This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic...This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic quantitative evaluation,it systematically analyzes their performance in translating red culture texts.The study selects a diverse range of corpora,including historical documents,red classic texts,and culturally loaded terms.Three automatic evaluation metrics—GLEU,METEOR,and COMET—are employed for a comprehensive assessment.展开更多
This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and c...This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and cassia(jiao and jun’gui),and crescent eyebrows(emei),are translated into English while maintaining their cultural,emotional,and philosophical depth.The study explores the challenges translators face when rendering these culturally specific metaphors,and it identifies strategies such as literal translation,adaptation,substitution,and paraphrasing used by translators to preserve the metaphors’essence.Drawing on the principles of ECT,the paper examines how metaphors function not just as linguistic elements but as cognitive symbols embedded in cultural contexts,reflecting the translator’s cognitive processes.The research highlights the importance of aligning the translation process with the cognitive and emotional resonance of the original text,thus ensuring the metaphor’s full meaning is conveyed.This paper also discusses the broader implications of translating metaphors from ancient Chinese literature,offering insights into the complexities of cross-cultural translation.It concludes with suggestions for future research in translating classical Chinese works,focusing on improving the preservation of metaphorical and cultural integrity.展开更多
The German philosopher Walter Benjamin,who died attempting to cross a border to escape persecution,described both the impossibility and the possibilities of translation[1].The impossibility is implicit in the very tit...The German philosopher Walter Benjamin,who died attempting to cross a border to escape persecution,described both the impossibility and the possibilities of translation[1].The impossibility is implicit in the very title of Benjamin's essay,Die Aufgabe desÜbersetzers.The German word Aufgabe can mean"task"or"endeavor"but also a"giving up"or"surrender."展开更多
This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the costume culture in the translation of Chu Ci,an influential work of Chinese literature.It examines the unique features of Chu Ci’s costume culture,including its histo...This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the costume culture in the translation of Chu Ci,an influential work of Chinese literature.It examines the unique features of Chu Ci’s costume culture,including its historical and cultural significance,as well as the role of literary imagery in expressing cultural symbolism.The paper also delves into the challenges faced by translators in translating Chu Ci’s highly symbolic costumes and delivering their cultural connotations.The analysis provides insights into the issues of polysemy and translation choices,which are significant obstacles that require careful consideration of contextual usage to achieve meaningful translations.Furthermore,the paper highlights the importance of humanistic implications in interpreting Chu Ci’s costume culture,with the aim of promoting the appreciation and understanding of traditional Chinese culture worldwide.展开更多
National Fire codes,mandated by government authorities to tackle technical challenges in fire prevention and control,establish fundamental standards for construction practices.International collaboration in fire prote...National Fire codes,mandated by government authorities to tackle technical challenges in fire prevention and control,establish fundamental standards for construction practices.International collaboration in fire protection technologies has opened avenues for China to access a wealth of documents and codes,which are crucial in crafting regulations and developing a robust,scientific framework for fire code formulation.However,the translation of these codes into Chinese has been inadequate,thereby diminishing the benefits of technological exchange and collaborative learning.This underscores the necessity for comprehensive research into code translation,striving for higher-quality translations guided by established translation theories.In this study,we translated the initial segment of the NFPA 1 Fire Code into Chinese and examined both the source text and target text through the lens of Translation Shift Theory,a concept introduced by Catford.The conclusion culminated in identifying four key shifts across various linguistic levels:lexis,sentences,and groups,to ensure an accurate and precise translation of fire codes.This study offers a through and lucid explanation of how the translator integrates Catford’s theories to solve technical challenges in NFPA 1 Fire Code translation,and establish essential standards for construction translation practices.展开更多
Chinese food is not only characterized with its special cooking methods but its cultural implications.However,the status quo of English translation of Chinese dish names is not satisfying.For the purpose of spreading ...Chinese food is not only characterized with its special cooking methods but its cultural implications.However,the status quo of English translation of Chinese dish names is not satisfying.For the purpose of spreading Chinese cuisine culture,4 translating principles and several translating methods are put forward in order to promote the exchanging between cultures.展开更多
美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达说 :“翻译即译意 (Translating m eans translating m eaning)。”就实质而言 ,翻译即译意。就是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来。翻译分理解与表达两个步骤。理解是翻译的基础 ,表达直接...美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达说 :“翻译即译意 (Translating m eans translating m eaning)。”就实质而言 ,翻译即译意。就是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来。翻译分理解与表达两个步骤。理解是翻译的基础 ,表达直接决定译文的成败与优劣 。展开更多
Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clau...Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clauses and the flexible use of all kinds of prepositional phrases and participle phrases, which lead to complex sentence structures and varied constituent relationships, and bring great difficulties to English-Chinese translation practice. The paper concludes that, in the translation of long and complex English sentences, the translator should first figure out the logic relationship of the original text, and then, according to the Chinese expression customs, make a flexible use of various translation methods and techniques, and finally he can get a faithful and smooth translated text.展开更多
Guangxi tourism texts are a kind of tool to show China's image.However,there are still lots of problems despite certain achievements in recent years in Chinese-to-English(C-E) translation of tourism texts.So,how t...Guangxi tourism texts are a kind of tool to show China's image.However,there are still lots of problems despite certain achievements in recent years in Chinese-to-English(C-E) translation of tourism texts.So,how to improve the quality of tourism materials is of great significance practically.The aim is to adopt the"Creation"Thought of Guo Moruo that emphasizes creation,charming translation,having empathy with the source language and experience,aiming at discovering proper and feasible translation standards and strategies and making it better serve for the tourism development between Guangxi and ASEAN countries.展开更多
This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy ...This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy is chosen in translation,it is workable so long as it can reach the best humorous effect.展开更多
In most practical engineering applications,the translating belt wraps around two fixed wheels.The boundary conditions of the dynamic model are typically specified as simply supported or fixed boundaries.In this paper,...In most practical engineering applications,the translating belt wraps around two fixed wheels.The boundary conditions of the dynamic model are typically specified as simply supported or fixed boundaries.In this paper,non-homogeneous boundaries are introduced by the support wheels.Utilizing the translating belt as the mechanical prototype,the vibration characteristics of translating Timoshenko beam models with nonhomogeneous boundaries are investigated for the first time.The governing equations of Timoshenko beam are deduced by employing the generalized Hamilton's principle.The effects of parameters such as the radius of wheel and the length of belt on vibration characteristics including the equilibrium deformations,critical velocities,natural frequencies,and modes,are numerically calculated and analyzed.The numerical results indicate that the beam experiences deformation characterized by varying curvatures near the wheels.The radii of the wheels play a pivotal role in determining the change in trend of the relative difference between two beam models.Comparing the results unearths that the relative difference in equilibrium deformations between the two beam models is more pronounced with smaller-sized wheels.When the two wheels are of equal size,the critical velocities of both beam models reach their respective minima.In addition,the relative difference in natural frequencies between the two beam models exhibits nonlinear variation and can easily exceed 50%.Furthermore,as the axial velocities increase,the impact of non-homogeneous boundaries on modal shape of translating beam becomes more significant.Although dealing with non-homogeneous boundaries is challenging,beam models with non-homogeneous boundaries are more sensitive to parameters,and the differences between the two types of beams undergo some interesting variations under the influence of non-homogeneous boundaries.展开更多
Translators always face dilemmas while translating source text into target text. Whether the language form is more important than the real underlying meaning is constantly a controversial issue in translation. In prac...Translators always face dilemmas while translating source text into target text. Whether the language form is more important than the real underlying meaning is constantly a controversial issue in translation. In practice, to keep the target text in the same genre and form as the source text and accurately render the original meaning from the author is highly difficult, especially in literature translation. Therefore, previous research regarding difficulties in translating various languages in diverse cultures are to be reviewed, followed by a more specific context in which literature translations from Chinese to English and English to Chinese are analyzed. Difficulties exposed in these translations are dealt with by experienced translators who employ various strategies. How effective these translations are in transmitting the original source language in both form and other functions are then evaluated. Moreover, the impacts that culture have on translation are further discussed. It comes to conclude that translators may apply effective methods to minimize the gap between source language and target language, despite being unable to exactly render the meaning and form of the source text, especially when over one source language is involved.展开更多
Translation is a kind of communicative function of language behavior.In English teaching,translation capabilities must be one of the purposes of our teaching.As a teaching activity it aims to lay a good foundation in ...Translation is a kind of communicative function of language behavior.In English teaching,translation capabilities must be one of the purposes of our teaching.As a teaching activity it aims to lay a good foundation in English for students and effective teaching methods,but also comprehensive language skills,students study the benchmark one.展开更多
Euphemism comes into being when people have to talk about something that are regarded as offensive or rude and so on,by the hearer.It is a language pattern people created in order to make their communication effective...Euphemism comes into being when people have to talk about something that are regarded as offensive or rude and so on,by the hearer.It is a language pattern people created in order to make their communication effective,and also harmonize interpersonal relationships.It is a rhetorical device as well as a cultural phenomenon.Due to differences in culture,the topics English-speakers are sensitive to are not the same in China.Sometimes differences in euphemisms lead to misunderstanding or even embarrassing results.Translating,as a bridge that combines tow languages,aims at facilitating international communication.It is hard enough in itself.Therefore,translating euphemisms is a very important but difficult part of it.That field has been explored by many people,but there are still so many aspects that are not concerned.Therefore,it is still worth studying.In addition,it will also be an interesting work to study the translating of English euphemisms because there are so much to consider,including many historical stories and traditional customs and so on.展开更多
What is the essence of translating activities?Up to now,many scholars or translators have conducted this study.This thesis aims to study the essence of translating activities from a new perspective—Marxism’s Practic...What is the essence of translating activities?Up to now,many scholars or translators have conducted this study.This thesis aims to study the essence of translating activities from a new perspective—Marxism’s Practice Viewpoint.Translating is a kind of language activity of reproduction,using another language to retell the content of the original accurately and completely.The author also makes his comments on the debate as to whether translating is a science or an art.The conclusion is that translating is neither an art nor a science.It is an activity marked by artistic creativity and scientific creativity,a scientific and artistic unity.展开更多
Translation has always been playing an important role in the world history, however, it scarcely has gained enough attention in the world stage. In this paper, the author will analyze the importance of translation and...Translation has always been playing an important role in the world history, however, it scarcely has gained enough attention in the world stage. In this paper, the author will analyze the importance of translation and translating, hope to arise people attention on this subject.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate spacelike graphs defined over a domain Ω⊂M^(n) in the Lorentz manifold M^(n)×ℝ with the metric−ds^(2)+σ,where M^(n) is a complete Riemannian n-manifold with the metricσ,Ωhas piece...In this paper,we investigate spacelike graphs defined over a domain Ω⊂M^(n) in the Lorentz manifold M^(n)×ℝ with the metric−ds^(2)+σ,where M^(n) is a complete Riemannian n-manifold with the metricσ,Ωhas piecewise smooth boundary,and ℝ denotes the Euclidean 1-space.We prove an interesting stability result for translating spacelike graphs in M^(n)×ℝ under a conformal transformation.展开更多
Palletizing robot technology has been applied more and more extensively in logistics automation field.But there are some limitations in the current single-arm palletizing robot that it cannot do effective work in the ...Palletizing robot technology has been applied more and more extensively in logistics automation field.But there are some limitations in the current single-arm palletizing robot that it cannot do effective work in the process of moving back to the taking-end and the mechanical arm has so many freedoms that its control system is relatively complex.Based on the translating cam principle,a novel palletizing robot is designed.The horizontal movement of the palletizing mechanical arm is controlled by changeable outer slides,and the vertical movement is controlled by partitioned up-and-down spindles.To improve palletizing efficiency,the single palletizing mechanical arm is changed into multi-arm.Moreover,to improve its kinematic properties,the acceleration operating performance,joint driving force and palletizing trajectory are optimized through the multi-objective delaminating sequence method.According to the optimization results,the 3D model of the multi-arm palletizing robot is built in Pro/E,and the kinematic simulation is made.The simulation results show that the novel mechanism and optimization parameters are rational and feasible.This novel palletizing robot has the advantages of cam mechanism,so it simplifies the driving mode of palletizing movement and can lower the requirements for controlling system.At the same time,it can increase palletizing efficiency further by adding mechanical arms.展开更多
During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were b...During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B 1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regu- latory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.展开更多
基金Shanxi Normal University Graduate Innovation Project(2024XSY31)。
文摘This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic quantitative evaluation,it systematically analyzes their performance in translating red culture texts.The study selects a diverse range of corpora,including historical documents,red classic texts,and culturally loaded terms.Three automatic evaluation metrics—GLEU,METEOR,and COMET—are employed for a comprehensive assessment.
文摘This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and cassia(jiao and jun’gui),and crescent eyebrows(emei),are translated into English while maintaining their cultural,emotional,and philosophical depth.The study explores the challenges translators face when rendering these culturally specific metaphors,and it identifies strategies such as literal translation,adaptation,substitution,and paraphrasing used by translators to preserve the metaphors’essence.Drawing on the principles of ECT,the paper examines how metaphors function not just as linguistic elements but as cognitive symbols embedded in cultural contexts,reflecting the translator’s cognitive processes.The research highlights the importance of aligning the translation process with the cognitive and emotional resonance of the original text,thus ensuring the metaphor’s full meaning is conveyed.This paper also discusses the broader implications of translating metaphors from ancient Chinese literature,offering insights into the complexities of cross-cultural translation.It concludes with suggestions for future research in translating classical Chinese works,focusing on improving the preservation of metaphorical and cultural integrity.
文摘The German philosopher Walter Benjamin,who died attempting to cross a border to escape persecution,described both the impossibility and the possibilities of translation[1].The impossibility is implicit in the very title of Benjamin's essay,Die Aufgabe desÜbersetzers.The German word Aufgabe can mean"task"or"endeavor"but also a"giving up"or"surrender."
基金sponsored by the research project fund of Hubei Provincial Department of Education as Young Scholars Program in Humanities and Social Sciences(Project No.18Q084)the Ministry of Education humanities social sciences research project(Project No.21YJC740083)the State Scholarship Fund from China Scholarship Council(CSC No.202108420189).
文摘This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the costume culture in the translation of Chu Ci,an influential work of Chinese literature.It examines the unique features of Chu Ci’s costume culture,including its historical and cultural significance,as well as the role of literary imagery in expressing cultural symbolism.The paper also delves into the challenges faced by translators in translating Chu Ci’s highly symbolic costumes and delivering their cultural connotations.The analysis provides insights into the issues of polysemy and translation choices,which are significant obstacles that require careful consideration of contextual usage to achieve meaningful translations.Furthermore,the paper highlights the importance of humanistic implications in interpreting Chu Ci’s costume culture,with the aim of promoting the appreciation and understanding of traditional Chinese culture worldwide.
基金Hangzhou Philosophy and Social Science Planning Program(24JD15)。
文摘National Fire codes,mandated by government authorities to tackle technical challenges in fire prevention and control,establish fundamental standards for construction practices.International collaboration in fire protection technologies has opened avenues for China to access a wealth of documents and codes,which are crucial in crafting regulations and developing a robust,scientific framework for fire code formulation.However,the translation of these codes into Chinese has been inadequate,thereby diminishing the benefits of technological exchange and collaborative learning.This underscores the necessity for comprehensive research into code translation,striving for higher-quality translations guided by established translation theories.In this study,we translated the initial segment of the NFPA 1 Fire Code into Chinese and examined both the source text and target text through the lens of Translation Shift Theory,a concept introduced by Catford.The conclusion culminated in identifying four key shifts across various linguistic levels:lexis,sentences,and groups,to ensure an accurate and precise translation of fire codes.This study offers a through and lucid explanation of how the translator integrates Catford’s theories to solve technical challenges in NFPA 1 Fire Code translation,and establish essential standards for construction translation practices.
文摘Chinese food is not only characterized with its special cooking methods but its cultural implications.However,the status quo of English translation of Chinese dish names is not satisfying.For the purpose of spreading Chinese cuisine culture,4 translating principles and several translating methods are put forward in order to promote the exchanging between cultures.
文摘Long and complex English sentences, just as the name implies, are long sentences with complicated structures. The most typical features of this kind of sentences are the comprehensive use of different subordinate clauses and the flexible use of all kinds of prepositional phrases and participle phrases, which lead to complex sentence structures and varied constituent relationships, and bring great difficulties to English-Chinese translation practice. The paper concludes that, in the translation of long and complex English sentences, the translator should first figure out the logic relationship of the original text, and then, according to the Chinese expression customs, make a flexible use of various translation methods and techniques, and finally he can get a faithful and smooth translated text.
文摘Guangxi tourism texts are a kind of tool to show China's image.However,there are still lots of problems despite certain achievements in recent years in Chinese-to-English(C-E) translation of tourism texts.So,how to improve the quality of tourism materials is of great significance practically.The aim is to adopt the"Creation"Thought of Guo Moruo that emphasizes creation,charming translation,having empathy with the source language and experience,aiming at discovering proper and feasible translation standards and strategies and making it better serve for the tourism development between Guangxi and ASEAN countries.
文摘This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy is chosen in translation,it is workable so long as it can reach the best humorous effect.
基金Project supported by the YEQISUN Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2341231)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172186)。
文摘In most practical engineering applications,the translating belt wraps around two fixed wheels.The boundary conditions of the dynamic model are typically specified as simply supported or fixed boundaries.In this paper,non-homogeneous boundaries are introduced by the support wheels.Utilizing the translating belt as the mechanical prototype,the vibration characteristics of translating Timoshenko beam models with nonhomogeneous boundaries are investigated for the first time.The governing equations of Timoshenko beam are deduced by employing the generalized Hamilton's principle.The effects of parameters such as the radius of wheel and the length of belt on vibration characteristics including the equilibrium deformations,critical velocities,natural frequencies,and modes,are numerically calculated and analyzed.The numerical results indicate that the beam experiences deformation characterized by varying curvatures near the wheels.The radii of the wheels play a pivotal role in determining the change in trend of the relative difference between two beam models.Comparing the results unearths that the relative difference in equilibrium deformations between the two beam models is more pronounced with smaller-sized wheels.When the two wheels are of equal size,the critical velocities of both beam models reach their respective minima.In addition,the relative difference in natural frequencies between the two beam models exhibits nonlinear variation and can easily exceed 50%.Furthermore,as the axial velocities increase,the impact of non-homogeneous boundaries on modal shape of translating beam becomes more significant.Although dealing with non-homogeneous boundaries is challenging,beam models with non-homogeneous boundaries are more sensitive to parameters,and the differences between the two types of beams undergo some interesting variations under the influence of non-homogeneous boundaries.
文摘Translators always face dilemmas while translating source text into target text. Whether the language form is more important than the real underlying meaning is constantly a controversial issue in translation. In practice, to keep the target text in the same genre and form as the source text and accurately render the original meaning from the author is highly difficult, especially in literature translation. Therefore, previous research regarding difficulties in translating various languages in diverse cultures are to be reviewed, followed by a more specific context in which literature translations from Chinese to English and English to Chinese are analyzed. Difficulties exposed in these translations are dealt with by experienced translators who employ various strategies. How effective these translations are in transmitting the original source language in both form and other functions are then evaluated. Moreover, the impacts that culture have on translation are further discussed. It comes to conclude that translators may apply effective methods to minimize the gap between source language and target language, despite being unable to exactly render the meaning and form of the source text, especially when over one source language is involved.
文摘Translation is a kind of communicative function of language behavior.In English teaching,translation capabilities must be one of the purposes of our teaching.As a teaching activity it aims to lay a good foundation in English for students and effective teaching methods,but also comprehensive language skills,students study the benchmark one.
文摘Euphemism comes into being when people have to talk about something that are regarded as offensive or rude and so on,by the hearer.It is a language pattern people created in order to make their communication effective,and also harmonize interpersonal relationships.It is a rhetorical device as well as a cultural phenomenon.Due to differences in culture,the topics English-speakers are sensitive to are not the same in China.Sometimes differences in euphemisms lead to misunderstanding or even embarrassing results.Translating,as a bridge that combines tow languages,aims at facilitating international communication.It is hard enough in itself.Therefore,translating euphemisms is a very important but difficult part of it.That field has been explored by many people,but there are still so many aspects that are not concerned.Therefore,it is still worth studying.In addition,it will also be an interesting work to study the translating of English euphemisms because there are so much to consider,including many historical stories and traditional customs and so on.
文摘What is the essence of translating activities?Up to now,many scholars or translators have conducted this study.This thesis aims to study the essence of translating activities from a new perspective—Marxism’s Practice Viewpoint.Translating is a kind of language activity of reproduction,using another language to retell the content of the original accurately and completely.The author also makes his comments on the debate as to whether translating is a science or an art.The conclusion is that translating is neither an art nor a science.It is an activity marked by artistic creativity and scientific creativity,a scientific and artistic unity.
文摘Translation has always been playing an important role in the world history, however, it scarcely has gained enough attention in the world stage. In this paper, the author will analyze the importance of translation and translating, hope to arise people attention on this subject.
基金supported in part by the NSFC(11801496,11926352)the Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation(China)the Hubei Key Laboratory of Applied Mathematics(Hubei University).
文摘In this paper,we investigate spacelike graphs defined over a domain Ω⊂M^(n) in the Lorentz manifold M^(n)×ℝ with the metric−ds^(2)+σ,where M^(n) is a complete Riemannian n-manifold with the metricσ,Ωhas piecewise smooth boundary,and ℝ denotes the Euclidean 1-space.We prove an interesting stability result for translating spacelike graphs in M^(n)×ℝ under a conformal transformation.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2010EM007)Shandong Province Science and Technology Development Plan(No.2010GGX10402)
文摘Palletizing robot technology has been applied more and more extensively in logistics automation field.But there are some limitations in the current single-arm palletizing robot that it cannot do effective work in the process of moving back to the taking-end and the mechanical arm has so many freedoms that its control system is relatively complex.Based on the translating cam principle,a novel palletizing robot is designed.The horizontal movement of the palletizing mechanical arm is controlled by changeable outer slides,and the vertical movement is controlled by partitioned up-and-down spindles.To improve palletizing efficiency,the single palletizing mechanical arm is changed into multi-arm.Moreover,to improve its kinematic properties,the acceleration operating performance,joint driving force and palletizing trajectory are optimized through the multi-objective delaminating sequence method.According to the optimization results,the 3D model of the multi-arm palletizing robot is built in Pro/E,and the kinematic simulation is made.The simulation results show that the novel mechanism and optimization parameters are rational and feasible.This novel palletizing robot has the advantages of cam mechanism,so it simplifies the driving mode of palletizing movement and can lower the requirements for controlling system.At the same time,it can increase palletizing efficiency further by adding mechanical arms.
文摘During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B 1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regu- latory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.
