Poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer films generally demonstrate limited compatibility with organic semiconductors. The material is frequently compromised by exposure to organic semiconductor sol...Poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer films generally demonstrate limited compatibility with organic semiconductors. The material is frequently compromised by exposure to organic semiconductor solutions and other fabrication processes utilized in the production of organic ferroelectric transistors. In this study, an organic ferroelectric field effect transistor(OFeFET) with the 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene(TIPS-pentacene) channel is fabricated, in which the aluminum oxide(Al_(2)O_(3)) interlayer is used to improve compatibility. The device displays polymorphic memory and synaptic plasticity of long-term potentiation and depression. Furthermore, an artificial neural network constructed using our devices is simulated to succeed in recognizing the MNIST handwritten digit database with a high accuracy of 92.8%. This research offers a viable approach to enhance the compatibility of the organic ferroelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) with organic semiconductors.展开更多
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and d...The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and data latency.In contrast,data-centric computing that integrates processing and storage has the potential of reducing latency and energy usage.Organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors have emerged as one type of promising devices to implement the data-centric com-puting paradigm owing to their superiority of flexibility,low cost,and large-area fabrication.However,sophisticated functions including vector-matrix multiplication that a single device can achieve are limited.Thus,the fabrication and utilization of organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor arrays(OOSTAs)are imperative.Here,we summarize the recent advances in OOSTAs.Various strategies for manufacturing OOSTAs are introduced,including coating and casting,physical vapor deposition,printing,and photolithography.Furthermore,innovative applications of the OOSTA system integration are discussed,including neuromor-phic visual systems and neuromorphic computing systems.At last,challenges and future perspectives of utilizing OOSTAs in real-world applications are discussed.展开更多
Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient.Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors(FETs),valued for their efficient signal processing,nanoscale fabricati...Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient.Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors(FETs),valued for their efficient signal processing,nanoscale fabrication,low-power consumption,fast response times,and versatility.Graphene,known for its exceptional mechanical properties,high electron mobility,and biocompatibility,is an ideal material for FET channels and sensors.The combination of graphene and FETs has given rise to flexible graphene field-effect transistors(FGFETs),driving significant advances in flexible electronics and sparked a strong interest in flexible biomedical sensors.Here,we first provide a brief overview of the basic structure,operating mechanism,and evaluation parameters of FGFETs,and delve into their material selection and patterning techniques.The ability of FGFETs to sense strains and biomolecular charges opens up diverse application possibilities.We specifically analyze the latest strategies for integrating FGFETs into wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors,focusing on the key aspects of constructing high-quality flexible biomedical sensors.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and prospects of FGFETs and their applications in biomedical sensors.This review will provide valuable insights and inspiration for ongoing research to improve the quality of FGFETs and broaden their application prospects in flexible biomedical sensing.展开更多
Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homoge...Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homogeneous oxide semiconduc-tors.Herein,we propose the design of complementary inverter based on full ZnO TFTs.Li-N dual-doped ZnO(ZnO:(Li,N))acts as the p-type channel and Al-doped ZnO(ZnO:Al)serves as the n-type channel for fabrication of TFTs,and then the complemen-tary inverter is produced with p-and n-type ZnO TFTs.The homogeneous ZnO-based complementary inverter has typical volt-age transfer characteristics with the voltage gain of 13.34 at the supply voltage of 40 V.This work may open the door for the development of oxide complementary inverters for logic circuits.展开更多
In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information secu...In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information security strategies.Leverag-ing the potential offered by dual-type carriers for transportation and employing optical modulation techniques to develop high reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic transistors enables effective implementation of information destruction after read-ing,thereby guaranteeing data security.In this study,a reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic synaptic transistor based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)and poly[[N,N-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)](N2200)blend film was fabricated through solution-processed method.The resulting transistor exhib-ited a relatively large ON/OFF ratio of 10^(3) in both n-and p-type regions,and tunable photoconductivity after light illumination,particularly with green light.The photo-generated carriers could be effectively trapped under the gate bias,indicating its poten-tial application in mimicking synaptic behaviors.Furthermore,the synaptic plasticity,including volatile/non-volatile and excita-tory/inhibitory characteristics,could be finely modulated by electrical and optical stimuli.These optoelectronic reconfigurable properties enable the realization of information light assisted burn after reading.This study not only offers valuable insights for the advancement of high-performance ambipolar organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors but also presents innovative ideas for the future information security access systems.展开更多
The traditional von Neumann architecture has demonstrated inefficiencies in parallel computing and adaptive learn-ing,rendering it incapable of meeting the growing demand for efficient and high-speed computing.Neuromo...The traditional von Neumann architecture has demonstrated inefficiencies in parallel computing and adaptive learn-ing,rendering it incapable of meeting the growing demand for efficient and high-speed computing.Neuromorphic comput-ing with significant advantages such as high parallelism and ultra-low power consumption is regarded as a promising pathway to overcome the limitations of conventional computers and achieve the next-generation artificial intelligence.Among various neuromorphic devices,the artificial synapses based on electrolyte-gated transistors stand out due to their low energy consump-tion,multimodal sensing/recording capabilities,and multifunctional integration.Moreover,the emerging optoelectronic neuro-morphic devices which combine the strengths of photonics and electronics have demonstrated substantial potential in the neu-romorphic computing field.Therefore,this article reviews recent advancements in electrolyte-gated optoelectronic neuromor-phic transistors.First,it provides an overview of artificial optoelectronic synapses and neurons,discussing aspects such as device structures,operating mechanisms,and neuromorphic functionalities.Next,the potential applications of optoelectronic synapses in different areas such as artificial visual system,pain system,and tactile perception systems are elaborated.Finally,the current challenges are summarized,and future directions for their developments are proposed.展开更多
Recently,for developing neuromorphic visual systems,adaptive optoelectronic devices become one of the main research directions and attract extensive focus to achieve optoelectronic transistors with high performances a...Recently,for developing neuromorphic visual systems,adaptive optoelectronic devices become one of the main research directions and attract extensive focus to achieve optoelectronic transistors with high performances and flexible func-tionalities.In this review,based on a description of the biological adaptive functions that are favorable for dynamically perceiv-ing,filtering,and processing information in the varying environment,we summarize the representative strategies for achiev-ing these adaptabilities in optoelectronic transistors,including the adaptation for detecting information,adaptive synaptic weight change,and history-dependent plasticity.Moreover,the key points of the corresponding strategies are comprehen-sively discussed.And the applications of these adaptive optoelectronic transistors,including the adaptive color detection,sig-nal filtering,extending the response range of light intensity,and improve learning efficiency,are also illustrated separately.Lastly,the challenges faced in developing adaptive optoelectronic transistor for artificial vision system are discussed.The descrip-tion of biological adaptive functions and the corresponding inspired neuromorphic devices are expected to provide insights for the design and application of next-generation artificial visual systems.展开更多
Nowadays,force sensors play an important role in industrial production,electronic information,medical health,and many other fields.Two-dimensional material-based filed effect transistor(2D-FET)sensors are competitive ...Nowadays,force sensors play an important role in industrial production,electronic information,medical health,and many other fields.Two-dimensional material-based filed effect transistor(2D-FET)sensors are competitive with nano-level size,lower power consumption,and accurate response.However,few of them has the capability of impulse detection which is a path function,expressing the cumulative effect of the force on the particle over a period of time.Herein we fabricated the flexible polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)gate dielectric MoS_(2)-FET for force and impulse sensor application.We systematically investigated the responses of the sensor to constant force and varying forces,and achieved the conversion factors of the drain current signals(I_(ds))to the detected impulse(I).The applied force was detected and recorded by I_(ds)with a low power consumption of~30 nW.The sensitivity of the device can reach~8000%and the 4×1 sensor array is able to detect and locate the normal force applied on it.Moreover,there was almost no performance loss for the device as left in the air for two months.展开更多
In this paper,the small-signal modeling of the Indium Phosphide High Electron Mobility Transistor(InP HEMT)based on the Transformer neural network model is investigated.The AC S-parameters of the HEMT device are train...In this paper,the small-signal modeling of the Indium Phosphide High Electron Mobility Transistor(InP HEMT)based on the Transformer neural network model is investigated.The AC S-parameters of the HEMT device are trained and validated using the Transformer model.In the proposed model,the eight-layer transformer encoders are connected in series and the encoder layer of each Transformer consists of the multi-head attention layer and the feed-forward neural network layer.The experimental results show that the measured and modeled S-parameters of the HEMT device match well in the frequency range of 0.5-40 GHz,with the errors versus frequency less than 1%.Compared with other models,good accuracy can be achieved to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.展开更多
Here,a preparation of stable,non-toxic,transparent,high performance zinc oxide thin-film semiconductor via thermal processing of composite system of zinc source solution filled zinc oxide nanoparticles layer was repor...Here,a preparation of stable,non-toxic,transparent,high performance zinc oxide thin-film semiconductor via thermal processing of composite system of zinc source solution filled zinc oxide nanoparticles layer was reported.The zinc oxide nanocrystals synthesized through the thermolysis of Zn-oleate complex in organic solvent medium were first deposited on the ATO/ITO/glass substrate and treated by annealing,then the zinc source solution was deposited on the zinc oxide nanoparticle layer to form precursor thin film by spin-coating process.The thin film transistor with well-controlled and densely packed nanocrystals in zinc oxide semiconductor layer was obtained by thermal annealing the system of precursor film coated ATO/ITO/glass substrate.By optimizing the fabrication conditions,the fabricated thin film transistors exhibited superior field-effect property and carrier mobility property,their saturation mobility reached 2.17 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1),which was more than twice as high compared to the transistor devices coated only by zinc oxide nanoparticles.Our method of fabricating zinc oxide thin film transistors was simple,high efficiency,and feasible for the batch production with low cost.展开更多
Iron-porphyrin metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as a remarkable class of semiconductors with adjustable photoelectrical properties and peroxidase-mimicking activities,yet their full potential remains largely...Iron-porphyrin metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as a remarkable class of semiconductors with adjustable photoelectrical properties and peroxidase-mimicking activities,yet their full potential remains largely unexplored.The organic photoelectrochemical transistor(OPECT)has been proven to be a prominent platform for diverse applications.Herein,iron-porphyrin MOFs,as bifunctional photo-gating module and horseradish peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme,is explored for novel OPECT bioanalysis.Exemplified by alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)-dependent sandwich immunorecognition and therein glucose oxidase(GOx)-generated H_(2)O_(2)to etch CdS quantum dots on the surface of iron-porphyrin MOFs,this OPECT bioanalysis achieved high-performance AFP detection with a low detection limit of 24 fg/mL.This work featured a bifunctional iron-porphyrin MOFs gated OPECT,which is envisioned to inspire more interest in developing the diverse MOFs-nanozymes toward novel optoelectronics and beyond.展开更多
Artificial multisensory devices play a key role in human-computer interaction in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).In this work,we have designed and constructed a novel olfactory-visual bimodal neuromorphic car...Artificial multisensory devices play a key role in human-computer interaction in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).In this work,we have designed and constructed a novel olfactory-visual bimodal neuromorphic carbon nanotube thin film transistor(TFT)arrays for artificial olfactory-visual multisensory synergy recognition with a very low power consumption of 25 aJ for a single pulse,employing semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes(sc-SWCNTs)as channel materials and gas sensitive materials,and poly[[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c0]dithio-phene-1,3-diyl]](PBDB-T)as the photosensitive material.It is noted that it is the first time to realize the simulation of olfactory and visual senses(from 280 nm to 650 nm)with the wide operating temperature range(0-150℃)in a single SWCNT TFT device and successfully simulate the recovery of olfactory senses after COVID-19 by olfactory-visual synergy.Furthermore,our SWCNT neuromorphic TFT devices with a high IOn/IOff ratio(up to 10^(6))at a low operating voltage(−2 to 0.5 V)can mimic not only the basic biological synaptic functions of olfaction and vision(such as paired-pulse facilitation,short-term plasticity,and long-term plasticity),but also optical wireless communication by Morse code.The proposed multisensory,broadband light-responsive,low-power synaptic devices provide great potential for developing AI robots to face complex external environments.展开更多
Amorphous InGaZnO(IGZO)is a potential candidate for integrated circuits based on thin-film transistors(TFTs)owing to its low-temperature processability and high mobility.Amorphous InGaMgO/InGaZnO(IGMO/IGZO)heterojunct...Amorphous InGaZnO(IGZO)is a potential candidate for integrated circuits based on thin-film transistors(TFTs)owing to its low-temperature processability and high mobility.Amorphous InGaMgO/InGaZnO(IGMO/IGZO)heterojunction was deposited and TFTs based on IGMO/IGZO heterojunction were fabricated in this report.The energy band at the IGMO/IGZO heterojunction was characterized,and the potential well at the interface of IGZO is critical to the enhanced ultraviolet detection of the IGMO/IGZO heterojunction.Furthermore,the TFTs based on IGMO/IGZO heterojunction exhibited a high responsivity of 3.8×10^(3) A/W and a large detectivity of 5.2×10^(14) Jones under 350-nm ultraviolet illumination,which will also benefit for fabrication of monolithic ultraviolet sensing chip.展开更多
Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectur...Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectures.However,current artificial synapses rely primarily on electrical signals,and little attention has been paid to the vital role of neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses.Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter associated with emotion regulation and cognitive processes that needs to be monitored in real time to advance the development of disease diagnostics and neuroscience.To provide insights into the development of artificial synapses with neurotransmitter involvement,this review proposes three steps towards future biomimic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.We first summarize OECT-based dopamine detection devices,and then review advances in neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses and resultant advanced neuromorphic systems.Finally,by exploring the challenges and opportunities related to such neuromorphic systems,we provide a perspective on the future development of biomimetic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.展开更多
The Josephson junction is typically tuned by a magnetic field or electrostatic gate to realize a superconducting(SC)transistor,which manipulates the supercurrent in integrated SC circuits.Here,we propose a theoretical...The Josephson junction is typically tuned by a magnetic field or electrostatic gate to realize a superconducting(SC)transistor,which manipulates the supercurrent in integrated SC circuits.Here,we propose a theoretical scheme for a light-controlled SC transistor,which is composed of two superconductor leads weakly linked by a coherent light-driven quantum dot.We discover a Josephson-like relation for the supercurrent I=I(Φ)sinΦsc,where both the supercurrent phaseΦand magnitude Iccan be completely controlled by the phase,intensity,and detuning of the driving light.Additionally,the supercurrent magnitude displays a Fano profile with the increase of the driving light intensity,which is understood by comparing the level splitting of the quantum dot under light driving with the SC gap.Moreover,when two such SC transistors form a loop,they constitute a light-controlled SC quantum interference device(SQUID).Such a light-controlled SQUID can demonstrate the Josephson diode effect,and the optimized non-reciprocal efficiency achieves up to 54%,surpassing the maximum record reported in recent literature.Thus,our scheme delivers a promising platform for performing diverse and flexible manipulations in SC circuits.展开更多
Amplification-free,highly sensitive,and specific nucleic acid detection is crucial for health monitoring and diagnosis.The type III CRISPR-Cas10 system,which provides viral immunity through CRISPRassociated protein ef...Amplification-free,highly sensitive,and specific nucleic acid detection is crucial for health monitoring and diagnosis.The type III CRISPR-Cas10 system,which provides viral immunity through CRISPRassociated protein effectors,enables a new amplification-free nucleic acid diagnostic tool.In this study,we develop a CRISPR-graphene field-effect transistors(GFETs)biosensor by combining the type III CRISPR-Cas10 system with GFETs for direct nucleic acid detection.This biosensor exploits the target RNA-activated continuous ss DNA cleavage activity of the d Csm3 CRISPR-Cas10 effector and the high charge density of a hairpin DNA reporter on the GFET channel to achieve label-free,amplification-free,highly sensitive,and specific RNA detection.The CRISPR-GFET biosensor exhibits excellent performance in detecting medium-length RNAs and miRNAs,with detection limits at the aM level and a broad linear range of 10^(-15)to 10^(-11)M for RNAs and 10^(-15)to 10^(-9)M for miRNAs.It shows high sensitivity in throat swabs and serum samples,distinguishing between healthy individuals(N=5)and breast cancer patients(N=6)without the need for extraction,purification,or amplification.This platform mitigates risks associated with nucleic acid amplification and cross-contamination,making it a versatile and scalable diagnostic tool for molecular diagnostics in human health.展开更多
A sensor,serving as a transducer,produces a quantifiable output in response to a predetermined input stimulus,which may be of a chemical or physical nature.The field of gas detection has experienced a substantial surg...A sensor,serving as a transducer,produces a quantifiable output in response to a predetermined input stimulus,which may be of a chemical or physical nature.The field of gas detection has experienced a substantial surge in research activity,attributable to the diverse functionalities and enhanced accessibility of advanced active materials.In this work,recent advances in gas sensors,specifically those utilizing Field Effect Transistors(FETs),are summarized,including device configurations,response characteristics,sensor materials,and application domains.In pursuing high-performance artificial olfactory systems,the evolution of FET gas sensors necessitates their synchronization with material advancements.These materials should have large surface areas to enhance gas adsorption,efficient conversion of gas input to detectable signals,and strong mechanical qualities.The exploration of gas-sensitive materials has covered diverse categories,such as organic semiconductor polymers,conductive organic compounds and polymers,metal oxides,metal-organic frameworks,and low-dimensional materials.The application of gas sensing technology holds significant promise in domains such as industrial safety,environmental monitoring,and medical diagnostics.This comprehensive review thoroughly examines recent progress,identifies prevailing technical challenges,and outlines prospects for gas detection technology utilizing field effect transistors.The primary aim is to provide a valuable reference for driving the development of the next generation of gas-sensitive monitoring and detection systems characterized by improved sensitivity,selectivity,and intelligence.展开更多
Rapid development of artificial intelligence requires the implementation of hardware systems with bioinspired parallel information processing and presentation and energy efficiency.Electrolyte-gated organic transistor...Rapid development of artificial intelligence requires the implementation of hardware systems with bioinspired parallel information processing and presentation and energy efficiency.Electrolyte-gated organic transistors(EGOTs)offer significant advantages as neuromorphic devices due to their ultra-low operation voltages,minimal hardwired connectivity,and similar operation environment as electrophysiology.Meanwhile,ionic–electronic coupling and the relatively low elastic moduli of organic channel materials make EGOTs suitable for interfacing with biology.This review presents an overview of the device architectures based on organic electrochemical transistors and organic field-effect transistors.Furthermore,we review the requirements of low energy consumption and tunable synaptic plasticity of EGOTs in emulating biological synapses and how they are affected by the organic materials,electrolyte,architecture,and operation mechanism.In addition,we summarize the basic operation principle of biological sensory systems and the recent progress of EGOTs as a building block in artificial systems.Finally,the current challenges and future development of the organic neuromorphic devices are discussed.展开更多
The enhancement of mobility has always been a research focus in the field of thin-film transistors(TFTs).In this paper,we report a method using ultra-thin HfO2to improve the electrical performance of indium gallium zi...The enhancement of mobility has always been a research focus in the field of thin-film transistors(TFTs).In this paper,we report a method using ultra-thin HfO2to improve the electrical performance of indium gallium zinc oxide(IGZO)TFTs.HfO2not only repairs the surface morphology of the active layer,but also increases the carrier concentration.When the thickness of the HfO_(2) film was 3 nm,the mobility of the device was doubled(14.9 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1)→29.6 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1)),and the device exhibited excellent logic device performance.This paper provides a simple and effective method to enhance the electrical performance of IGZO TFTs,offering new ideas and experimental foundation for research into high-performance metal oxide(MO)TFTs.展开更多
In this work,the incorporation of tantalum(Ta)into p-type metal-oxide(SnO_(x))semiconductor film is investigated to improve the electrical characteristics and suppress the fringe effect of thin film transistors(TFTs)....In this work,the incorporation of tantalum(Ta)into p-type metal-oxide(SnO_(x))semiconductor film is investigated to improve the electrical characteristics and suppress the fringe effect of thin film transistors(TFTs).The Ta-doped SnO_(x)(SnO_(x):Ta)film is deposited by radio-frequency(RF)magnetron sputtering with a Sn:Ta(3 at.%)target and thermally annealed at 270℃ for 30 min.Here,we observe that the SnO_(x):Ta film presents increased crystallinity,reduced defect density(3.25×10^(12)cm^(−2)·eV^(−1)),and widened bandgap(1.98 eV),in comparison with the undoped SnO_(x)film.As a result,the SnO_(x):Ta TFTs exhibit a lower off-state current(Ioff),an improved on/off current ratio(2.17×10^(4)),a remarkably decreased subthreshold swing(SS)by 41%,and enhanced device stability.Additionally,by introducing Ta dopants,the fringe effect as well as the impact of channel width-to-length ratio(W/L)on electrical performances of the p-type oxide TFTs can be effectively suppressed.These results shall contribute to further exploration and development of p-type SnO_(x)TFTs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Nos. 2024YFA1410700 and 2021YFA1200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. T2222025, 62174053, 62474065 and 52372120)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB2024NSCQ-JQX0005)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan (Nos. 24QA2702300 and 24YF2710400)the National Postdoctoral Program (GZB20240225)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer films generally demonstrate limited compatibility with organic semiconductors. The material is frequently compromised by exposure to organic semiconductor solutions and other fabrication processes utilized in the production of organic ferroelectric transistors. In this study, an organic ferroelectric field effect transistor(OFeFET) with the 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene(TIPS-pentacene) channel is fabricated, in which the aluminum oxide(Al_(2)O_(3)) interlayer is used to improve compatibility. The device displays polymorphic memory and synaptic plasticity of long-term potentiation and depression. Furthermore, an artificial neural network constructed using our devices is simulated to succeed in recognizing the MNIST handwritten digit database with a high accuracy of 92.8%. This research offers a viable approach to enhance the compatibility of the organic ferroelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) with organic semiconductors.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1101303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62374115)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2021-01-07-00-07-E00096).
文摘The rapid growth of artificial intelligence has accelerated data generation,which increasingly exposes the limitations faced by traditional computational architectures,particularly in terms of energy consumption and data latency.In contrast,data-centric computing that integrates processing and storage has the potential of reducing latency and energy usage.Organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors have emerged as one type of promising devices to implement the data-centric com-puting paradigm owing to their superiority of flexibility,low cost,and large-area fabrication.However,sophisticated functions including vector-matrix multiplication that a single device can achieve are limited.Thus,the fabrication and utilization of organic optoelectronic synaptic transistor arrays(OOSTAs)are imperative.Here,we summarize the recent advances in OOSTAs.Various strategies for manufacturing OOSTAs are introduced,including coating and casting,physical vapor deposition,printing,and photolithography.Furthermore,innovative applications of the OOSTA system integration are discussed,including neuromor-phic visual systems and neuromorphic computing systems.At last,challenges and future perspectives of utilizing OOSTAs in real-world applications are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan of China(Grant No.2023YFB3210400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62174101)+2 种基金the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010603)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(2020QNQT001)Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong,the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao-Original exploration project(No.24-4-4-zrjj-139-jch).
文摘Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient.Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors(FETs),valued for their efficient signal processing,nanoscale fabrication,low-power consumption,fast response times,and versatility.Graphene,known for its exceptional mechanical properties,high electron mobility,and biocompatibility,is an ideal material for FET channels and sensors.The combination of graphene and FETs has given rise to flexible graphene field-effect transistors(FGFETs),driving significant advances in flexible electronics and sparked a strong interest in flexible biomedical sensors.Here,we first provide a brief overview of the basic structure,operating mechanism,and evaluation parameters of FGFETs,and delve into their material selection and patterning techniques.The ability of FGFETs to sense strains and biomolecular charges opens up diverse application possibilities.We specifically analyze the latest strategies for integrating FGFETs into wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors,focusing on the key aspects of constructing high-quality flexible biomedical sensors.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and prospects of FGFETs and their applications in biomedical sensors.This review will provide valuable insights and inspiration for ongoing research to improve the quality of FGFETs and broaden their application prospects in flexible biomedical sensing.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ24E020001).
文摘Complementary inverter is the basic unit for logic circuits,but the inverters based on full oxide thin-film transistors(TFTs)are still very limited.The next challenge is to realize complementary inverters using homogeneous oxide semiconduc-tors.Herein,we propose the design of complementary inverter based on full ZnO TFTs.Li-N dual-doped ZnO(ZnO:(Li,N))acts as the p-type channel and Al-doped ZnO(ZnO:Al)serves as the n-type channel for fabrication of TFTs,and then the complemen-tary inverter is produced with p-and n-type ZnO TFTs.The homogeneous ZnO-based complementary inverter has typical volt-age transfer characteristics with the voltage gain of 13.34 at the supply voltage of 40 V.This work may open the door for the development of oxide complementary inverters for logic circuits.
基金the National Natural-Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62304137)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant Nos.2023A1515012479,2024A1515011737,and 2024A1515010006)+4 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Grant No.JCYJ20220818100206013)RSC Researcher Collaborations Grant(Grant No.C23-2422436283)State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration(Independent Scientific Research Program No.2024010)the Project on Frontier and Interdisciplinary Research Assessment,Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XK2023XXA002)NTUT-SZU Joint Research Program.
文摘In this data explosion era,ensuring the secure storage,access,and transmission of information is imperative,encom-passing all aspects ranging from safeguarding personal devices to formulating national information security strategies.Leverag-ing the potential offered by dual-type carriers for transportation and employing optical modulation techniques to develop high reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic transistors enables effective implementation of information destruction after read-ing,thereby guaranteeing data security.In this study,a reconfigurable ambipolar optoelectronic synaptic transistor based on poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)and poly[[N,N-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)](N2200)blend film was fabricated through solution-processed method.The resulting transistor exhib-ited a relatively large ON/OFF ratio of 10^(3) in both n-and p-type regions,and tunable photoconductivity after light illumination,particularly with green light.The photo-generated carriers could be effectively trapped under the gate bias,indicating its poten-tial application in mimicking synaptic behaviors.Furthermore,the synaptic plasticity,including volatile/non-volatile and excita-tory/inhibitory characteristics,could be finely modulated by electrical and optical stimuli.These optoelectronic reconfigurable properties enable the realization of information light assisted burn after reading.This study not only offers valuable insights for the advancement of high-performance ambipolar organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors but also presents innovative ideas for the future information security access systems.
基金supported by the Hunan Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2023JJ10069)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172169)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance,Central South University(ZZYJKT2024-02).
文摘The traditional von Neumann architecture has demonstrated inefficiencies in parallel computing and adaptive learn-ing,rendering it incapable of meeting the growing demand for efficient and high-speed computing.Neuromorphic comput-ing with significant advantages such as high parallelism and ultra-low power consumption is regarded as a promising pathway to overcome the limitations of conventional computers and achieve the next-generation artificial intelligence.Among various neuromorphic devices,the artificial synapses based on electrolyte-gated transistors stand out due to their low energy consump-tion,multimodal sensing/recording capabilities,and multifunctional integration.Moreover,the emerging optoelectronic neuro-morphic devices which combine the strengths of photonics and electronics have demonstrated substantial potential in the neu-romorphic computing field.Therefore,this article reviews recent advancements in electrolyte-gated optoelectronic neuromor-phic transistors.First,it provides an overview of artificial optoelectronic synapses and neurons,discussing aspects such as device structures,operating mechanisms,and neuromorphic functionalities.Next,the potential applications of optoelectronic synapses in different areas such as artificial visual system,pain system,and tactile perception systems are elaborated.Finally,the current challenges are summarized,and future directions for their developments are proposed.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0717900)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62471251,62405144,62288102,22275098,and 62174089)+1 种基金Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20240033,BK20243057)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2022ZB402).
文摘Recently,for developing neuromorphic visual systems,adaptive optoelectronic devices become one of the main research directions and attract extensive focus to achieve optoelectronic transistors with high performances and flexible func-tionalities.In this review,based on a description of the biological adaptive functions that are favorable for dynamically perceiv-ing,filtering,and processing information in the varying environment,we summarize the representative strategies for achiev-ing these adaptabilities in optoelectronic transistors,including the adaptation for detecting information,adaptive synaptic weight change,and history-dependent plasticity.Moreover,the key points of the corresponding strategies are comprehen-sively discussed.And the applications of these adaptive optoelectronic transistors,including the adaptive color detection,sig-nal filtering,extending the response range of light intensity,and improve learning efficiency,are also illustrated separately.Lastly,the challenges faced in developing adaptive optoelectronic transistor for artificial vision system are discussed.The descrip-tion of biological adaptive functions and the corresponding inspired neuromorphic devices are expected to provide insights for the design and application of next-generation artificial visual systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272160,U2330112,and 52002254)Sichuan Science and Technology Foundation(Nos.2020YJ0262,2021YFH0127,2022YFH0083,2022YFSY0045,and 2023YFSY0002)+1 种基金the Chunhui Plan of Ministry of Education,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.YJ201893)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Lidar and Device,Sichuan Province,China(No.LLD2023-006)。
文摘Nowadays,force sensors play an important role in industrial production,electronic information,medical health,and many other fields.Two-dimensional material-based filed effect transistor(2D-FET)sensors are competitive with nano-level size,lower power consumption,and accurate response.However,few of them has the capability of impulse detection which is a path function,expressing the cumulative effect of the force on the particle over a period of time.Herein we fabricated the flexible polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)gate dielectric MoS_(2)-FET for force and impulse sensor application.We systematically investigated the responses of the sensor to constant force and varying forces,and achieved the conversion factors of the drain current signals(I_(ds))to the detected impulse(I).The applied force was detected and recorded by I_(ds)with a low power consumption of~30 nW.The sensitivity of the device can reach~8000%and the 4×1 sensor array is able to detect and locate the normal force applied on it.Moreover,there was almost no performance loss for the device as left in the air for two months.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62201293,62034003)the Open-Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Millimeter-Waves(K202313)the Jiangsu Province Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Project(JSTJ-2024-040)。
文摘In this paper,the small-signal modeling of the Indium Phosphide High Electron Mobility Transistor(InP HEMT)based on the Transformer neural network model is investigated.The AC S-parameters of the HEMT device are trained and validated using the Transformer model.In the proposed model,the eight-layer transformer encoders are connected in series and the encoder layer of each Transformer consists of the multi-head attention layer and the feed-forward neural network layer.The experimental results show that the measured and modeled S-parameters of the HEMT device match well in the frequency range of 0.5-40 GHz,with the errors versus frequency less than 1%.Compared with other models,good accuracy can be achieved to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.
文摘Here,a preparation of stable,non-toxic,transparent,high performance zinc oxide thin-film semiconductor via thermal processing of composite system of zinc source solution filled zinc oxide nanoparticles layer was reported.The zinc oxide nanocrystals synthesized through the thermolysis of Zn-oleate complex in organic solvent medium were first deposited on the ATO/ITO/glass substrate and treated by annealing,then the zinc source solution was deposited on the zinc oxide nanoparticle layer to form precursor thin film by spin-coating process.The thin film transistor with well-controlled and densely packed nanocrystals in zinc oxide semiconductor layer was obtained by thermal annealing the system of precursor film coated ATO/ITO/glass substrate.By optimizing the fabrication conditions,the fabricated thin film transistors exhibited superior field-effect property and carrier mobility property,their saturation mobility reached 2.17 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1),which was more than twice as high compared to the transistor devices coated only by zinc oxide nanoparticles.Our method of fabricating zinc oxide thin film transistors was simple,high efficiency,and feasible for the batch production with low cost.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22034003,22374066)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022300285)+1 种基金the Excellent Research Program of Nanjing University(No.ZYJH004)State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science(No.5431ZZXM2203).
文摘Iron-porphyrin metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as a remarkable class of semiconductors with adjustable photoelectrical properties and peroxidase-mimicking activities,yet their full potential remains largely unexplored.The organic photoelectrochemical transistor(OPECT)has been proven to be a prominent platform for diverse applications.Herein,iron-porphyrin MOFs,as bifunctional photo-gating module and horseradish peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme,is explored for novel OPECT bioanalysis.Exemplified by alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)-dependent sandwich immunorecognition and therein glucose oxidase(GOx)-generated H_(2)O_(2)to etch CdS quantum dots on the surface of iron-porphyrin MOFs,this OPECT bioanalysis achieved high-performance AFP detection with a low detection limit of 24 fg/mL.This work featured a bifunctional iron-porphyrin MOFs gated OPECT,which is envisioned to inspire more interest in developing the diverse MOFs-nanozymes toward novel optoelectronics and beyond.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0714700)Natural Science Foundation of China(62274174)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BK20232009)a fellowship from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(NO:2023M742559)the Cooperation Project of Vacuum Interconnect Research Facility(NANO-X)of Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(F2208)the technical support for Nano-X from Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SINANO)。
文摘Artificial multisensory devices play a key role in human-computer interaction in the field of artificial intelligence(AI).In this work,we have designed and constructed a novel olfactory-visual bimodal neuromorphic carbon nanotube thin film transistor(TFT)arrays for artificial olfactory-visual multisensory synergy recognition with a very low power consumption of 25 aJ for a single pulse,employing semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes(sc-SWCNTs)as channel materials and gas sensitive materials,and poly[[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c0]dithio-phene-1,3-diyl]](PBDB-T)as the photosensitive material.It is noted that it is the first time to realize the simulation of olfactory and visual senses(from 280 nm to 650 nm)with the wide operating temperature range(0-150℃)in a single SWCNT TFT device and successfully simulate the recovery of olfactory senses after COVID-19 by olfactory-visual synergy.Furthermore,our SWCNT neuromorphic TFT devices with a high IOn/IOff ratio(up to 10^(6))at a low operating voltage(−2 to 0.5 V)can mimic not only the basic biological synaptic functions of olfaction and vision(such as paired-pulse facilitation,short-term plasticity,and long-term plasticity),but also optical wireless communication by Morse code.The proposed multisensory,broadband light-responsive,low-power synaptic devices provide great potential for developing AI robots to face complex external environments.
基金supported by the Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund of the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2071).
文摘Amorphous InGaZnO(IGZO)is a potential candidate for integrated circuits based on thin-film transistors(TFTs)owing to its low-temperature processability and high mobility.Amorphous InGaMgO/InGaZnO(IGMO/IGZO)heterojunction was deposited and TFTs based on IGMO/IGZO heterojunction were fabricated in this report.The energy band at the IGMO/IGZO heterojunction was characterized,and the potential well at the interface of IGZO is critical to the enhanced ultraviolet detection of the IGMO/IGZO heterojunction.Furthermore,the TFTs based on IGMO/IGZO heterojunction exhibited a high responsivity of 3.8×10^(3) A/W and a large detectivity of 5.2×10^(14) Jones under 350-nm ultraviolet illumination,which will also benefit for fabrication of monolithic ultraviolet sensing chip.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62074163)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.JQ24030).
文摘Organic electrochemical transistors have emerged as a solution for artificial synapses that mimic the neural functions of the brain structure,holding great potentials to break the bottleneck of von Neumann architectures.However,current artificial synapses rely primarily on electrical signals,and little attention has been paid to the vital role of neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses.Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter associated with emotion regulation and cognitive processes that needs to be monitored in real time to advance the development of disease diagnostics and neuroscience.To provide insights into the development of artificial synapses with neurotransmitter involvement,this review proposes three steps towards future biomimic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.We first summarize OECT-based dopamine detection devices,and then review advances in neurotransmitter-mediated artificial synapses and resultant advanced neuromorphic systems.Finally,by exploring the challenges and opportunities related to such neuromorphic systems,we provide a perspective on the future development of biomimetic and bioinspired neuromorphic systems.
基金supported by NSF of China(Grant Nos.12088101 and 11905007)NSAF(Grants Nos.U1930403 and U1930402)。
文摘The Josephson junction is typically tuned by a magnetic field or electrostatic gate to realize a superconducting(SC)transistor,which manipulates the supercurrent in integrated SC circuits.Here,we propose a theoretical scheme for a light-controlled SC transistor,which is composed of two superconductor leads weakly linked by a coherent light-driven quantum dot.We discover a Josephson-like relation for the supercurrent I=I(Φ)sinΦsc,where both the supercurrent phaseΦand magnitude Iccan be completely controlled by the phase,intensity,and detuning of the driving light.Additionally,the supercurrent magnitude displays a Fano profile with the increase of the driving light intensity,which is understood by comparing the level splitting of the quantum dot under light driving with the SC gap.Moreover,when two such SC transistors form a loop,they constitute a light-controlled SC quantum interference device(SQUID).Such a light-controlled SQUID can demonstrate the Josephson diode effect,and the optimized non-reciprocal efficiency achieves up to 54%,surpassing the maximum record reported in recent literature.Thus,our scheme delivers a promising platform for performing diverse and flexible manipulations in SC circuits.
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Grants(2021ZD0201600)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0717000)+2 种基金the Intramural Joint Program Fund of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology(Project No.SKLMTIJP-2024-05)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao-Original exploration project(Project No.24-4-4-zrjj-139-jch)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771380)。
文摘Amplification-free,highly sensitive,and specific nucleic acid detection is crucial for health monitoring and diagnosis.The type III CRISPR-Cas10 system,which provides viral immunity through CRISPRassociated protein effectors,enables a new amplification-free nucleic acid diagnostic tool.In this study,we develop a CRISPR-graphene field-effect transistors(GFETs)biosensor by combining the type III CRISPR-Cas10 system with GFETs for direct nucleic acid detection.This biosensor exploits the target RNA-activated continuous ss DNA cleavage activity of the d Csm3 CRISPR-Cas10 effector and the high charge density of a hairpin DNA reporter on the GFET channel to achieve label-free,amplification-free,highly sensitive,and specific RNA detection.The CRISPR-GFET biosensor exhibits excellent performance in detecting medium-length RNAs and miRNAs,with detection limits at the aM level and a broad linear range of 10^(-15)to 10^(-11)M for RNAs and 10^(-15)to 10^(-9)M for miRNAs.It shows high sensitivity in throat swabs and serum samples,distinguishing between healthy individuals(N=5)and breast cancer patients(N=6)without the need for extraction,purification,or amplification.This platform mitigates risks associated with nucleic acid amplification and cross-contamination,making it a versatile and scalable diagnostic tool for molecular diagnostics in human health.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3707201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52320105003)+2 种基金the Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CAS-WX2023PY-0103)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.E3ET1803)sponsored by the Alliance of International Science Organizations(ANSO)scholarship for young talents.
文摘A sensor,serving as a transducer,produces a quantifiable output in response to a predetermined input stimulus,which may be of a chemical or physical nature.The field of gas detection has experienced a substantial surge in research activity,attributable to the diverse functionalities and enhanced accessibility of advanced active materials.In this work,recent advances in gas sensors,specifically those utilizing Field Effect Transistors(FETs),are summarized,including device configurations,response characteristics,sensor materials,and application domains.In pursuing high-performance artificial olfactory systems,the evolution of FET gas sensors necessitates their synchronization with material advancements.These materials should have large surface areas to enhance gas adsorption,efficient conversion of gas input to detectable signals,and strong mechanical qualities.The exploration of gas-sensitive materials has covered diverse categories,such as organic semiconductor polymers,conductive organic compounds and polymers,metal oxides,metal-organic frameworks,and low-dimensional materials.The application of gas sensing technology holds significant promise in domains such as industrial safety,environmental monitoring,and medical diagnostics.This comprehensive review thoroughly examines recent progress,identifies prevailing technical challenges,and outlines prospects for gas detection technology utilizing field effect transistors.The primary aim is to provide a valuable reference for driving the development of the next generation of gas-sensitive monitoring and detection systems characterized by improved sensitivity,selectivity,and intelligence.
基金financial support by the self-supporting project of Pazhou Lab(No.PZL2023ZZ0011)by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0904801).
文摘Rapid development of artificial intelligence requires the implementation of hardware systems with bioinspired parallel information processing and presentation and energy efficiency.Electrolyte-gated organic transistors(EGOTs)offer significant advantages as neuromorphic devices due to their ultra-low operation voltages,minimal hardwired connectivity,and similar operation environment as electrophysiology.Meanwhile,ionic–electronic coupling and the relatively low elastic moduli of organic channel materials make EGOTs suitable for interfacing with biology.This review presents an overview of the device architectures based on organic electrochemical transistors and organic field-effect transistors.Furthermore,we review the requirements of low energy consumption and tunable synaptic plasticity of EGOTs in emulating biological synapses and how they are affected by the organic materials,electrolyte,architecture,and operation mechanism.In addition,we summarize the basic operation principle of biological sensory systems and the recent progress of EGOTs as a building block in artificial systems.Finally,the current challenges and future development of the organic neuromorphic devices are discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62441407)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Grant No.2024JCYBQN-0631)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(Grant No.23JK0482)the Shaanxi Province Key R&D Program General Project-Industrial Field(Grant No.2024GX-YBXM-085)。
文摘The enhancement of mobility has always been a research focus in the field of thin-film transistors(TFTs).In this paper,we report a method using ultra-thin HfO2to improve the electrical performance of indium gallium zinc oxide(IGZO)TFTs.HfO2not only repairs the surface morphology of the active layer,but also increases the carrier concentration.When the thickness of the HfO_(2) film was 3 nm,the mobility of the device was doubled(14.9 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1)→29.6 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1)),and the device exhibited excellent logic device performance.This paper provides a simple and effective method to enhance the electrical performance of IGZO TFTs,offering new ideas and experimental foundation for research into high-performance metal oxide(MO)TFTs.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0141500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62004065 and 62274059).
文摘In this work,the incorporation of tantalum(Ta)into p-type metal-oxide(SnO_(x))semiconductor film is investigated to improve the electrical characteristics and suppress the fringe effect of thin film transistors(TFTs).The Ta-doped SnO_(x)(SnO_(x):Ta)film is deposited by radio-frequency(RF)magnetron sputtering with a Sn:Ta(3 at.%)target and thermally annealed at 270℃ for 30 min.Here,we observe that the SnO_(x):Ta film presents increased crystallinity,reduced defect density(3.25×10^(12)cm^(−2)·eV^(−1)),and widened bandgap(1.98 eV),in comparison with the undoped SnO_(x)film.As a result,the SnO_(x):Ta TFTs exhibit a lower off-state current(Ioff),an improved on/off current ratio(2.17×10^(4)),a remarkably decreased subthreshold swing(SS)by 41%,and enhanced device stability.Additionally,by introducing Ta dopants,the fringe effect as well as the impact of channel width-to-length ratio(W/L)on electrical performances of the p-type oxide TFTs can be effectively suppressed.These results shall contribute to further exploration and development of p-type SnO_(x)TFTs.
