS, overall pain levels, and treatment satisfaction using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Global Pain Scale (GPS), and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4). Follow-up evaluations were performed three months post-treatment to assess the duration of therapeutic effects. Results: Significant improvements were observed in NPRS, GPS, and TSQM scores both during and after the treatment period (P Conclusions: HA35 provides effective and sustained relief from pain associated with MPS, demonstrating a prolonged therapeutic benefit.展开更多
Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangl...Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangling climate-glacier linkages,and mitigating downstream hazards.Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers;however,attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal.This study confirmed two surges in the northern and southern branches of the Aru-4 glacier,respectively,in the Western Tibetan Plateau,using multisource remote sensing data.The northern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 1999 and the active phase lasted for 6 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 2007 and the active phase lasted for 9 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier experienced a long period of retreat before the northern branch surged and their tongues were in a detached state.The northern branch surge carried a large amount of ice to the frontal area,blocking the downward transport of ice from the southern branch and initiated surge.Through the analysis of two surge processes of Aru-4 glacier,we found a new surge mechanism for compound glaciers.It was revealed that surges in such glaciers are not only triggered by the reduction in basal sliding resistance caused by the internal factors.These surges initiated in the upper part of the glacier then propagated to down glacier by intense compression force.Furthermore,surges can also be triggered by external intervention of blocking by other branches.This external trigger initiates the surge in the lower part of the glacier then propagated to the upper part by longitudinal traction force.In addition,comparing with the surge triggered by the internal factors,the surge triggered by the external intervention may have a more dramatic process.展开更多
The financial health of leading enterprises has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the global economy.Most data-driven financial health forecasts are based on the direct use of small-scale machine ...The financial health of leading enterprises has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the global economy.Most data-driven financial health forecasts are based on the direct use of small-scale machine learning.In this study,we proposed the idea of optimization coupling learning to improve these machine learning models in financial health forecasting.It not only revealed lagging,immediate,continuous impacts of various indicators in different fiscal year,but also had the same low computational cost and complexity as known small-scale machine learning models.We used our optimization coupling learning to investigate 3424 leading enterprises in China and revealed inner triggering mechanisms and differences of enterprises’financial health status from individual behavior to macro level.展开更多
A devastating MW 7.7 earthquake struck near Mandalay,Myanmar,on March 28,2025,causing extensive damage and casualties across Myanmar and neighboring regions.The 2025 event occurred in a well-recognized seismic gap alo...A devastating MW 7.7 earthquake struck near Mandalay,Myanmar,on March 28,2025,causing extensive damage and casualties across Myanmar and neighboring regions.The 2025 event occurred in a well-recognized seismic gap along the Sagaing Fault.Here we focus on the mainshock rupture properties based on backprojection of teleseismic P waves and early aftershock locations,analysis of near-field seismic recordings for the mainshock initiation,and remotely triggered seismicity following the MW 7.7 mainshock.We find that the~500 km mainshock rupture can be revealed by both rapid back-projection of teleseismic P waves from multiple broadband arrays and early aftershock locations within about 3 h from the Thai Meteorological Department(TMD)catalog.The rupture speed went supershear in the southward propagation after the initial bilateral subshear ruptures,as expected for large strike-slip earthquakes of such sizes.Clear fault zone head waves that are reflected along a bimaterial fault interface are observed at the only near-fault station GE.NPW on the slower side about 2.6 km away from the Sagaing fault,consistent with the preferred direction of a supershear rupture propagating to the south.In addition,aftershocks from the regional TMD catalog appear to be located mostly to the east of the mainshock rupture.While we cannot completely rule out mis-locations from the one-sided station distribution,these off-fault seismicity could also be explained by reactivations of subsidiary faults within the Shan Plateau,or an eastward dipping of the mainshock rupture plane.Although no immediate foreshocks were found from several nearby stations,we identify one sub-event with magnitude~6 at the beginning of the mainshock with a slightly different focal mechanism about 20–30 km south of the hypocenter determined by the United States Geological Survey(USGS).The mainshock also occurred when the tidal stresses reached its maximum on the right-lateral strike-slip fault,likely indicating that the timing of the mainshock is modulated by the solid earth tides.We find a significant increase of seismic activity near the Thailand/Myanmar border,in multiple(geothermally active)regions of Yunnan province in Southwest China,as well as the Xingfengjian reservoir in the Guangdong province in South China.Because static stress changes from the mainshock are small but negative near the Thailand/Myanmar border,the occurrence of microseismicity in this and other regions can be mainly explained by remote triggering from dynamic stress changes of the mainshock rupture.Our analyses demonstrate the importance of rapid analysis on openly available seismic data and catalog to better understand the rupture properties and triggered seismicity following large earthquakes.展开更多
Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic...Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic risk on these faults.This study investigates the impact of the April 2,2024,Mw 7.4 earthquake in Hualien,Taiwan,China,on the surrounding faults and aftershocks.We analyze stress-triggering effects by calculating Coulomb stress changes(ΔCFS)using rupture models and focal mechanism data.Historical focal mechanism nodal planes serve as receiver fault parameters forΔCFS calculations.Our findings indicate signifi cant Coulomb stress loading on the Longitudinal Valley fault and Central Range structure due to the mainshock,promoting their seismic activity.Loading effects vary by fault type,with thrust and strike-slip faults experiencing more stress loading than normal and odd faults.Conversely,the rupture’s coseismic slip concentration area shows predominant stress unloading,inhibiting seismic activity in the region.Aftershocks mainly experience increasedΔCFS,suggesting that the stress-triggering induced by the mainshock considerably influences the earthquake sequence evolution.These insights are crucial for understanding aftershock patterns and enhancing seismic hazard assessments.展开更多
BACKGROUND Functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs)are common gastrointestinal conditions that significantly impair patient quality of life.Current clinical treatment methods are relatively limited,making the sear...BACKGROUND Functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs)are common gastrointestinal conditions that significantly impair patient quality of life.Current clinical treatment methods are relatively limited,making the search for more effective therapeutic strategies critically important.Latent myofascial trigger points(MTrPs)injection,as an emerging minimally invasive treatment method,has shown potential in alleviating muscle pain and improving function,but its application in FGIDs remains insufficiently validated.AIM To assess improvements in gastrointestinal symptom severity,quality of life indices,and treatment-related adverse events between the two therapeutic approaches.METHODS This single-blind randomized controlled study recruited 60 FGIDs patients from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University,randomly divided into an injection group(TI group)and an oral medication group(PO group)at a 1:1 ratio.The TI group received abdominal wall latent MTrPs injection therapy,while the PO group received oral symptomatic medication treatment.Primary outcome measures were gastrointestinal symptom severity scores(Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale,Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System scales)at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment completion.Secondary outcome measures included Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index scores.Both groups underwent rigorous follow-up and assessment.RESULTS The TI group is anticipated to significantly outperform the PO group in gastrointestinal symptom relief and quality of life improvement.TI group patients are expected to show a notable decrease in symptom scores,increased quality of life index,and higher clinical effectiveness rate.Additionally,the TI group is projected to have a low adverse event rate and good safety profile.CONCLUSION Latent MTrPs injection therapy may represent an effective and safe new method for treating FGIDs.Compared to traditional oral medication treatment,this method demonstrates significant advantages in improving patient symptoms and quality of life.展开更多
文摘In the version of the article initially published,errors were identified in the figures,Figs.2Q and 6A,owing to the incorrect placement of images during the preparation and assembly of representative images.These revisions do not affect any results or conclusions in the article.The original data for these figures have been submitted to the Editorial Office,and access to this data can be obtained by contacting either the corresponding authors or the Editorial Office.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62305274,62475222,62205163)NaturalScience Foundation of Xiamen Municipality(3502Z202371001,3502Z20227162)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2024J01056)Xiamen University(20720240025).
文摘Miniaturization of photoacoustic microscopy(PAM)to portable and wearable levels requires special design of scanning,detection,acquisition,and excitation units.Now the first three can be minimized to gram and millimeter levels,but the excitation sources usually remain bulky and also face different challenges,including low pulse energy,wide pulse width,limited wavelength,or high cost.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42575091)Marine Meteorological Science and Data Center Program (2024B1212070014)。
文摘In this study, the ground potential rise(GPR) phenomenon caused by a lightning current injected into a field-shaped artificial grounding grid, as well as the potential difference between two different nodes at the edge of the grounding grid, was observed and analyzed under artificially triggered lightning conditions. Based on circuit theory and measured current data, a π-equivalent circuit was established to simulate the transient response of the grounding grid.Nineteen return strokes from three artificially triggered lightning events were analyzed. The peak currents of the 19 return strokes range from -6.7 to -25.1 kA, and the mean value was -14.3 kA. The GPR decreased rapidly and formed a subpeak after reaching the initial peak, with the mean value of the initial peak being -148.65 kV and the mean value of the subpeak being -92.87 kV. The GPR induced by the triggered lightning currents exhibited a subpeak phenomenon. Simulation results indicate that the subpeak phenomenon is related to localized corrosion of the vertical grounding electrode. The potential difference at the grounding grid edge exhibited a multi-pulse waveform with alternating polarity, dominated by positive pulses. The peak values of both the positive and negative polarity pulses gradually decreased, with the first positive pulse displaying a significantly higher intensity than that of subsequent pulses.
基金Supported by Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Plan Project,No.2020ZDLSF01-02Doctor Foundation of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University,No.X2Y-R11.
文摘Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)is a common severe emergency in neurosurgery,causing tremendous economic pressure on families and society and devastating effects on patients both physically and psychologically,especially among patients with poor functional outcomes.ICH is often accompanied by decreased consciousness and limb dysfunction.This seriously affects patients’ability to live independently.Although rapid advances in neurosurgery have greatly improved patient survival,there remains insufficient evidence that surgical treatment significantly improves long-term outcomes.With in-depth pathophysiological studies after ICH,increasing evidence has shown that secondary injury after ICH is related to long-term prognosis and that the key to secondary injury is various immune-mediated neuroinflammatory reactions after ICH.In basic and clinical studies of various systemic inflammatory diseases,triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1/2(TREM-1/2),and the TREM receptor family is closely related to the inflammatory response.Various inflammatory diseases can be upregulated and downregulated through receptor intervention.How the TREM receptor functions after ICH,the types of results from intervention,and whether the outcomes can improve secondary brain injury and the long-term prognosis of patients are unknown.An analysis of relevant research results from basic and clinical trials revealed that the inhibition of TREM-1 and the activation of TREM-2 can alleviate the neuroinflammatory immune response,significantly improve the long-term prognosis of neurological function in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and thus improve the ability of patients to live independently.
文摘Despite recent advances in understanding the biology of aging,the field remains fragmented due to the lack of a central organizing hypothesis.Although there are ongoing debates on whether the aging process is programmed or stochastic,it is now evident that neither perspective alone can fully explain the complexity of aging.Here,we propose the pro-aging metabolic reprogramming(PAMRP)theory,which integrates and unifies the genetic-program and stochastic hypotheses.This theory posits that aging is driven by degenerative metabolic reprogramming(MRP)over time,requiring the emergence of pro-aging substrates and triggers(PASs and PATs)to predispose cells to cellular and genetic reprogramming(CRP and GRP).
基金supported by NSFC Shiptime Sharing Project(Nos.42349302,and 42149905)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2024AFB515)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42207173,41831280,and 42176071)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFC3082500)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2022QD002)the Shandong Provincial Taishan Scholar Construction Project(No.tsqn202507091)the Shandong Provincial Young Innovators Team(No.2024KJH183).
文摘Low–angle submarine landslides pose a greater threat to offshore infrastructure compared to those with steep sliding angles.Understanding the preparation and triggering mechanism of these low–angle submarine landslides remains a significant challenge.This study focuses on a deformed low–angle submarine landslide in the shelf–slope break of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea,integrating sedimentology,geophysics,and geotechnology to investigate potential failure mechanisms.The architecture and deformation characteristics of the submarine landslide were elucidated by analyzing multibeam and seismic data.Within the context of the regional geological history and tectonic framework,this study focuses on the factors(e.g.,rapid sedimentation,fluid activity,and earthquakes)that potentially contributed to the submarine slope failure.Furthermore,a series of stability evaluations considering the effects of rapid sedimentation and earthquakes was conducted.Our findings indicate that the most probable triggering mechanism involves the combined effects of sedimentation controlled by sea–level fluctuations,high–pressure gas activity,and seismic events.The high–pressure gas,which acts as a long–term preconditioning factor by elevating pore pressures and reducing shear resistance within the sediment,accumulated beneath the upper and middle sections of the low–permeability stratum that was formed during sea–level rise and ultimately evolved into the sliding mass.The overpressure generated by gas accumulation predisposed the submarine slope to instability,and a frequent or moderate earthquake ultimately initiated local failure.This study enhances the mechanistic understanding of low–angle slope failures in the shelf–slope break zone and provides critical insights for assessing marine hazard risks.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A20266 and 12302503)Scientific and technological research projects in Sichuan province(Grant No.2024NSFSC0973).
文摘Source properties and stress fields are critical to understand fundamental mechanisms for fluid-induced earthquakes.In this study,we identify the focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)of 360 earthquakes with local magnitude M_(L)≥1.5 in the Changning shale gas field from January 2016 to May 2017 by fitting three-component waveforms.We then constrain the directions of the maximum horizontal stress(σ_(H_(max)))for four dense earthquake clusters using the stress tensor inversion method.The stress drops of 121 earthquakes with M_(L)≥1.5 are calculated using the spectral ratio method.We examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of stress field,and discuss the cause of non-double-couple(non-DC)components in seismicity clusters.Following the Mohr-Coulomb criterion,we estimate the fluid overpressure thresholds from FMS for different seismic clusters,providing insights into potential physical mechanisms for induced seismicity.The FMS results indicate that shallow reverse earthquakes,with steep dip angles,characterize most events.The source mechanisms of earthquakes with M_(L)≥1.5 are dominated by DC components(>70%),but several earthquakes with M_(L)>3.0 and the microseismic events nearby during injection period display significant non-DC components(>30%).Stress inversion results reveal that the σ_(H_(max)) direction ranges from 120°to 128°.Stress drops of earthquakes range between 0.10 and 64.49 MPa,with high values occurring on reverse faults situated at a greater distance from the shale layer,accompanied by a moderate rotation(≤25°)in the trend of σ_(H_(max)).The seismic clusters close to the shale layer exhibit low fluid overpressure thresholds,prone to being triggered by high pore-pressure fluid.The integrated results suggest that the diffusion of high pore pressures is likely to be the primary factor for observed earthquakes.The present results are expected to offer valuable insights into the origin of anomalous seismicity near the shale gas sites.
文摘BACKGROUND Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis(TPP)is an endocrine emergency caused by thyrotoxicosis,manifesting mainly as periodic myasthenia and hypokalemia,and posing a serious threat to the patient's health.Fatigue,strenuous exercise,alcohol abuse,high carbohydrate intake and insulin injections are common triggers of paralysis.This article reports a case of severe TPP induced by insulin injection,elucidates the characteristics and pathogenesis of the disease,analyses the risk factors for triggering TPP,and hopefully provides more clinical data for TPP patients.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old Asian man presented to the emergency department with a oneweek history of limb weakness and worsening half-day.His medical history included poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and he had been switched to Aspart50 a week earlier.He was alert and oriented with upper extremity strength grade 3 and lower extremity strength grade 1.Emergency department tests showed hypokalemia of 1.6 mmol/L.The paramedics administered 1.5 g of potassium intravenously,followed by 4.0 g orally.Weakness in the arms and legs improved.He was referred to endocrinology where he was diagnosed with Graves'disease,with suboptimal control and insulin injections possibly causing TPP.We stopped his insulin and he was discharged with a potassium level of 4.0 mmol/L.CONCLUSION Insulin is a trigger for TPP and should be avoided in patients with hyperthyroidism.Early recognition and treatment of TPP is crucial,especially in patients presenting with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62203283)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022QF009,ZR2023QA063)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711981).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter investigates global stabilization of uncertain nonlinear systems via adaptive event-triggered output feedback.Uncertainties lie in both system nonlinearities and measurement sensitivity.To this end,a dynamic high gain is introduced to cope with the influence of large uncertainties,the unknown measurement sensitivity and the execution error,while a time-varying threshold event-triggering mechanism is constructed to effectively exclude the Zeno phenomenon.As such,the adaptive event-triggered control ensures globally bounded and convergent of system states.The design method is demonstrated using a controlled pendulum example.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52274075,42122052,52379098)。
文摘Landslides triggered by seismic activity have led to substantial human and economic losses.Nevertheless,the fundamental physical mechanisms underlying the vibration and rupture of rock slopes during earthquakes remain poorly understood.In this study,finite element method-based numerical simulations were conducted based on the rock slope at Dagangshan Hydropower Station in Sichuan province,China.Firstly,systematic analysis in both the time and frequency domains were performed to examine the seismic dynamic characteristics of the slope.Subsequently,the transfer function method and the multiple stepwise linear regression method were employed to clarify the underlying mechanism and determine critical factors influencing the slope instability during earthquakes.Time-domain analysis reveals that rock slope dynamic response exhibits notable elevation,surface,and local amplification effects.Specifically,the Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA)amplification coefficient(MPGA)is significantly higher at elevated locations,near the slope surface and in areas with protrusions.Moreover,the existence of fracture zones and anti-shear galleries minimally influences the dynamic responses but considerably affect the rupture.Specifically,fracture zones exacerbate rupture,while anti-shear galleries mitigate it.Frequency-domain analysis indicates that the dynamic responses of the slope are closely correlated with the degree of slope rupture.As earthquake magnitude increases,the rupture degree of the slope intensifies,and the dominant frequency of the response within the slope decreases,e.g.,its value shifts from 3.63 to 2.75 Hz at measurement point 9near the slope surface.The transfer function of rock slope,calculated under the excitation of wide flat spectrum white noise can reflect the interrelationships between the inherent properties and the rupture degree.Notably,the peak of the transfer function undergoes inversion as the degree of rupture increases.Furthermore,through multiple stepwise linear regression analysis,four key factors influencing the surface dynamic response of the slope were identified:rock strength,slope angle,elevation,and seismic dominant frequency.These findings provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of rock slope dynamic responses triggered by earthquakes,offering essential guidance for understanding and mitigating seismic impacts on rock slopes.
基金supported by the Spark Program of Earthquake Science and Technology(No.XH23003C)。
文摘The earthquake early warning system is an effective means of disaster reduction to reduce losses caused by earthquakes,it can release earthquake warning information to the public before destructive seismic waves reach the warning target area,and carry out automatic disposal of lifeline engineering facilities.Through the construction of the National Earthquake Intensity Rapid Reporting and Early Warning Project,an earthquake early warning network consisting of over 1900 monitoring stations has been established in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration.The early warning system has achieved second level earthquake warning and minute level intensity rapid reporting.The implementation of these functions relies on the system's ability to timely,accurately,and reliably identify seismic waves.But with the development of social economy,the background noise of earthquake observation environment is becoming increasingly complex,which brings certain challenges to earthquake wave recognition,some interference events have the risk of triggering the earthquake warning system incorrectly.Therefore,this article focuses on seismic wave recognition in complex noise environments and proposes a seismic wave detection method based on triangulation to enhance the antiinterference ability and recognition accuracy of early warning systems.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2021SP318)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20190391)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea founded by the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2016ZT06N331)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2019A1515110305,2021A1515011130,2021A1515110288)。
文摘The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is an autoimmune disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis.Viral infections have been proposed as contributing triggers,supported by the disease’s seasonal pattern,which typically shows higher incidence in autumn and winter.The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and associated lockdowns created a unique context to examine the incidence and seasonality of T1DM during a period characterized by reduced circulation of common viral infections.AIM To investigate the incidence and seasonality of T1DM before and during COVID-19 pandemic in relation to global viral infection rates.METHODS This population-based retrospective study utilized a nationwide computerized database.Extracted data included the number of new T1DM cases over the 8 years preceding and during the COVID-19 pandemic,demographic characteristics of affected individuals,and nationwide respiratory virus polymerase chain reaction data from weekly nasal wash sample collections.RESULTS A total of 2176 patients were diagnosed with new-onset T1DM during the prepandemic period,compared to 348 cases during the pandemic.In the same periods,33727 respiratory virus-positive polymerase chain reaction results from nasal wash samples were recorded pre-pandemic,compared to 2603 during the pandemic.Additionally,363399 positive COVID-19 cases were reported during the pandemic period.Seasonality analysis revealed a higher rate of new-onset T1DM cases and a weaker seasonal pattern during the pandemic.Trend analysis showed a consistent increase in T1DM incidence prior to COVID-19,with a more variable trend observed during the pandemic.Correlation analysis between T1DM incidence and respiratory viruses demonstrated a weak correlation between T1DM incidence and a few respiratory viruses.CONCLUSION The observed increase in new-onset T1DM cases and the disruption of its typical seasonal pattern during the COVID-19 pandemic suggest a potential association between respiratory virus exposure and the development of T1DM.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2342215)Key Laboratory of South China Sea Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Hainan Province(Grant No.SCSF202302)。
文摘This study utilizes data from a 3D lightning location system,polarimetric radar,and current measurements from channels of triggered lightning flashes(TLFs)to analyze the structural characteristics of the parent thunderstorms associated with negative TLFs in South China.The triggered-flash region(TFR)displays distinct stratiform cloud characteristics,including lower radar reflectivity heights and a predominance of ice crystals and dry snow above the 0℃ layer.In contrast,the thunderstorm convection core region(CCR)tends to have more graupel particles in the mixed-phase layers and exhibits an ice-water content peak approximately 3.4 times that of the TFR.The charge regions involved in discharges in TFRs exhibit a dipolar charge structure,with the-5℃ layer roughly dividing the upper positive and lower negative charge regions.Conversely,the CCRs feature a typical tripolar charge structure.The dominant dipole charge structure in the TFR results in an increase in the negative charge field below the negative charge region with height,providing a necessary condition for successfully triggering negative TLFs.Furthermore,the horizontal extent of TLFs is positively correlated with their duration and charge transfer.Regions where TLF channels with larger charge transfers propagate tend to have greater maximum radar reflectivity but lower average radar reflectivity compared to regions with TLFs with smaller charge transfer.
文摘Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prolonged therapeutic effects of a 35 kDa molecular weight hyaluronan fragment (HA35) in alleviating pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Hyaluronan interacts with various receptors in the human body, including CD44, LYVE-1, RHAMM, and TLR2, and is well-known for its analgesic effects when used in intra-articular or ultrasound-guided nerve trunk injections. Studies have shown that hyaluronidase cleaves high molecular weight HA to generate HA35, a low molecular weight fragment with enhanced tissue permeability, capable of binding to HA receptors on cell surfaces to produce broad-spectrum analgesic effects. Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with MPS were treated and assessed in this study. HA35 was administered through injection at a dosage of 100 mg daily for 15 days. Patients evaluated their MPS, overall pain levels, and treatment satisfaction using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), the Global Pain Scale (GPS), and the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM 1.4). Follow-up evaluations were performed three months post-treatment to assess the duration of therapeutic effects. Results: Significant improvements were observed in NPRS, GPS, and TSQM scores both during and after the treatment period (P Conclusions: HA35 provides effective and sustained relief from pain associated with MPS, demonstrating a prolonged therapeutic benefit.
基金funded by the Open Research Fund of TPESER(Grant No.TPESER202502)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFF0810700)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Program Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.25JRRA138)the Hydraulic Science Experimental Research and Technology Extension Project of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.25GSLK094)the Open Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System,Lanzhou Universitythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.1zujbky-2025-jdzx02)。
文摘Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world.Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments,disentangling climate-glacier linkages,and mitigating downstream hazards.Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers;however,attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal.This study confirmed two surges in the northern and southern branches of the Aru-4 glacier,respectively,in the Western Tibetan Plateau,using multisource remote sensing data.The northern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 1999 and the active phase lasted for 6 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier entered the active phase in 2007 and the active phase lasted for 9 years.The southern branch of the Aru-4 glacier experienced a long period of retreat before the northern branch surged and their tongues were in a detached state.The northern branch surge carried a large amount of ice to the frontal area,blocking the downward transport of ice from the southern branch and initiated surge.Through the analysis of two surge processes of Aru-4 glacier,we found a new surge mechanism for compound glaciers.It was revealed that surges in such glaciers are not only triggered by the reduction in basal sliding resistance caused by the internal factors.These surges initiated in the upper part of the glacier then propagated to down glacier by intense compression force.Furthermore,surges can also be triggered by external intervention of blocking by other branches.This external trigger initiates the surge in the lower part of the glacier then propagated to the upper part by longitudinal traction force.In addition,comparing with the surge triggered by the internal factors,the surge triggered by the external intervention may have a more dramatic process.
基金supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Framework Program No.861584the Taishan Distinguished Professor Fund No.20190910.
文摘The financial health of leading enterprises has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the global economy.Most data-driven financial health forecasts are based on the direct use of small-scale machine learning.In this study,we proposed the idea of optimization coupling learning to improve these machine learning models in financial health forecasting.It not only revealed lagging,immediate,continuous impacts of various indicators in different fiscal year,but also had the same low computational cost and complexity as known small-scale machine learning models.We used our optimization coupling learning to investigate 3424 leading enterprises in China and revealed inner triggering mechanisms and differences of enterprises’financial health status from individual behavior to macro level.
基金supported by the National Nonprofit Fundamental Research Grant of China, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration (grant number IGCEA2504)partially supported by National Science Foundation Grant RISE-2425889+1 种基金supported by Earthquake Prediction Open Fund, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. XH25006D)supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 164GJHZ2023006MI)
文摘A devastating MW 7.7 earthquake struck near Mandalay,Myanmar,on March 28,2025,causing extensive damage and casualties across Myanmar and neighboring regions.The 2025 event occurred in a well-recognized seismic gap along the Sagaing Fault.Here we focus on the mainshock rupture properties based on backprojection of teleseismic P waves and early aftershock locations,analysis of near-field seismic recordings for the mainshock initiation,and remotely triggered seismicity following the MW 7.7 mainshock.We find that the~500 km mainshock rupture can be revealed by both rapid back-projection of teleseismic P waves from multiple broadband arrays and early aftershock locations within about 3 h from the Thai Meteorological Department(TMD)catalog.The rupture speed went supershear in the southward propagation after the initial bilateral subshear ruptures,as expected for large strike-slip earthquakes of such sizes.Clear fault zone head waves that are reflected along a bimaterial fault interface are observed at the only near-fault station GE.NPW on the slower side about 2.6 km away from the Sagaing fault,consistent with the preferred direction of a supershear rupture propagating to the south.In addition,aftershocks from the regional TMD catalog appear to be located mostly to the east of the mainshock rupture.While we cannot completely rule out mis-locations from the one-sided station distribution,these off-fault seismicity could also be explained by reactivations of subsidiary faults within the Shan Plateau,or an eastward dipping of the mainshock rupture plane.Although no immediate foreshocks were found from several nearby stations,we identify one sub-event with magnitude~6 at the beginning of the mainshock with a slightly different focal mechanism about 20–30 km south of the hypocenter determined by the United States Geological Survey(USGS).The mainshock also occurred when the tidal stresses reached its maximum on the right-lateral strike-slip fault,likely indicating that the timing of the mainshock is modulated by the solid earth tides.We find a significant increase of seismic activity near the Thailand/Myanmar border,in multiple(geothermally active)regions of Yunnan province in Southwest China,as well as the Xingfengjian reservoir in the Guangdong province in South China.Because static stress changes from the mainshock are small but negative near the Thailand/Myanmar border,the occurrence of microseismicity in this and other regions can be mainly explained by remote triggering from dynamic stress changes of the mainshock rupture.Our analyses demonstrate the importance of rapid analysis on openly available seismic data and catalog to better understand the rupture properties and triggered seismicity following large earthquakes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42364005,42174074,42064008 and 41704053)Science&Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program(Grant No.2023FY201500)+1 种基金Science and Technology Plan Project of Jiangxi Province(20212BCJ23002,20232ACB213013)the East China University of Technology Research Foundation for Advanced Talents(ECUT)(DHBK2019084)。
文摘Earthquakes not only release the long-term accumulated stress on the seismogenic fault but may also increase the stress on some surrounding faults or other segments of the seismogenic fault,thereby raising the seismic risk on these faults.This study investigates the impact of the April 2,2024,Mw 7.4 earthquake in Hualien,Taiwan,China,on the surrounding faults and aftershocks.We analyze stress-triggering effects by calculating Coulomb stress changes(ΔCFS)using rupture models and focal mechanism data.Historical focal mechanism nodal planes serve as receiver fault parameters forΔCFS calculations.Our findings indicate signifi cant Coulomb stress loading on the Longitudinal Valley fault and Central Range structure due to the mainshock,promoting their seismic activity.Loading effects vary by fault type,with thrust and strike-slip faults experiencing more stress loading than normal and odd faults.Conversely,the rupture’s coseismic slip concentration area shows predominant stress unloading,inhibiting seismic activity in the region.Aftershocks mainly experience increasedΔCFS,suggesting that the stress-triggering induced by the mainshock considerably influences the earthquake sequence evolution.These insights are crucial for understanding aftershock patterns and enhancing seismic hazard assessments.
文摘BACKGROUND Functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs)are common gastrointestinal conditions that significantly impair patient quality of life.Current clinical treatment methods are relatively limited,making the search for more effective therapeutic strategies critically important.Latent myofascial trigger points(MTrPs)injection,as an emerging minimally invasive treatment method,has shown potential in alleviating muscle pain and improving function,but its application in FGIDs remains insufficiently validated.AIM To assess improvements in gastrointestinal symptom severity,quality of life indices,and treatment-related adverse events between the two therapeutic approaches.METHODS This single-blind randomized controlled study recruited 60 FGIDs patients from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University,randomly divided into an injection group(TI group)and an oral medication group(PO group)at a 1:1 ratio.The TI group received abdominal wall latent MTrPs injection therapy,while the PO group received oral symptomatic medication treatment.Primary outcome measures were gastrointestinal symptom severity scores(Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale,Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System scales)at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment completion.Secondary outcome measures included Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index scores.Both groups underwent rigorous follow-up and assessment.RESULTS The TI group is anticipated to significantly outperform the PO group in gastrointestinal symptom relief and quality of life improvement.TI group patients are expected to show a notable decrease in symptom scores,increased quality of life index,and higher clinical effectiveness rate.Additionally,the TI group is projected to have a low adverse event rate and good safety profile.CONCLUSION Latent MTrPs injection therapy may represent an effective and safe new method for treating FGIDs.Compared to traditional oral medication treatment,this method demonstrates significant advantages in improving patient symptoms and quality of life.
