The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for ...The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for two pathologies:(1) the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease(GD) and(2) the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease(PD).展开更多
This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and c...This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and cassia(jiao and jun’gui),and crescent eyebrows(emei),are translated into English while maintaining their cultural,emotional,and philosophical depth.The study explores the challenges translators face when rendering these culturally specific metaphors,and it identifies strategies such as literal translation,adaptation,substitution,and paraphrasing used by translators to preserve the metaphors’essence.Drawing on the principles of ECT,the paper examines how metaphors function not just as linguistic elements but as cognitive symbols embedded in cultural contexts,reflecting the translator’s cognitive processes.The research highlights the importance of aligning the translation process with the cognitive and emotional resonance of the original text,thus ensuring the metaphor’s full meaning is conveyed.This paper also discusses the broader implications of translating metaphors from ancient Chinese literature,offering insights into the complexities of cross-cultural translation.It concludes with suggestions for future research in translating classical Chinese works,focusing on improving the preservation of metaphorical and cultural integrity.展开更多
To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in...To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in the development of translation endeavors.This paper will analyze three versions of English translations of Shen Congwen’s novella Border Town using Reiss’s translation criticism model and summarize their performance in terms of formal equivalence and aesthetic effect,linguistic components,and extra-linguistic components.展开更多
By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation ...By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation strategy is the translator＇s choice in different translational situations.展开更多
This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic...This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic quantitative evaluation,it systematically analyzes their performance in translating red culture texts.The study selects a diverse range of corpora,including historical documents,red classic texts,and culturally loaded terms.Three automatic evaluation metrics—GLEU,METEOR,and COMET—are employed for a comprehensive assessment.展开更多
Transcription and translation are fundamental processes of gene expression across all three domains of life.These processes are evolutionarily ancient,with ribosomes already present in the last universal common ancest...Transcription and translation are fundamental processes of gene expression across all three domains of life.These processes are evolutionarily ancient,with ribosomes already present in the last universal common ancestor(LUCA)[1].While archaeal RNA polymerase(RNAP)and ribosomes exhibit more remarkable structural and functional similarity to their eukaryotic counterparts than to those of bacteria,the regulatory mechanisms governing transcription and translation in archaea closely resemble those found in bacteria[2].展开更多
The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through f...The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through field research in over ten Chinese museums and analysis of more than 800 terms,this paper explores the most effective translation methods for such terminology,focusing on transliteration and literal translation under the strategy of foreignization as well as liberal translation and imitation under the domesticating strategy.Standardized terminology not only prevents ambiguities but also bridges cultural gaps by preserving phonetic authenticity while contextualizing functionality.By refining translation practices,museums can better fulfill their mission as bridges between cultures,promoting global appreciation of China’s rich historical and artistic legacy.展开更多
This study investigates how artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes China’s translation industry through technological innovation,industrial restructuring,and talent demand evolution between 2015 and 2025.Analyzing empir...This study investigates how artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes China’s translation industry through technological innovation,industrial restructuring,and talent demand evolution between 2015 and 2025.Analyzing empirical data from 500 translation enterprises(including 320 small and medium-sized enterprises[SMEs]and 180 large-scale corporations),20 universities offering translation programs,and 12 key policy documents from China’s Ministry of Education(MOE),Cyberspace Administration of China(CAC),and Translators Association of China(TAC),we identify three distinct evolutionary phases of AI translation in China:rule-based systems(2010-2017),neural machine translation(NMT,2018-2022),and large language model(LLM)-driven intelligent adaptation(2023-2025).Key findings reveal that AI boosts translation efficiency by 40-60%through human-machine collaboration-reducing technical document processing time from 72 hours to 18 hours for complex BRI infrastructure blueprints-and expands service coverage to 34 languages(including 12 non-common languages critical for BRI,such as Kazakh,Swahili,and Urdu).However,AI also exacerbates talent mismatch:by 2025,China faced a shortage of over 50,000“AI-translation compound professionals”(individuals proficient in both translation and AI tool operation, ;corpus management,or LLM fine-tuning),particularly in high-stakes fields like legal contract translation and medical document localization.Ethical risks further challenge sustainability:a cross-sectional survey of 500 enterprises conducted in 2024-2025 found that 45%of SMEs violated data privacy regulations(e.g.,using client confidential documents to train LLMs without consent),and 30%of LLM-generated literary translations infringed copyrights.Policy recommendations include aligning with China’s New Generation AI Development Plan(2024-2030)to accelerate domain-specific standardization(e.g.,mandatory certification for legal and medical AI translation tools)and integrating AI literacy into translation curricula(e.g.,mandatory“LLM Operation and Quality Assessment”courses in all undergraduate translation programs by 2026).展开更多
This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study eva...This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study evaluates ChatGPT’s strengths and weaknesses.It reveals ChatGPT’s superior performance in handling technical documents with high translation quality and efficiency.However,its limitations become evident in addressing cultural nuances and emotional expressions,where semantic deviation or cultural loss often occurs.Moreover,ChatGPT struggles with creative translation,failing to convey the artistic style and emotional depth of original texts,such as literary works and advertisements.The study proposes optimized paths for human-machine collaboration,emphasizing the crucial role of human translators in cultural adaptation and quality assurance.It suggests incorporating multimodal data,dynamic feedback mechanisms,and pragmatic reasoning techniques to enhance machine translation capabilities.The findings conclude that while ChatGPT serves as an efficient translation tool,complex tasks require human-machine synergy to achieve high-quality cross-cultural communication.展开更多
Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-l...Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-learning-based approach called shared space transfer for zero-resource NMT.Our method leverages a pivot pre-trained language model(PLM)to create a shared representation space,which is used in both auxiliary source→pivot(Ms2p)and(Mp2t)translation models.Specifically,we exploit pivot PLM to initialize the Ms2p decoder pivot→targetand Mp2t encoder,while adopting a freezing strategy during the training process.We further propose a feature converter to mitigate representation space deviations by converting the features from the source encoder into the shared representation space.The converter is trained using the synthetic parallel corpus.The final Ms2t model source→targetcombines the Ms2p encoder,feature converter,and Mp2t decoder.We conduct simulation experiments using English as the pivot language for and translations.We finally test our method German→French,German→Czech,Turkish→Hindion a real zero-resource language pair,with Chinese as the pivot language.Experiment results Mongolian→Vietnameseshow that our method achieves high translation quality,with better Translation Error Rate(TER)and BLEU scores compared with other pivot-based methods.The step-wise pre-training with our feature converter outperforms baseline models in terms of COMET scores.展开更多
This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in ...This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in translating these terms,taking into account differences in vocabulary,grammatical structure,and cultural context between the two languages.The findings reveal that the same term may be translated differently into English and Japanese due to the distinct linguistic and cultural characteristics of each language.The research emphasizes that understanding and respecting the unique features of each language and culture are essential for accurately conveying the meaning of Chinese terms.This is crucial for enhancing the international influence of Chinese discourse and promoting cross-cultural communication.展开更多
The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governanc...The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume IV)as the research object and extracts 649 idioms from this work,conducting 1,947 translation queries on three major platforms.It helps to reveal the strategic differences and effectiveness of online translation in handling idioms and emphasizes the importance of cultural adaptability in translation practice,which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing online translation technology and improving the quality of idiom translation into English.展开更多
Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Ja...Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.展开更多
ZIZHITONGJIAN is a key historical work that reflects not only political events but also many culture-loaded expressions rooted in traditional Chinese life.These expressions,including official titles,ritual words,and h...ZIZHITONGJIAN is a key historical work that reflects not only political events but also many culture-loaded expressions rooted in traditional Chinese life.These expressions,including official titles,ritual words,and historical references,carry strong cultural meaning that is hard to translate.And these words are often described as culture-loaded words.Previous research on ZIZHITONGJIAN has offered valuable insights into its translation,focusing on general strategies,historical context,or selected passages.However,these discussions often remain broad in scope,lacking systematic comparison across different types of English editions.This study uses Hu Gengshen’s eco-translatology theory to explore how these culture-loaded words are handled in three kinds of English editions by listing out some classical examples.By applying eco-translatology,this study identifies common translation issues across different English editions and offers a methodological reference for future research on classical Chinese texts,especially in handling culture-loaded words with greater cultural and communicative sensitivity.展开更多
基金supported by the Michael J Fox Foundation (to PA and FZ)。
文摘The lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase(GCase) belongs to the family of glycosidases and hydrolyses the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide(GluCer) into glucose and ceramide. The enzyme is of central importance for two pathologies:(1) the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease(GD) and(2) the neurodegenerative disorder Parkinson's disease(PD).
文摘This paper examines the translation of imagery metaphors in Qu Yuan’s Li Sao using an Embodied-Cognitive Translatology(ECT)approach.It investigates how the poem’s intricate metaphors,such as orchid(lan),pepper and cassia(jiao and jun’gui),and crescent eyebrows(emei),are translated into English while maintaining their cultural,emotional,and philosophical depth.The study explores the challenges translators face when rendering these culturally specific metaphors,and it identifies strategies such as literal translation,adaptation,substitution,and paraphrasing used by translators to preserve the metaphors’essence.Drawing on the principles of ECT,the paper examines how metaphors function not just as linguistic elements but as cognitive symbols embedded in cultural contexts,reflecting the translator’s cognitive processes.The research highlights the importance of aligning the translation process with the cognitive and emotional resonance of the original text,thus ensuring the metaphor’s full meaning is conveyed.This paper also discusses the broader implications of translating metaphors from ancient Chinese literature,offering insights into the complexities of cross-cultural translation.It concludes with suggestions for future research in translating classical Chinese works,focusing on improving the preservation of metaphorical and cultural integrity.
文摘To promote the global dissemination of Chinese culture,the translation of Chinese classic literature has garnered widespread attention in the translation field.Literary translation criticism plays an essential role in the development of translation endeavors.This paper will analyze three versions of English translations of Shen Congwen’s novella Border Town using Reiss’s translation criticism model and summarize their performance in terms of formal equivalence and aesthetic effect,linguistic components,and extra-linguistic components.
文摘By comparing the two English versions of Hongloumeng, this paper discusses the reasons why the translators choose different translation strategies in dealing with the cultural context, and points out that translation strategy is the translator＇s choice in different translational situations.
基金Shanxi Normal University Graduate Innovation Project(2024XSY31)。
文摘This paper takes Chinese red culture resources as its research subject and focuses on evaluating the Chinese-English translation quality of three major AI platforms:ChatGPT-4.0,ERNIE Bot,and DeepSeek.Through automatic quantitative evaluation,it systematically analyzes their performance in translating red culture texts.The study selects a diverse range of corpora,including historical documents,red classic texts,and culturally loaded terms.Three automatic evaluation metrics—GLEU,METEOR,and COMET—are employed for a comprehensive assessment.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2024YFC2309300 to C.W.)the Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32270039 to C.W.)+1 种基金Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan 2023“Basic Research Project”(grant number 23JC1404201 to C.W.)the Russian Science Foundation grant(grant number RSF 25-74-30007 to V.M.).
文摘Transcription and translation are fundamental processes of gene expression across all three domains of life.These processes are evolutionarily ancient,with ribosomes already present in the last universal common ancestor(LUCA)[1].While archaeal RNA polymerase(RNAP)and ribosomes exhibit more remarkable structural and functional similarity to their eukaryotic counterparts than to those of bacteria,the regulatory mechanisms governing transcription and translation in archaea closely resemble those found in bacteria[2].
文摘The translation of ancient Chinese cultural artifacts terminology in museums plays a pivotal role in facilitating cross-cultural communication and preserving cultural heritage in the context of globalization.Through field research in over ten Chinese museums and analysis of more than 800 terms,this paper explores the most effective translation methods for such terminology,focusing on transliteration and literal translation under the strategy of foreignization as well as liberal translation and imitation under the domesticating strategy.Standardized terminology not only prevents ambiguities but also bridges cultural gaps by preserving phonetic authenticity while contextualizing functionality.By refining translation practices,museums can better fulfill their mission as bridges between cultures,promoting global appreciation of China’s rich historical and artistic legacy.
文摘This study investigates how artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes China’s translation industry through technological innovation,industrial restructuring,and talent demand evolution between 2015 and 2025.Analyzing empirical data from 500 translation enterprises(including 320 small and medium-sized enterprises[SMEs]and 180 large-scale corporations),20 universities offering translation programs,and 12 key policy documents from China’s Ministry of Education(MOE),Cyberspace Administration of China(CAC),and Translators Association of China(TAC),we identify three distinct evolutionary phases of AI translation in China:rule-based systems(2010-2017),neural machine translation(NMT,2018-2022),and large language model(LLM)-driven intelligent adaptation(2023-2025).Key findings reveal that AI boosts translation efficiency by 40-60%through human-machine collaboration-reducing technical document processing time from 72 hours to 18 hours for complex BRI infrastructure blueprints-and expands service coverage to 34 languages(including 12 non-common languages critical for BRI,such as Kazakh,Swahili,and Urdu).However,AI also exacerbates talent mismatch:by 2025,China faced a shortage of over 50,000“AI-translation compound professionals”(individuals proficient in both translation and AI tool operation, ;corpus management,or LLM fine-tuning),particularly in high-stakes fields like legal contract translation and medical document localization.Ethical risks further challenge sustainability:a cross-sectional survey of 500 enterprises conducted in 2024-2025 found that 45%of SMEs violated data privacy regulations(e.g.,using client confidential documents to train LLMs without consent),and 30%of LLM-generated literary translations infringed copyrights.Policy recommendations include aligning with China’s New Generation AI Development Plan(2024-2030)to accelerate domain-specific standardization(e.g.,mandatory certification for legal and medical AI translation tools)and integrating AI literacy into translation curricula(e.g.,mandatory“LLM Operation and Quality Assessment”courses in all undergraduate translation programs by 2026).
文摘This study aims to explore the potential and limitations of ChatGPT in translation,focusing on its application in Neural Machine Translation(NMT).By combining theoretical analysis with empirical research,the study evaluates ChatGPT’s strengths and weaknesses.It reveals ChatGPT’s superior performance in handling technical documents with high translation quality and efficiency.However,its limitations become evident in addressing cultural nuances and emotional expressions,where semantic deviation or cultural loss often occurs.Moreover,ChatGPT struggles with creative translation,failing to convey the artistic style and emotional depth of original texts,such as literary works and advertisements.The study proposes optimized paths for human-machine collaboration,emphasizing the crucial role of human translators in cultural adaptation and quality assurance.It suggests incorporating multimodal data,dynamic feedback mechanisms,and pragmatic reasoning techniques to enhance machine translation capabilities.The findings conclude that while ChatGPT serves as an efficient translation tool,complex tasks require human-machine synergy to achieve high-quality cross-cultural communication.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number:Nos.62172341 and 12204386)Sichuan Natural Science Foundation(Grant number:No.2024NSFSC1375)+1 种基金Youth Foundation of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(Grant number:No.2024QN06017)Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Project for Universities in Inner Mongolia(Grant number:No.0406082215).
文摘Neural machine translation(NMT)has been widely applied to high-resource language pairs,but its dependence on large-scale data results in poor performance in low-resource scenarios.In this paper,we propose a transfer-learning-based approach called shared space transfer for zero-resource NMT.Our method leverages a pivot pre-trained language model(PLM)to create a shared representation space,which is used in both auxiliary source→pivot(Ms2p)and(Mp2t)translation models.Specifically,we exploit pivot PLM to initialize the Ms2p decoder pivot→targetand Mp2t encoder,while adopting a freezing strategy during the training process.We further propose a feature converter to mitigate representation space deviations by converting the features from the source encoder into the shared representation space.The converter is trained using the synthetic parallel corpus.The final Ms2t model source→targetcombines the Ms2p encoder,feature converter,and Mp2t decoder.We conduct simulation experiments using English as the pivot language for and translations.We finally test our method German→French,German→Czech,Turkish→Hindion a real zero-resource language pair,with Chinese as the pivot language.Experiment results Mongolian→Vietnameseshow that our method achieves high translation quality,with better Translation Error Rate(TER)and BLEU scores compared with other pivot-based methods.The step-wise pre-training with our feature converter outperforms baseline models in terms of COMET scores.
文摘This paper examines the Chinese terminology in 2024 Government Work Report and conducts a comparative analysis of its translation into English and Japanese.The study explores the challenges and strategies involved in translating these terms,taking into account differences in vocabulary,grammatical structure,and cultural context between the two languages.The findings reveal that the same term may be translated differently into English and Japanese due to the distinct linguistic and cultural characteristics of each language.The research emphasizes that understanding and respecting the unique features of each language and culture are essential for accurately conveying the meaning of Chinese terms.This is crucial for enhancing the international influence of Chinese discourse and promoting cross-cultural communication.
基金funded by Innovation Training Project for University Students of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2024:“Research on Strategies for English Translation of Idioms Based on Online Translation-A Case Study of Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume Ⅳ)”(No.:2024CX012008).
文摘The complexity of idioms poses challenges to online translation.From the perspective of online translation,this study conducts an in-depth exploration of idiom translation strategies by taking Xi Jinping:The Governance of China(Volume IV)as the research object and extracts 649 idioms from this work,conducting 1,947 translation queries on three major platforms.It helps to reveal the strategic differences and effectiveness of online translation in handling idioms and emphasizes the importance of cultural adaptability in translation practice,which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for optimizing online translation technology and improving the quality of idiom translation into English.
基金supported by the Fund from the Professional Degree Graduate Practice Base Project of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(Project No.1025115004005).
文摘Based on Katharina Reiss’s text typology theory from the German Functionalist School,this paper systematically explores the strategic differences and practical methods in the mutual translation between Chinese and Japanese for operative,informative,expressive,and informative+expressive text types.By comparatively analyzing the linguistic functions,communicative features,and cultural cognitive differences of these four text types,the study proposes targeted translation strategies:Operative texts require tone adjustment,localized adaptation,and pragmatic compensation to maximize appeal;informative texts emphasize sentence structure restructuring and terminology standardization to ensure information transfer efficiency;expressive texts focus on formal imitation and rhetorical reproduction to preserve the original aesthetic value;for informative+expressive texts,flexible handling of idioms,proverbs,and stylistic forms is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between informational accuracy and aesthetic form.The study validates the applicability of functionalist theory in Chinese-Japanese translation through empirical case studies,while also revealing the prevalence of mixed text functions and the consequent demand for translator strategic flexibility.These findings not only expand the explanatory dimension of Reiss’s theory,but also provide an operational methodological framework for cross-cultural translation practice,holding practical significance for promoting in-depth communication between China and Japan.
文摘ZIZHITONGJIAN is a key historical work that reflects not only political events but also many culture-loaded expressions rooted in traditional Chinese life.These expressions,including official titles,ritual words,and historical references,carry strong cultural meaning that is hard to translate.And these words are often described as culture-loaded words.Previous research on ZIZHITONGJIAN has offered valuable insights into its translation,focusing on general strategies,historical context,or selected passages.However,these discussions often remain broad in scope,lacking systematic comparison across different types of English editions.This study uses Hu Gengshen’s eco-translatology theory to explore how these culture-loaded words are handled in three kinds of English editions by listing out some classical examples.By applying eco-translatology,this study identifies common translation issues across different English editions and offers a methodological reference for future research on classical Chinese texts,especially in handling culture-loaded words with greater cultural and communicative sensitivity.
