Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into th...Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into the modern logistics system.It seeks to address the need for a more nuanced understanding of the“road to rail”policy,emphasizing the importance of intermodal collaboration and service of fragmented market demands.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a transport economics perspective to evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of China’s transportation structure optimization.It bases its assessment of the current state of railway freight logistics,multi-modal transportation and the broader implications for the transportation service market on data analysis.The methodology includes a review of existing policies,an examination of industry practices and a comparative analysis with global trends in railway logistics.Findings–The research underscores the importance of focusing on the development of non-bulk materials,noting the insufficiency in the development of China’s rail multi-modal transportation and highlighting the instructive value of successful cases in open-top container road-rail intermodal transportation.The study posits that the railway sector must enhance cooperation with other market entities,aligning with the lead enterprises in the logistics chain that are characterized by speed,high value and strong coordination capabilities,in order to better serve the transportation market.This approach moves away from a reliance on the railway’s own capabilities alone.Originality/value–This paper offers original insights into the transformation of railway freight in China,contributing to the body of knowledge on transportation economics and logistics.It provides valuable recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners,emphasizing the strategic importance of railway logistics in the context of China’s economic development and intense competition in the supply chain.The value of the article lies in its comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in the adjustment of transportation structures,providing direction for the market-oriented reform of China’s railway freight sector.展开更多
The internal component structure of the converter transformer plays an extremely important role in the generation and propagation of vibration noise.In order to comprehensively reveal the influence of the component st...The internal component structure of the converter transformer plays an extremely important role in the generation and propagation of vibration noise.In order to comprehensively reveal the influence of the component structure on the vibration and noise of converter transformers,this paper conducted vibration and noise experiments on different combinations of three iron core structures,four winding structures,two oil tank structures,two foot insulation structures and three positioning structures under different frequency harmonic excitations in a semi-anechoic chamber environment.The results show that the optimal configuration for minimising noise in converter transformers comprises the following components:an entanglement internal screen winding within the coil assembly,a 7.2 mm six-step-123 iron core,a cross-shaped reinforced oil tank,bottom foot insulation,an upper eccentric circle design and lower pouring positioning.展开更多
The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly fo...The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly focuses on the following three key aspects.First,the classical ensemble method is adopted to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of two-dimensional(2D)matter–wave pulses in Bose–Fermi mixed gases(including linear and nonlinear pulses).Second,under the strict constraints of unitary systems,a coupled Kd V equation is successfully derived,and the prolongation structure theory is skillfully used to carry out detailed calculations and analyses on this equation.Thus,the prolongation algebra of this equation is accurately determined,and the corresponding Lax pair is rigorously derived.Finally,based on the carefully obtained Lax pair from the prolongation structure theory,the soliton solutions of this equation are further analyzed in depth,and intuitive images of each soliton solution are carefully drawn.This lays a solid foundation for subsequent detailed research on these soliton characteristics and provides great convenience.展开更多
Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong pr...Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.展开更多
Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence ...Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence of the martensitic transformation temperature span on Co content was observed.Before training,quite a narrow temperature span of the martensitic transformation,nearly independent of the Co content,was observed in all single crystals.After training the temperature span was still narrow for 8≤x≤10.9 but was obviously expanded for 10.9<x≤12.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that at the atomic scale,there exists incommensurate modulated structure in the single phase single crystals,as evidenced by nonperiodic satellite spots in the selected area electronic diffraction patterns.Moreover,the modulated wave vector of the satellite spots was increased by higher Co contents.Combining first principal calculations it was considered that the incommensurate modulated structure originates from the formation of Co-Co pairs.After training arrays of ordered dislocations with the same Burgers vector were introduced for 8≤x≤10.9 but the network of dislocations was formed for 10.9<x≤12.Based on analysis of transmission electron microscopy,geometric phase,thermodynamics,and Landau theory,it was considered that the austenite/martensite phase interface was pinned by the network of dislocations,expanding the temperature span of the martensitic transformation.This work supplies new insights for understanding the microstructure and martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga-based alloys.展开更多
The structured low-rank model for parallel magnetic resonance(MR)imaging can efficiently reconstruct MR images with limited auto-calibration signals.To improve the reconstruction quality of MR images,we integrate the ...The structured low-rank model for parallel magnetic resonance(MR)imaging can efficiently reconstruct MR images with limited auto-calibration signals.To improve the reconstruction quality of MR images,we integrate the joint sparsity and sparsifying transform learning(JTL)into the simultaneous auto-calibrating and k-space estimation(SAKE)structured low-rank model,named JTLSAKE.The alternate direction method of multipliers is exploited to solve the resulting optimization problem,and the optimized gradient method is used to improve the convergence speed.In addition,a graphics processing unit is used to accelerate the proposed algorithm.The experimental results on four in vivo human datasets demonstrate that the reconstruction quality of the proposed algorithm is comparable to that of JTL-based low-rank modeling of local k-space neighborhoods with parallel imaging(JTL-PLORAKS),and the proposed algorithm is 46 times faster than the JTL-PLORAKS,requiring only 4 s to reconstruct a 200×200 pixels MR image with 8 channels.展开更多
This study comprehensively uses various methods such as production dynamic analysis,fluid inclusion thermometry and carbon-oxygen isotopic compositions testing,based on outcrop,core,well-logging,3D seismic,geochemistr...This study comprehensively uses various methods such as production dynamic analysis,fluid inclusion thermometry and carbon-oxygen isotopic compositions testing,based on outcrop,core,well-logging,3D seismic,geochemistry experiment and production test data,to systematically explore the control mechanisms of structure and fluid on the scale,quality,effectiveness and connectivity of ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs in the Tarim Basin.The results show that reservoir scale is influenced by strike-slip fault scale,structural position,and mechanical stratigraphy.Larger faults tend to correspond to larger reservoir scales.The reservoir scale of contractional overlaps is larger than that of extensional overlaps,while pure strike-slip segments are small.The reservoir scale is enhanced at fault intersection,bend,and tip segments.Vertically,the heterogeneity of reservoir development is controlled by mechanical stratigraphy,with strata of higher brittleness indices being more conducive to the development of fractured-vuggy reservoirs.Multiple phases of strike-slip fault activity and fluid alterations contribute to fractured-vuggy reservoir effectiveness evolution and heterogeneity.Meteoric water activity during the Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian period was the primary phase of fractured-vuggy reservoir formation.Hydrothermal activity in the Late Hercynian period further intensified the heterogeneity of effective reservoir space distribution.The study also reveals that fractured-vuggy reservoir connectivity is influenced by strike-slip fault structural position and present in-situ stress field.The reservoir connectivity of extensional overlaps is larger than that of pure strike-slip segments,while contractional overlaps show worse reservoir connectivity.Additionally,fractured-vuggy reservoirs controlled by strike-slip faults that are nearly parallel to the present in-situ stress direction exhibit excellent connectivity.Overall,high-quality reservoirs are distributed at the fault intersection of extensional overlaps,the central zones of contractional overlaps,pinnate fault zones at intersection,bend,and tip segments of pure strike-slip segments.Vertically,they are concentrated in mechanical stratigraphy with high brittleness indices.展开更多
To further improve the service performance of Zr-2.5Nb alloy worked as pressure tubes in pressurized heavy water reactors,more investigation about the microstructure and thermomechanical processing route of Zr-2.5Nb a...To further improve the service performance of Zr-2.5Nb alloy worked as pressure tubes in pressurized heavy water reactors,more investigation about the microstructure and thermomechanical processing route of Zr-2.5Nb alloy need to be conducted.In this work,a hetero-structured Zr-2.5Nb alloy was prepared by applying a novel technique.Microstructure analysis reveals that the alloy exhibits a grain sizedependent martensite substructure transition during post-rolling quenching.The hetero-structure consists of equiaxed primaryαgrains and the lamellae groups containing both parallelα’dislocation martensite andα’twin martensite.Compared with the previously reported Zr-Nb alloys,the present Zr-2.5Nb alloys manifest the highest yield strength(∼710 MPa),together with a high ultimate tensile strength(∼844 MPa)and good ductility(∼17.1%).The enhanced mechanical properties are found to arise from the properly controlled fraction/size of the two types of martensite,which not only significantly strengthens the alloy but also contributes to a stronger strain hardening.A model based on the grain-size-dependent critical resolved shear stress for dislocation slip and twinning has been proposed to explain theα’martensite substructures transition at a critical grain size dc=3.3μm.Below this size,the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)for twinning is higher than that for the<c+a>slip.Thus,theα’dislocation martensite is more favorable to form.Otherwise,theα’twin martensite would exhibit a high activity.The present work indicates that making use of the grain size-dependent martensite transformation to tailor the heterostructure in Zr alloys is an effective strategy to overcome the strength–ductility trade-off in the material.展开更多
High-sulfur coal, as an alternative coal source, has a relatively high proportion in coal reserves. However, the feature of high sulfur content, which can cause environmental pollution and poor quality of molten iron,...High-sulfur coal, as an alternative coal source, has a relatively high proportion in coal reserves. However, the feature of high sulfur content, which can cause environmental pollution and poor quality of molten iron, restrains its utilization in coking industry. Coking experiments of high-sulfur coal with Fe2O3, La2O3 and CaO as additives were carried out in order to fix the sulfur in coke. The effects of additives on sulfur distribution, crystallite structure, surface morphology and properties of coke were investigated. The results indicate that CaO can be used as sulfur-fixing agent in coking process, and CaS is the main mineralogical phase of the sulfur-contained mineral constituents in coke. Fe2O3 and La2O3 facilitate the conversion of CaO to CaS. The additives mainly influence the crystallite height and the average interlayer spacing doo2 of coke. The addition of La2O3 increases the value of the crystallite height while the addition of CaO and Fe2O3 decreases it. CaO leads the pores of coke to increase with its physical action and agglomerating characteristic. Fe2O3 and C can form （Fe,C）, resulting in the pulverization and erosion of the pore wall. La2O3 makes the coke surface become more compact and thinner. The reactivity of coke increases with the decrease of crystallite height and crystallite layer number.展开更多
In the ultra-deep strata of the Tarim Basin,the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults remains unclear,and the vertical distribution of fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs is complex.This paper investigates t...In the ultra-deep strata of the Tarim Basin,the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults remains unclear,and the vertical distribution of fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs is complex.This paper investigates the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults through field outcrop observations in the Keping area,interpretation of seismic data from the Fuman Oilfield,Tarim Basim,NW China,and structural physical simulation experiments.The results are obtained mainly in four aspects.First,field outcrops and ultra-deep seismic profiles indicate a three-layer structure within the strike-slip fault,consisting of fault core,fracture zone and primary rock.The fault core can be classified into three parts vertically:fracture-cavity unit,fault clay and breccia zone.The distribution of fracture-cavity units demonstrates a distinct pattern of vertical stratification,owing to the structural characteristics and growth process of the slip-strike fault.Second,the ultra-deep seismic profiles show multiple fracture-cavity units in the strike-slip fault zone.These units can be classified into four types:top fractured,middle connected,deep terminated,and intra-layer fractured.Third,structural physical simulation experiments and ultra-deep seismic data interpretation reveal that the strike-slip faults have evolved vertically in three stages:segmental rupture,vertical growth,and connection and extension.The particle image velocimetry detection demonstrates that the initial fracture of the fault zone occurred at the top or bottom and then evolved into cavities gradually along with the fault growth,accompanied by the emergence of new fractures in the middle part of the strata,which subsequently connected with the deep and shallow cavities to form a complete fault zone.Fourth,the ultra-deep carbonate strata primarily develop three types of fractured-cavity reservoirs:flower-shaped fracture,large and deep fault and staggered overlap.The first two types are larger in size with better reservoir conditions,suggesting a significant exploration potential.展开更多
Employing decoupling index and industrial structure characteristic bias index methods, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of industrial structure transformations and their resulting carbon emissi...Employing decoupling index and industrial structure characteristic bias index methods, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of industrial structure transformations and their resulting carbon emissions in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area from 2000 to 2014, with a focus on their relationships and driving factors. Our research indicates that carbon emission intensity from industrial structures in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area at first showed an increasing trend, which then decreased. Furthermore, the relationship between emissions and industrial economic growth has been trending toward absolute decoupling. From the perspective of the center-periphery, the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area formed a concentric pattern, where both progress towards low emissions and the level of technological advancement gradually diminished from the center to the periphery. In terms of variation across provinces, the ISCB index in the eastern Henan has decreased the slowest, followed by the southern Shandong and the northern Anhui, with the northern Jiangsu ranking last. During this period, resource-and labor-intensive industries were the primary growth industries in the northern Anhui and the eastern Henan, while labor-intensive industries dominated the southern Shandong and capital-intensive industries dominated the northern Jiangsu. In terms of city types, the spatial pattern for industrial structure indicates that recession resource-based cities had higher carbon emission intensities than mature resource-based cities, followed by non-resource-based cities and regenerative resource-based cities. Generally, the industrial structure in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area has transformed from being resource-intensive to capital-intensive, and has been trending toward technology-intensive as resource availability has been exploited to exhaustion and then been regenerated. Industrial structure has been the leading factor causing heterogeneity of carbon emission intensities between metropolitan cities. Therefore, the key to optimizing the industrial structure and layout of metropolitan areas is to promote industrial structure transformation and improve the system controlling collaborative industrial development between cities.展开更多
Scarcity of land resources and transformation of industrial structure is a pair of contradictory elements.We derive the characteristics of land use structure and industrial structure transformation in Xining City usin...Scarcity of land resources and transformation of industrial structure is a pair of contradictory elements.We derive the characteristics of land use structure and industrial structure transformation in Xining City using Transformation Coefficient(TC):first,in the period 1999-2000,the land use structure coefficient(θ1) declined by 79.55%,but the overall evolution trend is gentle;second,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure(θ2) tended to decline ceaselessly on the whole,a decrease of 36.09%(overall,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure is slightly greater than the land use structure coefficient);third,the inter-annual variation of the two experienced ups and downs(in the period 1999-2007,the inter-annual variation was great and in the period 2008-2010,the inter-annual variation tended to be gentle).On the basis of autocorrelation and co-integration model,we draw the following conclusions through analysis:first,the land use structure in Xining City plays a role in promoting industrial structure transformation;second,there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two.Finally,relevant policy recommendations are put forward for the industrial development in Xining City.展开更多
Land, as a key factor of production, is an appropriate indicator of national and regional economic structure transformation. Land use in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Basin （CRB） since the 1950s has experienced t...Land, as a key factor of production, is an appropriate indicator of national and regional economic structure transformation. Land use in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Basin （CRB） since the 1950s has experienced these changes. Industrialization has been the most powerful force of the change in the regional development of the CRB. Virtually all regional resources were put into this effort to modernize the industrial production and urban construction systems of the CRB whose industrialization and urbanization has been a success story, with impressive structural change in both production and land use. These changes are evident ih modem urban areas, but even more in traditionally rural areas. The regression analysis of regional development in the CRB over an extended period shows that the dominant factor in regional land use change is widespread industrialization in rural areas rather than the expansion of urban area. Thus, urbanization has had a limited influence on land use change in the CRB. A major task in realizing more sustainable land use in the future development of CRB is to relocate industrial activities from rural to urban areas.展开更多
Effect of multiple direct and reverse martensitic transformations on fragmentation of austenitic grains in Fe-Ni alloys have been studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. An ultra-fine structure ...Effect of multiple direct and reverse martensitic transformations on fragmentation of austenitic grains in Fe-Ni alloys have been studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. An ultra-fine structure was formed by fragmentation inside austenitic grains due to progressing misorientation of austenitic sub-grains during multiple γ-α-γ-martensitic phase transitions. An increase in the number of γ-α-γ-transformations increases misorientation angle between austenitic sub-grains and leads to transformation of an austenitic single crystal into a textured polycrystal. It has been shown that multiple γ-α-γ-martensitic phase transitions change the mechanism of internal stress relaxation from dislocation-based to deformation twinning.展开更多
Orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode materials were synthesized successfully at lower temperature by sol-gel method. When LiMnO2 precursor prepared by sol-gel method was fired in air, the product was a mixture of spinel struct...Orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode materials were synthesized successfully at lower temperature by sol-gel method. When LiMnO2 precursor prepared by sol-gel method was fired in air, the product was a mixture of spinel structure LiMn2O4 and rock-salt structure Li2MnO3, whereas in argon single-phase orthorhombic LiMnO2 could obtain at the range of 750℃ to 920℃. The substitution of Mn by Zn2+ or Co3+ in LiMnO2 led to the structure of LiMnO2 transiting to Qα-LiFeO2. The results of electrochemical cycles indicated that the discharged capacity of orthorhombic-LiMnO2 was smaller at the initial stages, then gradually increased with the increasing of cycle number, finally the capacity stabilized to certain value after about 10th cycles. This phenomenon reveals that there is an activation process for orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode materials during electrochemical cycles, which is a phase transition process from orthorhombic LiMnO2 to tetragonal spinel Li2Mn2O4. The capacity of orthorhombic LiMnO2 synthesized at lower temperature is larger than that synthesized at high temperature.展开更多
The transformation behavior and microstructure development in the heat affected zone(HAZ)of 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel was investigated.It was found that the HAZ has intermediate temperature transformati...The transformation behavior and microstructure development in the heat affected zone(HAZ)of 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel was investigated.It was found that the HAZ has intermediate temperature transformation characteristics in a wide range of cooling rates,with the bainite sheaves consisting of bainite ferrite plates without carbide precipitation and retained austenite in the fast cooling regime.At relatively high cooling rates,which corresponded to low heat inputs,the hardness of the simulated HAZ was above that of the base metal.When the cooling rate was below 9C/s,the welding HAZ would have an obvious softening.The analysis of transformation rates in continuous cooling processes was completed by numerical differential method.The result indicated that the microstructure transformation rate of the HAZ in 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel changed sharply to slow speeds when the cooling time t8/5 is longer than 7s.展开更多
Abstract In periodic cellular structures, novel pattern transformations are triggered by a reversible elastic instability under the axial compression. Based on the deformation-triggered new pattern, periodic cellular ...Abstract In periodic cellular structures, novel pattern transformations are triggered by a reversible elastic instability under the axial compression. Based on the deformation-triggered new pattern, periodic cellular structures can achieve special mechanical properties. In this paper, the designed architecture materials which include elastomer matrixes containing empty holes or filled holes with hydrogel material are modeled and simulated to investigate the mechanical property of the periodic materials. By analyzing the relationship between nominal stress and nominal strain of periodic material, and the corresponding deformed patterns, the influence of geometry and shapes of the holes on the mechanical property of architecture material is studied in more details. We hope this study can provide future perspectives for the deformation-triggered periodic structures.展开更多
It was proved that velocity-dependent infinitesima l symmetry transformations of nonholonomic systems have a characteristic functio nal structure, which could be formulated by means of an auxiliary symmetry tra nsform...It was proved that velocity-dependent infinitesima l symmetry transformations of nonholonomic systems have a characteristic functio nal structure, which could be formulated by means of an auxiliary symmetry tra nsformation function and is manifestly dependent upon constants of motion of th e system. An example was given to illustrate the applicability of the results.展开更多
In the present study, three wavelet basis functions, i.e., Mexican-hat, Morlet, and Wave, were used to analyze the atmospheric turbulence data obtained from an eddy covariance system in order to determine the effect o...In the present study, three wavelet basis functions, i.e., Mexican-hat, Morlet, and Wave, were used to analyze the atmospheric turbulence data obtained from an eddy covariance system in order to determine the effect of six meteorological elements including three-dimensional wind speed, temperature, and CO2and H2O concentrations on the time scale of coherent structures. First, we used the degree of correlation between original and reconstructed waveforms to test the three wavelets’performance when determining the time scale of coherent structures. The Wave wavelet’s reconstructed coherent structure signal best matched the original signal;thus, it was used to further analyze the time scale, number, and time cover of the meteorological elements. We found similar results for all elements, though there was some internal variation, suggesting that coherent structures are not inherently dependent on these elements. Our results provide a basis for proper coherent structure detection in atmospheric turbulence and improve the understanding of similarities and differences between coherent structure characteristics of different meteorological elements, which is helpful for further research into atmospheric turbulence and boundary layers.展开更多
The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integ...The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system. Based on the obtained prolongation structure, a Lie-Algebra valued connection of a closed ideal of exterior differential forms related to the above system is constructed. A Lie-Algebra representation of some hidden structural symmetries of the previous system, its Biicklund transformation using the Riccati form of the linear eigenvalue problem and their general corresponding Lax-representation are derived. In the wake of the previous results, we extend the above prolongation scheme to higher-dimensional systems from which a new （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional coupled integrable dispersionless system is unveiled along with its inverse scattering formulation, which applications are straightforward in nonlinear optics where additional propagating dimension deserves some attention.展开更多
基金supported by the Yuxiu Innovation Project of NCUT(Grant No.2024NCUTYXCX211).
文摘Purpose–This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strategic adjustments in China’s transportation structure,with a particular focus on the pivotal role of railway freight and its integration into the modern logistics system.It seeks to address the need for a more nuanced understanding of the“road to rail”policy,emphasizing the importance of intermodal collaboration and service of fragmented market demands.Design/methodology/approach–The study employs a transport economics perspective to evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of China’s transportation structure optimization.It bases its assessment of the current state of railway freight logistics,multi-modal transportation and the broader implications for the transportation service market on data analysis.The methodology includes a review of existing policies,an examination of industry practices and a comparative analysis with global trends in railway logistics.Findings–The research underscores the importance of focusing on the development of non-bulk materials,noting the insufficiency in the development of China’s rail multi-modal transportation and highlighting the instructive value of successful cases in open-top container road-rail intermodal transportation.The study posits that the railway sector must enhance cooperation with other market entities,aligning with the lead enterprises in the logistics chain that are characterized by speed,high value and strong coordination capabilities,in order to better serve the transportation market.This approach moves away from a reliance on the railway’s own capabilities alone.Originality/value–This paper offers original insights into the transformation of railway freight in China,contributing to the body of knowledge on transportation economics and logistics.It provides valuable recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners,emphasizing the strategic importance of railway logistics in the context of China’s economic development and intense competition in the supply chain.The value of the article lies in its comprehensive understanding of the complexities involved in the adjustment of transportation structures,providing direction for the market-oriented reform of China’s railway freight sector.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010210).
文摘The internal component structure of the converter transformer plays an extremely important role in the generation and propagation of vibration noise.In order to comprehensively reveal the influence of the component structure on the vibration and noise of converter transformers,this paper conducted vibration and noise experiments on different combinations of three iron core structures,four winding structures,two oil tank structures,two foot insulation structures and three positioning structures under different frequency harmonic excitations in a semi-anechoic chamber environment.The results show that the optimal configuration for minimising noise in converter transformers comprises the following components:an entanglement internal screen winding within the coil assembly,a 7.2 mm six-step-123 iron core,a cross-shaped reinforced oil tank,bottom foot insulation,an upper eccentric circle design and lower pouring positioning.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12261072)。
文摘The widespread popularization and application of laser technology have provided a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of the material world and given birth to several emerging research fields.This study mainly focuses on the following three key aspects.First,the classical ensemble method is adopted to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of two-dimensional(2D)matter–wave pulses in Bose–Fermi mixed gases(including linear and nonlinear pulses).Second,under the strict constraints of unitary systems,a coupled Kd V equation is successfully derived,and the prolongation structure theory is skillfully used to carry out detailed calculations and analyses on this equation.Thus,the prolongation algebra of this equation is accurately determined,and the corresponding Lax pair is rigorously derived.Finally,based on the carefully obtained Lax pair from the prolongation structure theory,the soliton solutions of this equation are further analyzed in depth,and intuitive images of each soliton solution are carefully drawn.This lays a solid foundation for subsequent detailed research on these soliton characteristics and provides great convenience.
文摘Under the guidance of national policies,the“coal to gas”project has become one of the important measures to promote the transformation of energy structure in China.Foshan,an important industrial town in Guangdong province,the implementation of the“coal to gas”policy has demonstrated significance for the optimization of the national energy structure.Through the analysis of the change in Foshan’s energy consumption structure and the implementation of the policy,this paper found that there were some challenges in the policy implementation process,such as high economic cost,lagging infrastructure,low social acceptance,and lack of technical personnel.To address this,suggestions are put forward,including increasing financial subsidies,improving laws and regulations,promoting technological innovation,and encouraging social inclusion policies.These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for the remaining“coal to gas”projects and the development of clean energy.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3501402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52250313 and 52121001)Yang Liu and Chen Si acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274013).
文摘Significant two-way shape memory effect(TWSME)was achieved in single crystals of single-phase multielement Ni42-x Cu8 Cox Mn37 Ga13(8≤x≤12)alloys by performing thermomechanical training.However,anomalous dependence of the martensitic transformation temperature span on Co content was observed.Before training,quite a narrow temperature span of the martensitic transformation,nearly independent of the Co content,was observed in all single crystals.After training the temperature span was still narrow for 8≤x≤10.9 but was obviously expanded for 10.9<x≤12.High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that at the atomic scale,there exists incommensurate modulated structure in the single phase single crystals,as evidenced by nonperiodic satellite spots in the selected area electronic diffraction patterns.Moreover,the modulated wave vector of the satellite spots was increased by higher Co contents.Combining first principal calculations it was considered that the incommensurate modulated structure originates from the formation of Co-Co pairs.After training arrays of ordered dislocations with the same Burgers vector were introduced for 8≤x≤10.9 but the network of dislocations was formed for 10.9<x≤12.Based on analysis of transmission electron microscopy,geometric phase,thermodynamics,and Landau theory,it was considered that the austenite/martensite phase interface was pinned by the network of dislocations,expanding the temperature span of the martensitic transformation.This work supplies new insights for understanding the microstructure and martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga-based alloys.
基金the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(No.202301AT070452)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61861023)。
文摘The structured low-rank model for parallel magnetic resonance(MR)imaging can efficiently reconstruct MR images with limited auto-calibration signals.To improve the reconstruction quality of MR images,we integrate the joint sparsity and sparsifying transform learning(JTL)into the simultaneous auto-calibrating and k-space estimation(SAKE)structured low-rank model,named JTLSAKE.The alternate direction method of multipliers is exploited to solve the resulting optimization problem,and the optimized gradient method is used to improve the convergence speed.In addition,a graphics processing unit is used to accelerate the proposed algorithm.The experimental results on four in vivo human datasets demonstrate that the reconstruction quality of the proposed algorithm is comparable to that of JTL-based low-rank modeling of local k-space neighborhoods with parallel imaging(JTL-PLORAKS),and the proposed algorithm is 46 times faster than the JTL-PLORAKS,requiring only 4 s to reconstruct a 200×200 pixels MR image with 8 channels.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21B2062).
文摘This study comprehensively uses various methods such as production dynamic analysis,fluid inclusion thermometry and carbon-oxygen isotopic compositions testing,based on outcrop,core,well-logging,3D seismic,geochemistry experiment and production test data,to systematically explore the control mechanisms of structure and fluid on the scale,quality,effectiveness and connectivity of ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoirs in the Tarim Basin.The results show that reservoir scale is influenced by strike-slip fault scale,structural position,and mechanical stratigraphy.Larger faults tend to correspond to larger reservoir scales.The reservoir scale of contractional overlaps is larger than that of extensional overlaps,while pure strike-slip segments are small.The reservoir scale is enhanced at fault intersection,bend,and tip segments.Vertically,the heterogeneity of reservoir development is controlled by mechanical stratigraphy,with strata of higher brittleness indices being more conducive to the development of fractured-vuggy reservoirs.Multiple phases of strike-slip fault activity and fluid alterations contribute to fractured-vuggy reservoir effectiveness evolution and heterogeneity.Meteoric water activity during the Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian period was the primary phase of fractured-vuggy reservoir formation.Hydrothermal activity in the Late Hercynian period further intensified the heterogeneity of effective reservoir space distribution.The study also reveals that fractured-vuggy reservoir connectivity is influenced by strike-slip fault structural position and present in-situ stress field.The reservoir connectivity of extensional overlaps is larger than that of pure strike-slip segments,while contractional overlaps show worse reservoir connectivity.Additionally,fractured-vuggy reservoirs controlled by strike-slip faults that are nearly parallel to the present in-situ stress direction exhibit excellent connectivity.Overall,high-quality reservoirs are distributed at the fault intersection of extensional overlaps,the central zones of contractional overlaps,pinnate fault zones at intersection,bend,and tip segments of pure strike-slip segments.Vertically,they are concentrated in mechanical stratigraphy with high brittleness indices.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92163201,U2067219,51722104,51790482,51801147,and 51761135031)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0700701)+1 种基金the 111Project 2.0 of China(No.BP2018008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.xtr022019004 and xzy022021014)。
文摘To further improve the service performance of Zr-2.5Nb alloy worked as pressure tubes in pressurized heavy water reactors,more investigation about the microstructure and thermomechanical processing route of Zr-2.5Nb alloy need to be conducted.In this work,a hetero-structured Zr-2.5Nb alloy was prepared by applying a novel technique.Microstructure analysis reveals that the alloy exhibits a grain sizedependent martensite substructure transition during post-rolling quenching.The hetero-structure consists of equiaxed primaryαgrains and the lamellae groups containing both parallelα’dislocation martensite andα’twin martensite.Compared with the previously reported Zr-Nb alloys,the present Zr-2.5Nb alloys manifest the highest yield strength(∼710 MPa),together with a high ultimate tensile strength(∼844 MPa)and good ductility(∼17.1%).The enhanced mechanical properties are found to arise from the properly controlled fraction/size of the two types of martensite,which not only significantly strengthens the alloy but also contributes to a stronger strain hardening.A model based on the grain-size-dependent critical resolved shear stress for dislocation slip and twinning has been proposed to explain theα’martensite substructures transition at a critical grain size dc=3.3μm.Below this size,the critical resolved shear stress(CRSS)for twinning is higher than that for the<c+a>slip.Thus,theα’dislocation martensite is more favorable to form.Otherwise,theα’twin martensite would exhibit a high activity.The present work indicates that making use of the grain size-dependent martensite transformation to tailor the heterostructure in Zr alloys is an effective strategy to overcome the strength–ductility trade-off in the material.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474042,51104193)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(CDJZR13130034)
文摘High-sulfur coal, as an alternative coal source, has a relatively high proportion in coal reserves. However, the feature of high sulfur content, which can cause environmental pollution and poor quality of molten iron, restrains its utilization in coking industry. Coking experiments of high-sulfur coal with Fe2O3, La2O3 and CaO as additives were carried out in order to fix the sulfur in coke. The effects of additives on sulfur distribution, crystallite structure, surface morphology and properties of coke were investigated. The results indicate that CaO can be used as sulfur-fixing agent in coking process, and CaS is the main mineralogical phase of the sulfur-contained mineral constituents in coke. Fe2O3 and La2O3 facilitate the conversion of CaO to CaS. The additives mainly influence the crystallite height and the average interlayer spacing doo2 of coke. The addition of La2O3 increases the value of the crystallite height while the addition of CaO and Fe2O3 decreases it. CaO leads the pores of coke to increase with its physical action and agglomerating characteristic. Fe2O3 and C can form （Fe,C）, resulting in the pulverization and erosion of the pore wall. La2O3 makes the coke surface become more compact and thinner. The reactivity of coke increases with the decrease of crystallite height and crystallite layer number.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42362026)Key R&D Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024B01015).
文摘In the ultra-deep strata of the Tarim Basin,the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults remains unclear,and the vertical distribution of fractured-cavity carbonate reservoirs is complex.This paper investigates the vertical growth process of strike-slip faults through field outcrop observations in the Keping area,interpretation of seismic data from the Fuman Oilfield,Tarim Basim,NW China,and structural physical simulation experiments.The results are obtained mainly in four aspects.First,field outcrops and ultra-deep seismic profiles indicate a three-layer structure within the strike-slip fault,consisting of fault core,fracture zone and primary rock.The fault core can be classified into three parts vertically:fracture-cavity unit,fault clay and breccia zone.The distribution of fracture-cavity units demonstrates a distinct pattern of vertical stratification,owing to the structural characteristics and growth process of the slip-strike fault.Second,the ultra-deep seismic profiles show multiple fracture-cavity units in the strike-slip fault zone.These units can be classified into four types:top fractured,middle connected,deep terminated,and intra-layer fractured.Third,structural physical simulation experiments and ultra-deep seismic data interpretation reveal that the strike-slip faults have evolved vertically in three stages:segmental rupture,vertical growth,and connection and extension.The particle image velocimetry detection demonstrates that the initial fracture of the fault zone occurred at the top or bottom and then evolved into cavities gradually along with the fault growth,accompanied by the emergence of new fractures in the middle part of the strata,which subsequently connected with the deep and shallow cavities to form a complete fault zone.Fourth,the ultra-deep carbonate strata primarily develop three types of fractured-cavity reservoirs:flower-shaped fracture,large and deep fault and staggered overlap.The first two types are larger in size with better reservoir conditions,suggesting a significant exploration potential.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371146,41671123)National Social Science Foundation of China(No.13BJY067)
文摘Employing decoupling index and industrial structure characteristic bias index methods, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of industrial structure transformations and their resulting carbon emissions in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area from 2000 to 2014, with a focus on their relationships and driving factors. Our research indicates that carbon emission intensity from industrial structures in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area at first showed an increasing trend, which then decreased. Furthermore, the relationship between emissions and industrial economic growth has been trending toward absolute decoupling. From the perspective of the center-periphery, the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area formed a concentric pattern, where both progress towards low emissions and the level of technological advancement gradually diminished from the center to the periphery. In terms of variation across provinces, the ISCB index in the eastern Henan has decreased the slowest, followed by the southern Shandong and the northern Anhui, with the northern Jiangsu ranking last. During this period, resource-and labor-intensive industries were the primary growth industries in the northern Anhui and the eastern Henan, while labor-intensive industries dominated the southern Shandong and capital-intensive industries dominated the northern Jiangsu. In terms of city types, the spatial pattern for industrial structure indicates that recession resource-based cities had higher carbon emission intensities than mature resource-based cities, followed by non-resource-based cities and regenerative resource-based cities. Generally, the industrial structure in the Xuzhou Metropolitan Area has transformed from being resource-intensive to capital-intensive, and has been trending toward technology-intensive as resource availability has been exploited to exhaustion and then been regenerated. Industrial structure has been the leading factor causing heterogeneity of carbon emission intensities between metropolitan cities. Therefore, the key to optimizing the industrial structure and layout of metropolitan areas is to promote industrial structure transformation and improve the system controlling collaborative industrial development between cities.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation Project(41101098)Youth Project of Xianning University(KY10044,KY10043)
文摘Scarcity of land resources and transformation of industrial structure is a pair of contradictory elements.We derive the characteristics of land use structure and industrial structure transformation in Xining City using Transformation Coefficient(TC):first,in the period 1999-2000,the land use structure coefficient(θ1) declined by 79.55%,but the overall evolution trend is gentle;second,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure(θ2) tended to decline ceaselessly on the whole,a decrease of 36.09%(overall,the transformation coefficient of industrial structure is slightly greater than the land use structure coefficient);third,the inter-annual variation of the two experienced ups and downs(in the period 1999-2007,the inter-annual variation was great and in the period 2008-2010,the inter-annual variation tended to be gentle).On the basis of autocorrelation and co-integration model,we draw the following conclusions through analysis:first,the land use structure in Xining City plays a role in promoting industrial structure transformation;second,there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the two.Finally,relevant policy recommendations are put forward for the industrial development in Xining City.
基金Under the auspices of Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KCZX2-307-01)
文摘Land, as a key factor of production, is an appropriate indicator of national and regional economic structure transformation. Land use in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Basin （CRB） since the 1950s has experienced these changes. Industrialization has been the most powerful force of the change in the regional development of the CRB. Virtually all regional resources were put into this effort to modernize the industrial production and urban construction systems of the CRB whose industrialization and urbanization has been a success story, with impressive structural change in both production and land use. These changes are evident ih modem urban areas, but even more in traditionally rural areas. The regression analysis of regional development in the CRB over an extended period shows that the dominant factor in regional land use change is widespread industrialization in rural areas rather than the expansion of urban area. Thus, urbanization has had a limited influence on land use change in the CRB. A major task in realizing more sustainable land use in the future development of CRB is to relocate industrial activities from rural to urban areas.
文摘Effect of multiple direct and reverse martensitic transformations on fragmentation of austenitic grains in Fe-Ni alloys have been studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. An ultra-fine structure was formed by fragmentation inside austenitic grains due to progressing misorientation of austenitic sub-grains during multiple γ-α-γ-martensitic phase transitions. An increase in the number of γ-α-γ-transformations increases misorientation angle between austenitic sub-grains and leads to transformation of an austenitic single crystal into a textured polycrystal. It has been shown that multiple γ-α-γ-martensitic phase transitions change the mechanism of internal stress relaxation from dislocation-based to deformation twinning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.59972026.
文摘Orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode materials were synthesized successfully at lower temperature by sol-gel method. When LiMnO2 precursor prepared by sol-gel method was fired in air, the product was a mixture of spinel structure LiMn2O4 and rock-salt structure Li2MnO3, whereas in argon single-phase orthorhombic LiMnO2 could obtain at the range of 750℃ to 920℃. The substitution of Mn by Zn2+ or Co3+ in LiMnO2 led to the structure of LiMnO2 transiting to Qα-LiFeO2. The results of electrochemical cycles indicated that the discharged capacity of orthorhombic-LiMnO2 was smaller at the initial stages, then gradually increased with the increasing of cycle number, finally the capacity stabilized to certain value after about 10th cycles. This phenomenon reveals that there is an activation process for orthorhombic LiMnO2 cathode materials during electrochemical cycles, which is a phase transition process from orthorhombic LiMnO2 to tetragonal spinel Li2Mn2O4. The capacity of orthorhombic LiMnO2 synthesized at lower temperature is larger than that synthesized at high temperature.
文摘The transformation behavior and microstructure development in the heat affected zone(HAZ)of 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel was investigated.It was found that the HAZ has intermediate temperature transformation characteristics in a wide range of cooling rates,with the bainite sheaves consisting of bainite ferrite plates without carbide precipitation and retained austenite in the fast cooling regime.At relatively high cooling rates,which corresponded to low heat inputs,the hardness of the simulated HAZ was above that of the base metal.When the cooling rate was below 9C/s,the welding HAZ would have an obvious softening.The analysis of transformation rates in continuous cooling processes was completed by numerical differential method.The result indicated that the microstructure transformation rate of the HAZ in 800MPa grade ultra fine structured steel changed sharply to slow speeds when the cooling time t8/5 is longer than 7s.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11242011 and 11021202)
文摘Abstract In periodic cellular structures, novel pattern transformations are triggered by a reversible elastic instability under the axial compression. Based on the deformation-triggered new pattern, periodic cellular structures can achieve special mechanical properties. In this paper, the designed architecture materials which include elastomer matrixes containing empty holes or filled holes with hydrogel material are modeled and simulated to investigate the mechanical property of the periodic materials. By analyzing the relationship between nominal stress and nominal strain of periodic material, and the corresponding deformed patterns, the influence of geometry and shapes of the holes on the mechanical property of architecture material is studied in more details. We hope this study can provide future perspectives for the deformation-triggered periodic structures.
文摘It was proved that velocity-dependent infinitesima l symmetry transformations of nonholonomic systems have a characteristic functio nal structure, which could be formulated by means of an auxiliary symmetry tra nsformation function and is manifestly dependent upon constants of motion of th e system. An example was given to illustrate the applicability of the results.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0209606,2016YFA0602701)National Key Project of MOST (2016YFC0203305)National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775015,41630422)。
文摘In the present study, three wavelet basis functions, i.e., Mexican-hat, Morlet, and Wave, were used to analyze the atmospheric turbulence data obtained from an eddy covariance system in order to determine the effect of six meteorological elements including three-dimensional wind speed, temperature, and CO2and H2O concentrations on the time scale of coherent structures. First, we used the degree of correlation between original and reconstructed waveforms to test the three wavelets’performance when determining the time scale of coherent structures. The Wave wavelet’s reconstructed coherent structure signal best matched the original signal;thus, it was used to further analyze the time scale, number, and time cover of the meteorological elements. We found similar results for all elements, though there was some internal variation, suggesting that coherent structures are not inherently dependent on these elements. Our results provide a basis for proper coherent structure detection in atmospheric turbulence and improve the understanding of similarities and differences between coherent structure characteristics of different meteorological elements, which is helpful for further research into atmospheric turbulence and boundary layers.
文摘The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist-Estabrook [H.D. Wahlquist and F.B. Estabrook, J. Math. Phys. 16 （1975） 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a more general set of coupled integrable dispersionless system. Based on the obtained prolongation structure, a Lie-Algebra valued connection of a closed ideal of exterior differential forms related to the above system is constructed. A Lie-Algebra representation of some hidden structural symmetries of the previous system, its Biicklund transformation using the Riccati form of the linear eigenvalue problem and their general corresponding Lax-representation are derived. In the wake of the previous results, we extend the above prolongation scheme to higher-dimensional systems from which a new （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional coupled integrable dispersionless system is unveiled along with its inverse scattering formulation, which applications are straightforward in nonlinear optics where additional propagating dimension deserves some attention.
