The shafting vibration is closely related to the rotational angular speed.The angular speed of hydro turbine generating sets(HTGS)is rapidly change in fault transient,it maybe reduce the shafting damage.By means of en...The shafting vibration is closely related to the rotational angular speed.The angular speed of hydro turbine generating sets(HTGS)is rapidly change in fault transient,it maybe reduce the shafting damage.By means of energy analysis,the differential equation of shafting vibration for the HTGS is derived,in which include the equation of generator rotor and hydro turbine runner,it can be applied to transient analysis.Shafting model is transformed into first order differential equation groups,and is combined with the motion equation of HTGS to build integrated model.Various additional forces of shafting are taken as input inspire in proposed model,the generality of model is good.At last,the shafting vibration in emergency stop transient is simulated.展开更多
With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of l...With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of large scale photovoltaic power station. The computational speed will be very slow if electromagnetic transient model is used for stability study because of its complexity. Therefore, study on electromechanical transient model of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system is of great meaning. In this paper, electromagnetic transient model of photovoltaic power generation system is introduced first, and then a general electromechanical transient model is proposed. These two kinds of simulation model are set up in PSCAD. By comparing the simulation results of two models, the correctness and validity of the electromechanical transient model is verified. It provides reference model for efficient simulation and modeling of grid-connected photovoltaic power station in large-scale power systems.展开更多
The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance a...The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance as the generator.It is the key technology to realize new energy grid connections’stable and reliable operation.This project studies a dynamic simulation model of an extensive new energy power system based on the virtual synchronous motor.A new energy storage method is proposed.The mathematical energy storage model is established by combining the fixed rotor model of a synchronous virtual machine with the charge-discharge power,state of charge,operation efficiency,dead zone,and inverter constraint.The rapid conversion of energy storage devices absorbs the excess instantaneous kinetic energy caused by interference.The branch transient of the critical cut set in the system can be confined to a limited area.Thus,the virtual synchronizer’s kinetic and potential energy can be efficiently converted into an instantaneous state.The simulation of power system analysis software package(PSASP)verifies the correctness of the theory and algorithm in this paper.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the transient stability of new energy-connected power grids.展开更多
Most researches on transient fuel control of port fuel injection S.I. engine are carried out from the perspective of advanced mathematical theories. When it comes to practical control, there exist many limitations alt...Most researches on transient fuel control of port fuel injection S.I. engine are carried out from the perspective of advanced mathematical theories. When it comes to practical control, there exist many limitations although they are more intelligent. In order to overcome the fuel wetting effect of PFI engine, the application-oriented transient fuel control is studied by analyzing the key parameters which are closely related with the engine transient characteristics. Both validity and simplicity are taken into consideration. Based on the fuel wall-wetting theory and popular fuel compensation strategy, short-term transient fuel（STF） and long-term transient fuel（LTF）, as well as their individual decay approaches, are introduced. STF is to compensate the drastic fuel film loss caused by sudden throttle change, while the function of LTF is to compensate the fuel film loss by manifold air pressure（p） fluctuation. Each of them has their respective pros and cons. The engine fuel mass and air mass are also calculated for air-fuel ratio（AFR） according to ideal gas state equation and empirical equations. The vehicle acceleration test is designed for model validation. The engine experiences several mild and heavy accelerations corresponding to the gear change during vehicle acceleration. STF and LTF control are triggered reliably. The engine transient fuel control simulation adopts the same inputs as the test to ensure consistency. The logged test data are used to check the model output. The results show that the maximum fuel pulse width（FPW） error reaches 2 ms, and it only occurs under engine heavy acceleration condition. The average FPW error is 0.57 ms. The results of simulation and test are close overall, which indicates the accuracy of steady and transient fuel. The proposed research provides an efficient approach not only suitable for practical engineering application, but also for AFR prediction, fuel consumption calculation, and further studies on emission control.展开更多
A 30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC) gun experimental system is employed to research the burning rate characteristics of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant. Enhanced gas generation rates(EGGR) of propellants during an...A 30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC) gun experimental system is employed to research the burning rate characteristics of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant. Enhanced gas generation rates(EGGR) of propellants during and after electrical discharges are verified in the experiments. A modified 0D internal ballistic model is established to simulate the ETC launch. According to the measured pressure and electrical parameters, a transient burning rate law including the influence of EGGR coefficient by electric power and pressure gradient(dp/dt) is added into the model. The EGGR coefficient of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant is equal to 0.005 MW-1. Both simulated breech pressure and projectile muzzle velocity accord with the experimental results well. Compared with Woodley's modified burning rate law, the breech pressure curves acquired by the transient burning rate law are more consistent with test results. Based on the parameters calculated in the model, the relationship among propellant burning rate, pressure gradient(dp/dt) and electric power is analyzed. Depending on the transient burning rate law and experimental data, the burning of solid propellant under the condition of plasma is described more accurately.展开更多
This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials （FGMs）. First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a f...This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials （FGMs）. First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, a hybrid graded element is formulated based on the obtained fundamental solution and a frame field. As a result, the graded properties of FGMs are naturally reflected by using the fundamental solution to interpolate the intra-element field. Further, Stefest＇s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time-space domain. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is assessed by several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.展开更多
Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusio...Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, usually the mid- dle cerebral artery （MCA）. Experimental focal cerebral ischemia models have been employed to mimic human stroke （Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007）. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been developed using intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA （MCA occlusion, MCAO） （Rosamond et al., 2008）. Furthermore, mouse MCAO models have been wide- ly used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery mechanisms （Liu and McCullough, 2011）. Genetically engineered mouse stroke models are particularly useful for evaluation of isch- emic pathophysiology and the design of new prophylactic, neuro- protective, and therapeutic agents and interventions （Armstead et al., 2010）. During the past two decades, MCAO surgical techniques have been developed that do not reveal surgical techniques for mouse MCAO model engineering. Therefore, we compared MCAO surgical methods in rats and mice.展开更多
The paper is focused on the coupling effect between film boiling heat transfer and evaporation drag around a hot-particle in cold liquid. Based on the continuity, momentum and energy equations of the vapor film, a tra...The paper is focused on the coupling effect between film boiling heat transfer and evaporation drag around a hot-particle in cold liquid. Based on the continuity, momentum and energy equations of the vapor film, a transient two-dimensional single particle model has been established. This paper contains a detailed description of HPMC (High-temperature Particle Moving in Coolant) model for studying some aspects of the premixing stage of fuel-coolant interactions (FCIs). The transient process of high-temperature particles moving in coolant can be simu-lated. Comparisons between the experiment results and the calculations using HPMC model demonstrate that HPMC model achieves a good agreement in predicting the time-varying characteristic of high-temperature spheres moving in coolant.展开更多
Experimental studies of a model pump-turbine S-curve characteristics and its improvement by misaligned guide vanes （MGV） were extended to prototype pump turbine through 3-D transient flow simulations. The unsteady R...Experimental studies of a model pump-turbine S-curve characteristics and its improvement by misaligned guide vanes （MGV） were extended to prototype pump turbine through 3-D transient flow simulations. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the SST turbulence model were used to model the transient flow within the entire flow passage of a reversible pump-turbine with and without misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up. The unstable S-curve and its improvement by using misaligned guide vane were verified by model test and simulation. The transient flow calculations were used to clarify the variations of pressure pulse and internal flow behavior in the entire flow passage. The use of misaligned guide vanes can eliminate the S-curve characteristics of a pump-turbine, and can significantly increase the pressure pulse amplitude in the entire flow passage and the runner radial forces during start-up. The MGV only decreased the pulse amplitude on the guide vane suction side when the rotating speed was less than 50% rated speed. The hydraulic reason is that the MGV dramatically changed the flow patterns inside the entire flow passage, and destroyed the symmetry of the flow distribution inside the guide vane and runner.展开更多
A method used for determining the number of equivalent π sections oftransmission line model according to the frequency range of interest and the model accura-cy defined herein is proposed.Factors influencing the disc...A method used for determining the number of equivalent π sections oftransmission line model according to the frequency range of interest and the model accura-cy defined herein is proposed.Factors influencing the discrepancies between continuous ordistributed parameter and multiple π or lumped parameter models are discussed.Generalconclusions concerning the π section lengths of line models used in transient stability,faulttransient and switching over-voltage studies are drawn.Time-domain simulation resultsconfirm the effectiveness of this method.展开更多
A novel theoretical approach is applied to predict the propagation and transformation of transient nonlinear waves on a current. The problem was solved by applying an eigenfunction expansion method and the derived sem...A novel theoretical approach is applied to predict the propagation and transformation of transient nonlinear waves on a current. The problem was solved by applying an eigenfunction expansion method and the derived semi-analytical solution was employed to study the transformation of wave profile and the evolution of wave spectrum arising from the nonlinear interactions of wave components in a wave train which may lead to the formation of very large waves. The results show that the propagation of wave trains is significantly affected by a current. A relatively small current may substantially affect wave train components and the wave train shape. This is observed for both opposing and following current. The results demonstrate that the application of the nonlinear model has a substantial effect on the shape of a wave spectrum. A train of originally linear and very narrow-banded waves changes its one-peak spectrum to a multi-peak one in a fairly short distance from an initial position. The discrepancies between the wave trains predicted by applying the linear and nonlinear models increase with the increasing wavelength and become significant in shallow water even for waves with low steepness. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume to verify theoretical results. The free-surface elevations recorded by a system of wave gauges are compared with the results provided by the nonlinear model. Additional verification was achieved by applying a Fourier analysis and comparing wave amplitude spectra obtained from theoretical results with experimental data. A reasonable agreement between theoretical results and experimental data is observed for both amplitudes and phases. The model predicts fairly well multi-peak spectra, including wave spectra with significant nonlinear wave components.展开更多
Most soft materials behave as if they were hardened when subjected to an impact force. The strain rate dependence of viscosity resistance is the reason for this behavior. The authors carried out drop impact tests on s...Most soft materials behave as if they were hardened when subjected to an impact force. The strain rate dependence of viscosity resistance is the reason for this behavior. The authors carried out drop impact tests on several types of soft materials under the condition of a flat frontal impact. The impact force waveform of soft materials was found to consist of a thorn-shaped waveform and a succeeding mountain-shaped waveform. Based on our experimental observations, we believe that a large viscosity resistance is rapidly changed to a small resistance in the course of the impact. In the present study, the cause of this distinct waveform is discussed based on a dynamics model. The study applies a standard linear solid (SLS) model in which the viscosity transient phenomenon is considered is applied. Three types of impact force waveforms of actual soft materials are simulated using the SLS model. Some features of the impact force waveform of soft materials can be explained using the SLS model.展开更多
Reservoir deposition occurs over geologic periods of time. Although reservoirs are assumed to be homogenous for simplicity of analysis, most reservoirs are heterogeneous in nature. Some common forms of hetergeneity ar...Reservoir deposition occurs over geologic periods of time. Although reservoirs are assumed to be homogenous for simplicity of analysis, most reservoirs are heterogeneous in nature. Some common forms of hetergeneity are the presence of layers and the presence of different zones of fluids and/or rock in the formation. A modified semi-permeable model for multi-layered gas reservoirs with pseudo-steady state interlayer crossflow was developed. The model accounted for the effect of skin and wellbore storage, considers all layers open to a single well, which flows at constant total rate. This new numerical solution was proved to be computationally very efficient, and it has been validated by comparing the results with those of some simple, well known models in the well testing literature. The effects of the reservoir parameters such as permeability, vertical permeability, skin, wellbore storage on the wellbore response, pressure and layer production rate were investigated. Numerical solutions of the problem for the modified semi-permeable model were used to find the structure of crossflow in typical cases.展开更多
The purpose of this research is to develop a SolidWorks? model for transient temperature field of laser welding of PMMA/SS 304 materials for application in fabrication of the ultrasonic back-plate, with a view of opti...The purpose of this research is to develop a SolidWorks? model for transient temperature field of laser welding of PMMA/SS 304 materials for application in fabrication of the ultrasonic back-plate, with a view of optimizing the experimental conditions. The study is carried out on these materials because of the increasing application of both metals and non-metals. The work focuses specifically on these materials because they have been experimentally studied previously and as such, this study can be accepted as an assessment into feasibility of using SolidWorks? model to study the temperature field of the laser welding processes of metals and non-metals. The results of the SolidWorks? transient thermal model show that there is a concentration of high temperatures at the point of contact. It also shows that temperature decreases as we move in (between laser and the top face) to the thickness of the part. Additionally the maximum temperature occurs at the last point of the welding;this may be due to the accumulation of the temperature before arriving at the end. These findings are comparable to the previous simulated and experimental results on temperature field during laser welding of PMMA/SS 304 materials. However, SolidWorks? is shown to present a challenge in modeling a moving source of laser power.展开更多
The sensitivity of the interferometric fiber optic gyro in the presence of time varying thermal gradients plays a key role in its performance. It is well known that this sensitivity is due to the difference of index c...The sensitivity of the interferometric fiber optic gyro in the presence of time varying thermal gradients plays a key role in its performance. It is well known that this sensitivity is due to the difference of index changes between the points symmetrical with respect to the middle of the coil. In order to reduce this sensitivity, different winding patterns, such as quadrupolar winding, were introduced to keep the thermal environment of the symmetrical points. In this paper, a numerical model of the transient temperature distribution in the gyro was established. The temperature gradient of the coil was solved in conjugation with the nature convection heat transfer in the aperture between the coil and the case. Effects of the winding pattern and the design of its case were investigated to optimize the design of the interferometric fiber optic gyro.展开更多
A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with ea...A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with each DOFof the system by vector analysis. The coupled differential equations thus established are solved analytically for their responses in both the time and frequency domains. Considering these frequency response equations, novel device design concepts are derived by forcing the sense phase to zero, which leads to a certain relationship between the structural frequencies, thereby causing minimization of the damping effect on the performance of the system. Furthermore, the feasibility of the present gyro-accelerometer structure is studied using a unique discriminatory scheme for the detection of both gyro action and linear acceleration at their events. This scheme combines the formulated settled transient solution of the gyro-accelerometer with the processes of synchronous demodulation and filtration, which leads to the in-phase and quadrature components of the system＇s output signal. These two components can be utilized in the detection of angular motion and linear acceleration. The obtained analytical results are validated by simulation in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, and it is found that the results are in excellent agreement with each other.展开更多
The utilization of hydraulic fracturing for the extraction of natural gas hydrates in maritime environments has been relatively underexplored in the existing literature.This study introduces a novel approach by employ...The utilization of hydraulic fracturing for the extraction of natural gas hydrates in maritime environments has been relatively underexplored in the existing literature.This study introduces a novel approach by employing a fully implicit integration method to construct a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the wellbore.The model considers critical parameters such as fracturing fluid time,initial temperature,and fracturing fluid displacement to forecast the temperature data of the wellbore and its surrounding environments throughout the entire fracturing process.The investigation reveals that the initial temperature of the fracturing liquid and the duration of the fracturing process exert a substantial influence on the wellbore temperature,whereas the impact of fracturing fluid displacement is found to be minimal.Furthermore,a comparative analysis between the results derived from the proposed model and those obtained from traditional steady-state formulas substantiates the accuracy and efficacy of the developed model.This study significantly advances our comprehension of temperature dynamics within wellbores during hydraulic fracturing operations in maritime environments,thereby offering valuable insights for future endeavors in natural gas hydrate extraction.展开更多
A modified one-dimensional transient hygrothermal model for multilayer wall was proposed using air humidity ratio and temperature as the driving potentials.The solution for the governing equations was obtained numeric...A modified one-dimensional transient hygrothermal model for multilayer wall was proposed using air humidity ratio and temperature as the driving potentials.The solution for the governing equations was obtained numerically by implementing the finite-difference scheme.To evaluate the accuracy of the model,a test system was built up to measure relative humidity and temperature within a porous wall and compare with the prediction of the model.The prediction results have good agreement with the experimental results.For the interface close to indoor side,the maximum deviation of temperature between calculated and test data is 1.87 K,and the average deviation is 0.95 K;the maximum deviation of relative humidity is 11.4%,and the average deviation is 5.7%.For the interface close to outdoor side,the maximum deviation of temperature between prediction and measurement is 1.78 K,and the average deviation is 1.1 K;the maximum deviation of relative humidity is 9.9%,and the average deviation is 4.2%.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51179079
文摘The shafting vibration is closely related to the rotational angular speed.The angular speed of hydro turbine generating sets(HTGS)is rapidly change in fault transient,it maybe reduce the shafting damage.By means of energy analysis,the differential equation of shafting vibration for the HTGS is derived,in which include the equation of generator rotor and hydro turbine runner,it can be applied to transient analysis.Shafting model is transformed into first order differential equation groups,and is combined with the motion equation of HTGS to build integrated model.Various additional forces of shafting are taken as input inspire in proposed model,the generality of model is good.At last,the shafting vibration in emergency stop transient is simulated.
文摘With the development of new energy technology, there are increasing applications of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system. However, there is little research on development of electromechanical model of large scale photovoltaic power station. The computational speed will be very slow if electromagnetic transient model is used for stability study because of its complexity. Therefore, study on electromechanical transient model of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system is of great meaning. In this paper, electromagnetic transient model of photovoltaic power generation system is introduced first, and then a general electromechanical transient model is proposed. These two kinds of simulation model are set up in PSCAD. By comparing the simulation results of two models, the correctness and validity of the electromechanical transient model is verified. It provides reference model for efficient simulation and modeling of grid-connected photovoltaic power station in large-scale power systems.
文摘The synchronous virtual machine uses inverter power to imitate the performance of the conventional synchronous machine.It also has the same inertia,damping,frequency,voltage regulation,and other external performance as the generator.It is the key technology to realize new energy grid connections’stable and reliable operation.This project studies a dynamic simulation model of an extensive new energy power system based on the virtual synchronous motor.A new energy storage method is proposed.The mathematical energy storage model is established by combining the fixed rotor model of a synchronous virtual machine with the charge-discharge power,state of charge,operation efficiency,dead zone,and inverter constraint.The rapid conversion of energy storage devices absorbs the excess instantaneous kinetic energy caused by interference.The branch transient of the critical cut set in the system can be confined to a limited area.Thus,the virtual synchronizer’s kinetic and potential energy can be efficiently converted into an instantaneous state.The simulation of power system analysis software package(PSASP)verifies the correctness of the theory and algorithm in this paper.This paper provides a theoretical basis for improving the transient stability of new energy-connected power grids.
基金supported by the Fund of US-China Collaboration on Cutting-edge Technology Development of Electric Vehicle,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2010DFA72760-305)
文摘Most researches on transient fuel control of port fuel injection S.I. engine are carried out from the perspective of advanced mathematical theories. When it comes to practical control, there exist many limitations although they are more intelligent. In order to overcome the fuel wetting effect of PFI engine, the application-oriented transient fuel control is studied by analyzing the key parameters which are closely related with the engine transient characteristics. Both validity and simplicity are taken into consideration. Based on the fuel wall-wetting theory and popular fuel compensation strategy, short-term transient fuel（STF） and long-term transient fuel（LTF）, as well as their individual decay approaches, are introduced. STF is to compensate the drastic fuel film loss caused by sudden throttle change, while the function of LTF is to compensate the fuel film loss by manifold air pressure（p） fluctuation. Each of them has their respective pros and cons. The engine fuel mass and air mass are also calculated for air-fuel ratio（AFR） according to ideal gas state equation and empirical equations. The vehicle acceleration test is designed for model validation. The engine experiences several mild and heavy accelerations corresponding to the gear change during vehicle acceleration. STF and LTF control are triggered reliably. The engine transient fuel control simulation adopts the same inputs as the test to ensure consistency. The logged test data are used to check the model output. The results show that the maximum fuel pulse width（FPW） error reaches 2 ms, and it only occurs under engine heavy acceleration condition. The average FPW error is 0.57 ms. The results of simulation and test are close overall, which indicates the accuracy of steady and transient fuel. The proposed research provides an efficient approach not only suitable for practical engineering application, but also for AFR prediction, fuel consumption calculation, and further studies on emission control.
文摘A 30 mm electrothermal-chemical(ETC) gun experimental system is employed to research the burning rate characteristics of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant. Enhanced gas generation rates(EGGR) of propellants during and after electrical discharges are verified in the experiments. A modified 0D internal ballistic model is established to simulate the ETC launch. According to the measured pressure and electrical parameters, a transient burning rate law including the influence of EGGR coefficient by electric power and pressure gradient(dp/dt) is added into the model. The EGGR coefficient of 4/7 high-nitrogen solid propellant is equal to 0.005 MW-1. Both simulated breech pressure and projectile muzzle velocity accord with the experimental results well. Compared with Woodley's modified burning rate law, the breech pressure curves acquired by the transient burning rate law are more consistent with test results. Based on the parameters calculated in the model, the relationship among propellant burning rate, pressure gradient(dp/dt) and electric power is analyzed. Depending on the transient burning rate law and experimental data, the burning of solid propellant under the condition of plasma is described more accurately.
文摘This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials （FGMs）. First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, a hybrid graded element is formulated based on the obtained fundamental solution and a frame field. As a result, the graded properties of FGMs are naturally reflected by using the fundamental solution to interpolate the intra-element field. Further, Stefest＇s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time-space domain. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is assessed by several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.
基金supported by the 2013 Inje University Research Grant
文摘Experimental stroke research commonly employs focal cerebral ischemic rat models （Bederson et al., 1986a; Longa et al., 1989）. In human patients, ischemic stroke typically results from thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery, usually the mid- dle cerebral artery （MCA）. Experimental focal cerebral ischemia models have been employed to mimic human stroke （Durukan and Tatlisumak, 2007）. Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been developed using intraluminal suture occlusion of the MCA （MCA occlusion, MCAO） （Rosamond et al., 2008）. Furthermore, mouse MCAO models have been wide- ly used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery mechanisms （Liu and McCullough, 2011）. Genetically engineered mouse stroke models are particularly useful for evaluation of isch- emic pathophysiology and the design of new prophylactic, neuro- protective, and therapeutic agents and interventions （Armstead et al., 2010）. During the past two decades, MCAO surgical techniques have been developed that do not reveal surgical techniques for mouse MCAO model engineering. Therefore, we compared MCAO surgical methods in rats and mice.
基金Supported partially by National Natural Science Fundation of China (No.50046026 and No.50376036) and 985 Engineering Fund of Shanghai Jiaotong University.
文摘The paper is focused on the coupling effect between film boiling heat transfer and evaporation drag around a hot-particle in cold liquid. Based on the continuity, momentum and energy equations of the vapor film, a transient two-dimensional single particle model has been established. This paper contains a detailed description of HPMC (High-temperature Particle Moving in Coolant) model for studying some aspects of the premixing stage of fuel-coolant interactions (FCIs). The transient process of high-temperature particles moving in coolant can be simu-lated. Comparisons between the experiment results and the calculations using HPMC model demonstrate that HPMC model achieves a good agreement in predicting the time-varying characteristic of high-temperature spheres moving in coolant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51009077)State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering(2014-KY-05)
文摘Experimental studies of a model pump-turbine S-curve characteristics and its improvement by misaligned guide vanes （MGV） were extended to prototype pump turbine through 3-D transient flow simulations. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the SST turbulence model were used to model the transient flow within the entire flow passage of a reversible pump-turbine with and without misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up. The unstable S-curve and its improvement by using misaligned guide vane were verified by model test and simulation. The transient flow calculations were used to clarify the variations of pressure pulse and internal flow behavior in the entire flow passage. The use of misaligned guide vanes can eliminate the S-curve characteristics of a pump-turbine, and can significantly increase the pressure pulse amplitude in the entire flow passage and the runner radial forces during start-up. The MGV only decreased the pulse amplitude on the guide vane suction side when the rotating speed was less than 50% rated speed. The hydraulic reason is that the MGV dramatically changed the flow patterns inside the entire flow passage, and destroyed the symmetry of the flow distribution inside the guide vane and runner.
文摘A method used for determining the number of equivalent π sections oftransmission line model according to the frequency range of interest and the model accura-cy defined herein is proposed.Factors influencing the discrepancies between continuous ordistributed parameter and multiple π or lumped parameter models are discussed.Generalconclusions concerning the π section lengths of line models used in transient stability,faulttransient and switching over-voltage studies are drawn.Time-domain simulation resultsconfirm the effectiveness of this method.
基金supported partially by the Institute of Hydroengineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the state budget for research for the years 2010-2011
文摘A novel theoretical approach is applied to predict the propagation and transformation of transient nonlinear waves on a current. The problem was solved by applying an eigenfunction expansion method and the derived semi-analytical solution was employed to study the transformation of wave profile and the evolution of wave spectrum arising from the nonlinear interactions of wave components in a wave train which may lead to the formation of very large waves. The results show that the propagation of wave trains is significantly affected by a current. A relatively small current may substantially affect wave train components and the wave train shape. This is observed for both opposing and following current. The results demonstrate that the application of the nonlinear model has a substantial effect on the shape of a wave spectrum. A train of originally linear and very narrow-banded waves changes its one-peak spectrum to a multi-peak one in a fairly short distance from an initial position. The discrepancies between the wave trains predicted by applying the linear and nonlinear models increase with the increasing wavelength and become significant in shallow water even for waves with low steepness. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume to verify theoretical results. The free-surface elevations recorded by a system of wave gauges are compared with the results provided by the nonlinear model. Additional verification was achieved by applying a Fourier analysis and comparing wave amplitude spectra obtained from theoretical results with experimental data. A reasonable agreement between theoretical results and experimental data is observed for both amplitudes and phases. The model predicts fairly well multi-peak spectra, including wave spectra with significant nonlinear wave components.
文摘Most soft materials behave as if they were hardened when subjected to an impact force. The strain rate dependence of viscosity resistance is the reason for this behavior. The authors carried out drop impact tests on several types of soft materials under the condition of a flat frontal impact. The impact force waveform of soft materials was found to consist of a thorn-shaped waveform and a succeeding mountain-shaped waveform. Based on our experimental observations, we believe that a large viscosity resistance is rapidly changed to a small resistance in the course of the impact. In the present study, the cause of this distinct waveform is discussed based on a dynamics model. The study applies a standard linear solid (SLS) model in which the viscosity transient phenomenon is considered is applied. Three types of impact force waveforms of actual soft materials are simulated using the SLS model. Some features of the impact force waveform of soft materials can be explained using the SLS model.
文摘Reservoir deposition occurs over geologic periods of time. Although reservoirs are assumed to be homogenous for simplicity of analysis, most reservoirs are heterogeneous in nature. Some common forms of hetergeneity are the presence of layers and the presence of different zones of fluids and/or rock in the formation. A modified semi-permeable model for multi-layered gas reservoirs with pseudo-steady state interlayer crossflow was developed. The model accounted for the effect of skin and wellbore storage, considers all layers open to a single well, which flows at constant total rate. This new numerical solution was proved to be computationally very efficient, and it has been validated by comparing the results with those of some simple, well known models in the well testing literature. The effects of the reservoir parameters such as permeability, vertical permeability, skin, wellbore storage on the wellbore response, pressure and layer production rate were investigated. Numerical solutions of the problem for the modified semi-permeable model were used to find the structure of crossflow in typical cases.
文摘The purpose of this research is to develop a SolidWorks? model for transient temperature field of laser welding of PMMA/SS 304 materials for application in fabrication of the ultrasonic back-plate, with a view of optimizing the experimental conditions. The study is carried out on these materials because of the increasing application of both metals and non-metals. The work focuses specifically on these materials because they have been experimentally studied previously and as such, this study can be accepted as an assessment into feasibility of using SolidWorks? model to study the temperature field of the laser welding processes of metals and non-metals. The results of the SolidWorks? transient thermal model show that there is a concentration of high temperatures at the point of contact. It also shows that temperature decreases as we move in (between laser and the top face) to the thickness of the part. Additionally the maximum temperature occurs at the last point of the welding;this may be due to the accumulation of the temperature before arriving at the end. These findings are comparable to the previous simulated and experimental results on temperature field during laser welding of PMMA/SS 304 materials. However, SolidWorks? is shown to present a challenge in modeling a moving source of laser power.
文摘The sensitivity of the interferometric fiber optic gyro in the presence of time varying thermal gradients plays a key role in its performance. It is well known that this sensitivity is due to the difference of index changes between the points symmetrical with respect to the middle of the coil. In order to reduce this sensitivity, different winding patterns, such as quadrupolar winding, were introduced to keep the thermal environment of the symmetrical points. In this paper, a numerical model of the transient temperature distribution in the gyro was established. The temperature gradient of the coil was solved in conjugation with the nature convection heat transfer in the aperture between the coil and the case. Effects of the winding pattern and the design of its case were investigated to optimize the design of the interferometric fiber optic gyro.
文摘A new analytical model of a 3-degree-of-freedom （3-DOF） gyro-accelerometer system consisting of a 1-DOF drive and 2-DOF sense modes is presented. The model constructs lumped differential equations associated with each DOFof the system by vector analysis. The coupled differential equations thus established are solved analytically for their responses in both the time and frequency domains. Considering these frequency response equations, novel device design concepts are derived by forcing the sense phase to zero, which leads to a certain relationship between the structural frequencies, thereby causing minimization of the damping effect on the performance of the system. Furthermore, the feasibility of the present gyro-accelerometer structure is studied using a unique discriminatory scheme for the detection of both gyro action and linear acceleration at their events. This scheme combines the formulated settled transient solution of the gyro-accelerometer with the processes of synchronous demodulation and filtration, which leads to the in-phase and quadrature components of the system＇s output signal. These two components can be utilized in the detection of angular motion and linear acceleration. The obtained analytical results are validated by simulation in a MATLAB/Simulink environment, and it is found that the results are in excellent agreement with each other.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074248)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2652022207).
文摘The utilization of hydraulic fracturing for the extraction of natural gas hydrates in maritime environments has been relatively underexplored in the existing literature.This study introduces a novel approach by employing a fully implicit integration method to construct a two-dimensional temperature distribution model of the wellbore.The model considers critical parameters such as fracturing fluid time,initial temperature,and fracturing fluid displacement to forecast the temperature data of the wellbore and its surrounding environments throughout the entire fracturing process.The investigation reveals that the initial temperature of the fracturing liquid and the duration of the fracturing process exert a substantial influence on the wellbore temperature,whereas the impact of fracturing fluid displacement is found to be minimal.Furthermore,a comparative analysis between the results derived from the proposed model and those obtained from traditional steady-state formulas substantiates the accuracy and efficacy of the developed model.This study significantly advances our comprehension of temperature dynamics within wellbores during hydraulic fracturing operations in maritime environments,thereby offering valuable insights for future endeavors in natural gas hydrate extraction.
基金Project(51078127) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(JJ201109091631) supported by the Foundation for Young Scientists of Jiangxi Education Department, China
文摘A modified one-dimensional transient hygrothermal model for multilayer wall was proposed using air humidity ratio and temperature as the driving potentials.The solution for the governing equations was obtained numerically by implementing the finite-difference scheme.To evaluate the accuracy of the model,a test system was built up to measure relative humidity and temperature within a porous wall and compare with the prediction of the model.The prediction results have good agreement with the experimental results.For the interface close to indoor side,the maximum deviation of temperature between calculated and test data is 1.87 K,and the average deviation is 0.95 K;the maximum deviation of relative humidity is 11.4%,and the average deviation is 5.7%.For the interface close to outdoor side,the maximum deviation of temperature between prediction and measurement is 1.78 K,and the average deviation is 1.1 K;the maximum deviation of relative humidity is 9.9%,and the average deviation is 4.2%.
