This paper shows a number of Problems in pure and applied mathematicsthat are solved by constructing transportation networks.Moreover,it also shows thatall the solutions are characterized by forbidden configurations w...This paper shows a number of Problems in pure and applied mathematicsthat are solved by constructing transportation networks.Moreover,it also shows thatall the solutions are characterized by forbidden configurations which are not minors.However,all the characterizations are much related to the graphic method which wasfound by Chinese for solving a kind of the transportation problem in the fifties.展开更多
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial...Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related（PR） proteins.Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell＇s protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.展开更多
文摘This paper shows a number of Problems in pure and applied mathematicsthat are solved by constructing transportation networks.Moreover,it also shows thatall the solutions are characterized by forbidden configurations which are not minors.However,all the characterizations are much related to the graphic method which wasfound by Chinese for solving a kind of the transportation problem in the fifties.
基金supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation(grant number IOS-1146589)to S.X.Research in the Wang lab is supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 31371931 and 31430072)to W.M.W
文摘Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related（PR） proteins.Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell＇s protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.
