Let p be a prime. For any finite p-group G, the deep transfers T H,G ' : H / H ' → G ' / G " from the maximal subgroups H of index (G:H) = p in G to the derived subgroup G ' are introduced as an ...Let p be a prime. For any finite p-group G, the deep transfers T H,G ' : H / H ' → G ' / G " from the maximal subgroups H of index (G:H) = p in G to the derived subgroup G ' are introduced as an innovative tool for identifying G uniquely by means of the family of kernels ùd(G) =(ker(T H,G ')) (G: H) = p. For all finite 3-groups G of coclass cc(G) = 1, the family ùd(G) is determined explicitly. The results are applied to the Galois groups G =Gal(F3 (∞)/ F) of the Hilbert 3-class towers of all real quadratic fields F = Q(√d) with fundamental discriminants d > 1, 3-class group Cl3(F) □ C3 × C3, and total 3-principalization in each of their four unramified cyclic cubic extensions E/F. A systematic statistical evaluation is given for the complete range 1 d 7, and a few exceptional cases are pointed out for 1 d 8.展开更多
IgG Check calf test has been used in this study to identify if a failure of passive transfer occurs in neonatal calves by measuring the level of IgG in blood. An adequate level of IgG measured in all calves at 48 hour...IgG Check calf test has been used in this study to identify if a failure of passive transfer occurs in neonatal calves by measuring the level of IgG in blood. An adequate level of IgG measured in all calves at 48 hours, 7 days and 14 days after birth showed level of IgG 1000 mg/dl. This level indicated that they have good passive transfer of immunity. Also, in this study colostrum quality fed to calves was detected using Brix Refractometer. The colostrum is of high quality as it contains 50 mg/ml of IgG. This Brix refractometer can be used on the farm level to estimate colostrum IgG content and monitoring colostrum feeding practices. Colostrum with high quality IgG could provide calves with enough IgG to attain successful passive transfer of immunity. Brix and Obione refractometers provide simple, rapid method for estimating IgG concentration on calf serum, thus considered to be the most common method for determining passive transfer failure.展开更多
We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonometh...We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalene-2-ol and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde. Especially, the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) methods for HNP monomer are introduced. Moreover, the "our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics"(ONIOM) method(TDDFT:universal force field(UFF)) is used to reveal the aggregation-induced emission(AIE) effect on the ESIPT process for HNP in crystal. Our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon the photoexcitation for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal, which is distinctly monitored by the optimized geometric structures and the potential energy curves. In addition, the results of potential energy curves reveal that the ESIPT process in HNP will be promoted by the AIE effect. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal have been calculated. The calculation demonstrates that the electron density decrease of proton donor caused by excitation promotes the ESIPT process. In addition, we find that the variation of atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population(ADCH) charge for proton acceptor induced by the AIE effect facilitates the ESIPT process. The results will be expected to deepen the understanding of ESIPT dynamics for luminophore under the AIE effect and provide insight into future design of high-efficient AIE compounds.展开更多
In this paper the results of dynamic NMR studies on ethylmethylamino-tertiary-butyl-phenylborane (EMABPB) with or without light are reported. The NMR data were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR equipped with our custom...In this paper the results of dynamic NMR studies on ethylmethylamino-tertiary-butyl-phenylborane (EMABPB) with or without light are reported. The NMR data were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR equipped with our custom-made optical probe and with our custom-made 450 watts (W) monochromatic light sources. The molecular photochemistry including twisted intramolecular charge-transfer-excited-state (TICT) of the EMABPB in several solvents has been investigated. These results indicate that the aminoborane demonstrates multiple configurations in CD3Cl and CD2Cl2 resulting in the shifts of the signals of the alkyl groups on the nitrogen and boron. This indicates that there are some time-dependent changes at constant temperature over the irradiation interval. At ﹣60°C and the presence of light (λ = 265 nm), we observed a large change in the populations of the two sites, and this by itself indicates a modification in the rotation around the boron nitrogen bond in the excited state. By considering the existence of the TICT state, many important energy technologies may be developed with higher efficiency by controlling the back-electron transfer processes.展开更多
Contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery is one of the most important surgical techniques for treating total brachial plexus nerve injury. In the traditional contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery, the whole ulnar ner...Contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery is one of the most important surgical techniques for treating total brachial plexus nerve injury. In the traditional contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery, the whole ulnar nerve on the paralyzed side is harvested for transfer, which completely sacrifices its potential of recovery. In the present, novel study, we report on the anatomical feasibility of a modified contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery. Ten fresh cadavers (4 males and 6 females) provided by the Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology at the Medical College of Fudan University, China were used in modified contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery. In this surgical model, only the dorsal and superficial branches of the ulnar nerve and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve on the paralyzed side (left) were harvested for grafting the contralateral (right) C7 nerve and the recipient nerves. Both the median nerve and deep branch of the ulnar nerve on the paralyzed (left) side were recipient nerves. To verify the feasibility of this surgery, the distances between each pair of coaptating nerve ends were measured by a vernier caliper. The results validated that starting point of the deep branch of ulnar nerve and the starting point of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the elbow were close to each other and could be readily anastomosed. We investigated whether the fiber number of donor and recipient nerves matched one another. The axons were counted in sections of nerve segments distal and proximal to the coaptation sites after silver impregnation. Averaged axon number of the ulnar nerve at the upper arm level was approximately equal to the sum of the median nerve and proximal end of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (left: 0.94:1;right: 0.93:1). In conclusion, the contralateral C7 nerve could be transferred to the median nerve but also to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve via grafts of the ulnar nerve without deep branch and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The advantage over traditional surgery was that the recovery potential of the deep branch of ulnar nerve was preserved. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fudan University (approval number: 2015-064) in July, 2015.展开更多
Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct re...Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct repair can only be performed in some selected cases, and partial procedures still require autografts, which are the gold standard for repairing neurologic defects. As symptoms often occur after autografting, human acellular nerve allografts have been used to avoid concomitant symptoms. This study investigated the quality of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion following direct repair and acellular allografting to evaluate issues requiring attention for brachial plexus injury repair. Fifty-one brachial plexus injury patients in the surgical database were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods. Direct repair was performed in 27 patients, while acellular nerve allografts were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and upper trunk in 24 patients. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was measured intraoperatively. Deltoid and biceps muscle strength, and degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion were examined according to the British Medical Research Council scoring system;meaningful recovery was defined as M3–M5. Lengths of anterior and posterior divisions of the contralateral C7 in the direct repair group were 7.64 ± 0.69 mm and 7.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively, and in the acellular nerve allografts group were 6.46 ± 0.58 mm and 6.43 ± 0.59 mm, respectively. After a minimum of 4-year follow-up, meaningful recoveries of deltoid and biceps muscles in the direct repair group were 88.89% and 85.19%, respectively, while they were 70.83% and 66.67% in the acellular nerve allografts group. Time to C5/C6 reinnervation was shorter in the direct repair group compared with the acellular nerve allografts group. Direct repair facilitated the restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Thus, if direct coaptation is not possible, use of acellular nerve allografts is a suitable option. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China (Application ID:[2017] 290) on November 14, 2017.展开更多
Congestion is the prime cause of problems, due to open access of power system. The AC Power Transmission Congestion Distribution factor (PTCDF) is suitable for computing change in any line quantity for a change in MW ...Congestion is the prime cause of problems, due to open access of power system. The AC Power Transmission Congestion Distribution factor (PTCDF) is suitable for computing change in any line quantity for a change in MW bilateral transaction. The proposed PTCDF method is more accurate as compared to the DC power distribution factor. With PTCDF ATC can be calculated. After calculating ATC it is possible to know the valid multiple transaction on power system. With the help of ATC calculations congestion problem can be solved in restructured electrical power network. The paper presents the method for calculating ATC using PTCDF.展开更多
On the basis of the analysis of field thermogeochemical data along abnormal zones of a thermal stream in the Bukhara-Khiva, oil-and-gas region of the Turan (Tegermen, Chagakul, Shimoly Alat, Beshtepa) was succeeded to...On the basis of the analysis of field thermogeochemical data along abnormal zones of a thermal stream in the Bukhara-Khiva, oil-and-gas region of the Turan (Tegermen, Chagakul, Shimoly Alat, Beshtepa) was succeeded to obtain important data on a deep structure of sites. Data of gas-chemical and geothermal observations show about confinedness of abnormal concentration of methane to zones of the increased values of the temperature field the measured values of temperatures (Tegermen Square and others). On geoelectric section mines 2-D of inversion of the MT-field depth of 4000 m are lower, among very high-resistance the chemogenic and carbonate deposits of the Paleozoic is traced the subvertical carrying-out abnormal zone. This zone is identified as the channel of a deep heat and mass transfer with which hydrocarbon (HC) deposits are connected. It is shown that electro-investigation when using a geophysical complex can and has to become “advancing” at exploration by oil and gas.展开更多
In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchan...In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchange.N-tedecane is selected as the phase change material for cold storage,low-temperature water as the cold source,and R134a as the heat source.The phase change material for cold storage is filled inside the jacket tube of the heat exchanger.Cold fluid is introduced into the inner tube to cause the phase change material to condense and store cold.After the cold storage is completed,R134a flows in from the shell side and condenses through heat exchange with the solidified phase change material for energy storage.This study discusses the influence laws of different cold water mass flow rates and temperatures on the cold storage performance of this heat exchanger,and analyzes the condensation effect of R134a.The results show that when the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s and the cold water temperature is between 3 and 4℃,the average power of the energy storage heat exchanger in the condensation experiment is 80W,and the average convective heat transfer coefficient is 110.73 W/(m^(2)⋅K).This research provides an experimental basis for the development of energy storage organic Rankine power generation cycles.展开更多
Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced imaging technique that enables the detection of compounds at low concentrations with high sensitivity and spatial resolution and has been...Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced imaging technique that enables the detection of compounds at low concentrations with high sensitivity and spatial resolution and has been extensively studied for diagnosing malignancy and stroke.In recent years,the emerging exploration of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for detecting pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases has opened up new possibilities for early detection and repetitive scans without ionizing radiation.This review serves as an overview of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging with detailed information on contrast mechanisms and processing methods and summarizes recent developments in both clinical and preclinical studies of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,and Huntington’s disease.A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on peer-reviewed articles from the past 15 years relevant to clinical and preclinical applications.The findings suggest that chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to detect molecular changes and altered metabolism,which may aid in early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of neurodegenerative diseases.Although promising results have been observed in selected clinical and preclinical trials,further validations are needed to evaluate their clinical value.When combined with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods,chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging shows potential as an in vivo biomarker,enhancing the understanding of neuropathological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
In order to facilitate the electricity market operation and trade in the restructured environment, ample transmission capability should be provided to satisfy the demand of increasing power transactions. The conflict ...In order to facilitate the electricity market operation and trade in the restructured environment, ample transmission capability should be provided to satisfy the demand of increasing power transactions. The conflict of this requirement and the restrictions on the transmission expansion in the restructured electrical market has motivated the development of methodologies to enhance the Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of the existing transmission grids. The insertion of FACTS devices in electrical systems seems to be a promising strategy to enhance ATC. In this paper, the viability and technical merits of boosting ATC using Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is being analyzed. The work has been carried out on IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus systems. Bilateral and multilateral transactions are considered. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are employed to obtain the optimal settings of TCSC.展开更多
The paper investigates the numerical solution of problem of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar fluid flow with heat and mass transfer towards a stagnation point on a vertical plate. In this study, we consider both s...The paper investigates the numerical solution of problem of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar fluid flow with heat and mass transfer towards a stagnation point on a vertical plate. In this study, we consider both strong concentrations (n = 0) and weak concentrations (n = 1/2). The governing equations have been transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying the similarity transformation and have been solved numerically by using the finite difference method (FDM) and analytically by using (DTM). The effects of various governing parameters, namely, material parameter, radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction parameter and Soret number on the velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration have been computed and discussed in detail through some figures and tables. In order to verify the accuracy of the present results, we have compared these results with the analytical solutions by using the differential transform method (DTM) and the multi-step differential transform method (MDTM). It is observed that this approximate numerical solution is in good agreement with the analytical solution.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a systematic approach for accelerating finite element-type methods by machine learning for the numerical solution of partial differential equations(PDEs).The main idea is to use a neural netwo...In this paper,we propose a systematic approach for accelerating finite element-type methods by machine learning for the numerical solution of partial differential equations(PDEs).The main idea is to use a neural network to learn the solution map of the PDEs and to do so in an element-wise fashion.This map takes input of the element geometry and the PDE’s parameters on that element,and gives output of two operators:(1)the in2out operator for inter-element communication,and(2)the in2sol operator(Green’s function)for element-wise solution recovery.A significant advantage of this approach is that,once trained,this network can be used for the numerical solution of the PDE for any domain geometry and any parameter distribution without retraining.Also,the training is significantly simpler since it is done on the element level instead on the entire domain.We call this approach element learning.This method is closely related to hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin(HDG)methods in the sense that the local solvers of HDG are replaced by machine learning approaches.Numerical tests are presented for an example PDE,the radiative transfer or radiation transport equation,in a variety of scenarios with idealized or realistic cloud fields,with smooth or sharp gradient in the cloud boundary transition.Under a fixed accuracy level of 10^(−3) in the relative L^(2) error,and polynomial degree p=6 in each element,we observe an approximately 5 to 10 times speed-up by element learning compared to a classical finite element-type method.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the effects of donor cell type,embryo stage,number and transfer position on the efficiency of goat transgenic clone.[Method] Using somatic cell nuclear transfer techn...[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the effects of donor cell type,embryo stage,number and transfer position on the efficiency of goat transgenic clone.[Method] Using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology,the single goat fetal fibroblasts(GFF)and mammary gland epithelial cells(GMGE)harboring human lactoferrin(hLF)gene were transferred to the enucleated oocyte.Reconstructed karyoplast-cytoplast couplets were fused,activated,and cultured in vitro.Embryos at 2-8 cell stage were transferred into oviduct of synchronized recipients,and blastocysts were transferred into uterine horn.[Result] The pregnancy rate was similar between GFF and GMGE(oviduct transfer:26.47% vs.20.00%),and between oviduct transfer and uterine horn transfer(26.47% vs.25.00%)for GFF group;pregnancy rate in the group with the mean number of embryo transferred per recipient of 21.2 was significantly higher than in those the 5.93 group and 9.64 group(40.00% vs.26.67% and 21.43%).[Conclusion] These results indicate that pregnancy rate of goat transgenic clone couldn't be affected by donor cell type,embryo stage and transfer position but be done by the number of embryo transferred per recipient.In addition,the study also suggests the feasibility of making transgenic goat using GMGE as donor cells.展开更多
The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air was...The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air washer. We come to the conclusion that we can change these main factors to achieve different heat and humidity transfer processes and decide processes of heat and humidity transfer of air and water with the initial temperature of spraying water in the air washer. All these results can make things convenient for the air conditioning management.展开更多
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons has been implicated in hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury.Although mesenchymal stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel treatment for this pathology,the mechanisms are not fully...Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons has been implicated in hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury.Although mesenchymal stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel treatment for this pathology,the mechanisms are not fully understood.To address this issue,we first co-cultured 1.5×10^5 PC12 cells with mesenchymal stem cells that were derived from induced pluripotent stem cells at a ratio of 1:1,and then intervened with cobalt chloride(CoCl2)for 24 hours.Reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells was measured by Mito-sox.Mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm)in PC12 cells was determined by JC-1 staining.Apoptosis of PC12 cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining.Mitochondrial morphology in PC12 cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy.Transfer of mitochondria from the mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells to damaged PC12 cells was measured by flow cytometry.Mesenchymal stem cells were induced from pluripotent stem cells by lentivirus infection containing green fluorescent protein in mitochondria.Then they were co-cultured with PC12 cells in Transwell chambers and treated with CoCl2 for 24 hours to detect adenosine triphosphate level in PC12 cells.CoCl2-induced PC12 cell damage was dose-dependent.Co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced apoptosis and restoredΔΨm in the injured PC12 cells under CoCl2 challenge.Co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells ameliorated mitochondrial swelling,the disappearance of cristae,and chromatin margination in the injured PC12 cells.After direct co-culture,mitochondrial transfer from the mesenchymal stem cells stem cells to PC12 cells was detected via formed tunneling nanotubes between these two types of cells.The transfer efficiency was greatly enhanced in the presence of CoCl2.More importantly,inhibition of tunneling nanotubes partially abrogated the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells on CoCl2-induced PC12 cell injury.Mesenchymal stem cells reduced CoCl2-induced PC12 cell injury and these effects were in part due to efficacious mitochondrial transfer.展开更多
We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 104...We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.展开更多
The H^++CO2 reaction at high energies is relevant in atmospheric chemistry,astrophysics,and proton cancer therapy research.Therefore,we present herein a complete investigation of H^++CO2 at ELab=30 eV with the simples...The H^++CO2 reaction at high energies is relevant in atmospheric chemistry,astrophysics,and proton cancer therapy research.Therefore,we present herein a complete investigation of H^++CO2 at ELab=30 eV with the simplest-level electron nuclear dynamics(SLEND)method.SLEND describes nuclei via classical mechanics and electrons with a singledeterminantal Thouless wavefunction.The 3402 SLEND conducted simulations from 42 independent CO2 target orientations provide a full description of all the reactive processes and their mechanisms in this system:non-charge-transfer scattering(NCTS),charge-transfer scattering(CTS),and single C=O bond dissociation;all this valuable information about reactivity is not accessible experimentally.Numerous details of the projectile scattering patterns are provided,including the appearance and coalescence of primary and secondary rainbow angles as a function of the target orientation.SLEND NCTS and CTS differential cross sections(DCSs)are evaluated in conjunction with advanced semi-classical techniques.SLEND NCTS DCS agrees well with its experimental counterpart at all the measured scattering angles,whereas SLEND CTS DCS agrees well at high scattering angles but less satisfactorily at lower ones.Remarkably,both NCTS and CTS SLEND DCSs predict the primary rainbow angle signatures in agreement with the experiment.展开更多
Human temporal bone specimens are used in experiments to measure the sound transfer function of the middle ear.This standard method for the development of middle ear implants requires temporal bones that possess appro...Human temporal bone specimens are used in experiments to measure the sound transfer function of the middle ear.This standard method for the development of middle ear implants requires temporal bones that possess appropriate mechanical properties and structural stability and are free from pathological conditions.A laser Doppler vibrometer is commonly employed to measure the vibration of the stapes footplate.These experiments are typically conducted in the middle ear by leaving the inner ear intact,exposing the stapes footplate through the tympanic cavity,and directing the laser beam onto the footplate.However,previous studies have shown that the influence of inner ear impedance on the middle ear transfer function cannot be ignored,and any surgical manipulation may cause a change in inner ear pressure,resulting in instability in the middle ear transfer function.Therefore,this study aims to eliminate the influence of the inner ear and to establish a new experimental method in human temporal bone specimens that is more suitable for the study of sound conduction in middle ear implants.As a result,a range for middle ear transfer function was developed,which serves as a reference for assessing the conformity of temporal bone specimens to experimental standards,and the stability of this range was demonstrated under experimental conditions.展开更多
In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation pro...In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).Results indicated that the silicon and oxygen elements from the montmorillonite were incorporated into the catalyst matrix to form the Si-O-C structure.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array,achieving over 90 % removal rate of most pollutants within 60 min.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array.The salt bridge system confirmed that pollutants can provide electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,and we verified that the electron transfer process(ETP) mechanism was the main pathway for the degradation of pollutants in the Si-O-C/PMS system via the open-circuit potential analysis.In combination with the structural properties of different pollutants,we discovered that electron-donating pollutants can supply more electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,thereby enhancing the ETP process.The findings of this study are anticipated to advance the development and practical application of layered carbonaceous materials-based catalysts and support the design and implementation of nanoconfined catalysts in the field of AOPs.展开更多
文摘Let p be a prime. For any finite p-group G, the deep transfers T H,G ' : H / H ' → G ' / G " from the maximal subgroups H of index (G:H) = p in G to the derived subgroup G ' are introduced as an innovative tool for identifying G uniquely by means of the family of kernels ùd(G) =(ker(T H,G ')) (G: H) = p. For all finite 3-groups G of coclass cc(G) = 1, the family ùd(G) is determined explicitly. The results are applied to the Galois groups G =Gal(F3 (∞)/ F) of the Hilbert 3-class towers of all real quadratic fields F = Q(√d) with fundamental discriminants d > 1, 3-class group Cl3(F) □ C3 × C3, and total 3-principalization in each of their four unramified cyclic cubic extensions E/F. A systematic statistical evaluation is given for the complete range 1 d 7, and a few exceptional cases are pointed out for 1 d 8.
文摘IgG Check calf test has been used in this study to identify if a failure of passive transfer occurs in neonatal calves by measuring the level of IgG in blood. An adequate level of IgG measured in all calves at 48 hours, 7 days and 14 days after birth showed level of IgG 1000 mg/dl. This level indicated that they have good passive transfer of immunity. Also, in this study colostrum quality fed to calves was detected using Brix Refractometer. The colostrum is of high quality as it contains 50 mg/ml of IgG. This Brix refractometer can be used on the farm level to estimate colostrum IgG content and monitoring colostrum feeding practices. Colostrum with high quality IgG could provide calves with enough IgG to attain successful passive transfer of immunity. Brix and Obione refractometers provide simple, rapid method for estimating IgG concentration on calf serum, thus considered to be the most common method for determining passive transfer failure.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11574115 and 11704146)
文摘We theoretically investigate the excited state intramolecular proton transfer(ESIPT) behavior of the novel fluorophore bis-imine derivative molecule HNP which was designed based on the intersection of 1-(hydrazonomethyl)-naphthalene-2-ol and 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde. Especially, the density functional theory(DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory(TDDFT) methods for HNP monomer are introduced. Moreover, the "our own n-layered integrated molecular orbital and molecular mechanics"(ONIOM) method(TDDFT:universal force field(UFF)) is used to reveal the aggregation-induced emission(AIE) effect on the ESIPT process for HNP in crystal. Our results confirm that the ESIPT process happens upon the photoexcitation for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal, which is distinctly monitored by the optimized geometric structures and the potential energy curves. In addition, the results of potential energy curves reveal that the ESIPT process in HNP will be promoted by the AIE effect. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) for the HNP monomer and HNP in crystal have been calculated. The calculation demonstrates that the electron density decrease of proton donor caused by excitation promotes the ESIPT process. In addition, we find that the variation of atomic dipole moment corrected Hirshfeld population(ADCH) charge for proton acceptor induced by the AIE effect facilitates the ESIPT process. The results will be expected to deepen the understanding of ESIPT dynamics for luminophore under the AIE effect and provide insight into future design of high-efficient AIE compounds.
文摘In this paper the results of dynamic NMR studies on ethylmethylamino-tertiary-butyl-phenylborane (EMABPB) with or without light are reported. The NMR data were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz NMR equipped with our custom-made optical probe and with our custom-made 450 watts (W) monochromatic light sources. The molecular photochemistry including twisted intramolecular charge-transfer-excited-state (TICT) of the EMABPB in several solvents has been investigated. These results indicate that the aminoborane demonstrates multiple configurations in CD3Cl and CD2Cl2 resulting in the shifts of the signals of the alkyl groups on the nitrogen and boron. This indicates that there are some time-dependent changes at constant temperature over the irradiation interval. At ﹣60°C and the presence of light (λ = 265 nm), we observed a large change in the populations of the two sites, and this by itself indicates a modification in the rotation around the boron nitrogen bond in the excited state. By considering the existence of the TICT state, many important energy technologies may be developed with higher efficiency by controlling the back-electron transfer processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81572127(to JL)
文摘Contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery is one of the most important surgical techniques for treating total brachial plexus nerve injury. In the traditional contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery, the whole ulnar nerve on the paralyzed side is harvested for transfer, which completely sacrifices its potential of recovery. In the present, novel study, we report on the anatomical feasibility of a modified contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery. Ten fresh cadavers (4 males and 6 females) provided by the Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology at the Medical College of Fudan University, China were used in modified contralateral C7 nerve transfer surgery. In this surgical model, only the dorsal and superficial branches of the ulnar nerve and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve on the paralyzed side (left) were harvested for grafting the contralateral (right) C7 nerve and the recipient nerves. Both the median nerve and deep branch of the ulnar nerve on the paralyzed (left) side were recipient nerves. To verify the feasibility of this surgery, the distances between each pair of coaptating nerve ends were measured by a vernier caliper. The results validated that starting point of the deep branch of ulnar nerve and the starting point of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the elbow were close to each other and could be readily anastomosed. We investigated whether the fiber number of donor and recipient nerves matched one another. The axons were counted in sections of nerve segments distal and proximal to the coaptation sites after silver impregnation. Averaged axon number of the ulnar nerve at the upper arm level was approximately equal to the sum of the median nerve and proximal end of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (left: 0.94:1;right: 0.93:1). In conclusion, the contralateral C7 nerve could be transferred to the median nerve but also to the deep branch of the ulnar nerve via grafts of the ulnar nerve without deep branch and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The advantage over traditional surgery was that the recovery potential of the deep branch of ulnar nerve was preserved. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fudan University (approval number: 2015-064) in July, 2015.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81572130(to LQG)and 81601057(to JTY)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China,No.2016YFC1101603(to XLL)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2015A030310350(to JTY)
文摘Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct repair can only be performed in some selected cases, and partial procedures still require autografts, which are the gold standard for repairing neurologic defects. As symptoms often occur after autografting, human acellular nerve allografts have been used to avoid concomitant symptoms. This study investigated the quality of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion following direct repair and acellular allografting to evaluate issues requiring attention for brachial plexus injury repair. Fifty-one brachial plexus injury patients in the surgical database were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods. Direct repair was performed in 27 patients, while acellular nerve allografts were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and upper trunk in 24 patients. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was measured intraoperatively. Deltoid and biceps muscle strength, and degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion were examined according to the British Medical Research Council scoring system;meaningful recovery was defined as M3–M5. Lengths of anterior and posterior divisions of the contralateral C7 in the direct repair group were 7.64 ± 0.69 mm and 7.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively, and in the acellular nerve allografts group were 6.46 ± 0.58 mm and 6.43 ± 0.59 mm, respectively. After a minimum of 4-year follow-up, meaningful recoveries of deltoid and biceps muscles in the direct repair group were 88.89% and 85.19%, respectively, while they were 70.83% and 66.67% in the acellular nerve allografts group. Time to C5/C6 reinnervation was shorter in the direct repair group compared with the acellular nerve allografts group. Direct repair facilitated the restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Thus, if direct coaptation is not possible, use of acellular nerve allografts is a suitable option. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China (Application ID:[2017] 290) on November 14, 2017.
文摘Congestion is the prime cause of problems, due to open access of power system. The AC Power Transmission Congestion Distribution factor (PTCDF) is suitable for computing change in any line quantity for a change in MW bilateral transaction. The proposed PTCDF method is more accurate as compared to the DC power distribution factor. With PTCDF ATC can be calculated. After calculating ATC it is possible to know the valid multiple transaction on power system. With the help of ATC calculations congestion problem can be solved in restructured electrical power network. The paper presents the method for calculating ATC using PTCDF.
文摘On the basis of the analysis of field thermogeochemical data along abnormal zones of a thermal stream in the Bukhara-Khiva, oil-and-gas region of the Turan (Tegermen, Chagakul, Shimoly Alat, Beshtepa) was succeeded to obtain important data on a deep structure of sites. Data of gas-chemical and geothermal observations show about confinedness of abnormal concentration of methane to zones of the increased values of the temperature field the measured values of temperatures (Tegermen Square and others). On geoelectric section mines 2-D of inversion of the MT-field depth of 4000 m are lower, among very high-resistance the chemogenic and carbonate deposits of the Paleozoic is traced the subvertical carrying-out abnormal zone. This zone is identified as the channel of a deep heat and mass transfer with which hydrocarbon (HC) deposits are connected. It is shown that electro-investigation when using a geophysical complex can and has to become “advancing” at exploration by oil and gas.
基金the the basic scientific research Funds project of Heilongjiang Universities[grant numbers 2024-KYYWF-0554].
文摘In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchange.N-tedecane is selected as the phase change material for cold storage,low-temperature water as the cold source,and R134a as the heat source.The phase change material for cold storage is filled inside the jacket tube of the heat exchanger.Cold fluid is introduced into the inner tube to cause the phase change material to condense and store cold.After the cold storage is completed,R134a flows in from the shell side and condenses through heat exchange with the solidified phase change material for energy storage.This study discusses the influence laws of different cold water mass flow rates and temperatures on the cold storage performance of this heat exchanger,and analyzes the condensation effect of R134a.The results show that when the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s and the cold water temperature is between 3 and 4℃,the average power of the energy storage heat exchanger in the condensation experiment is 80W,and the average convective heat transfer coefficient is 110.73 W/(m^(2)⋅K).This research provides an experimental basis for the development of energy storage organic Rankine power generation cycles.
基金supported by The University of Hong Kong,China(109000487,109001694,204610401,and 204610519)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82402225)(to JH).
文摘Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced imaging technique that enables the detection of compounds at low concentrations with high sensitivity and spatial resolution and has been extensively studied for diagnosing malignancy and stroke.In recent years,the emerging exploration of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for detecting pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases has opened up new possibilities for early detection and repetitive scans without ionizing radiation.This review serves as an overview of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging with detailed information on contrast mechanisms and processing methods and summarizes recent developments in both clinical and preclinical studies of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,multiple sclerosis,and Huntington’s disease.A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar,focusing on peer-reviewed articles from the past 15 years relevant to clinical and preclinical applications.The findings suggest that chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to detect molecular changes and altered metabolism,which may aid in early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of neurodegenerative diseases.Although promising results have been observed in selected clinical and preclinical trials,further validations are needed to evaluate their clinical value.When combined with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods,chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging shows potential as an in vivo biomarker,enhancing the understanding of neuropathological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘In order to facilitate the electricity market operation and trade in the restructured environment, ample transmission capability should be provided to satisfy the demand of increasing power transactions. The conflict of this requirement and the restrictions on the transmission expansion in the restructured electrical market has motivated the development of methodologies to enhance the Available Transfer Capability (ATC) of the existing transmission grids. The insertion of FACTS devices in electrical systems seems to be a promising strategy to enhance ATC. In this paper, the viability and technical merits of boosting ATC using Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) is being analyzed. The work has been carried out on IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus systems. Bilateral and multilateral transactions are considered. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) are employed to obtain the optimal settings of TCSC.
文摘The paper investigates the numerical solution of problem of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) micropolar fluid flow with heat and mass transfer towards a stagnation point on a vertical plate. In this study, we consider both strong concentrations (n = 0) and weak concentrations (n = 1/2). The governing equations have been transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying the similarity transformation and have been solved numerically by using the finite difference method (FDM) and analytically by using (DTM). The effects of various governing parameters, namely, material parameter, radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, chemical reaction parameter and Soret number on the velocity, microrotation, temperature and concentration have been computed and discussed in detail through some figures and tables. In order to verify the accuracy of the present results, we have compared these results with the analytical solutions by using the differential transform method (DTM) and the multi-step differential transform method (MDTM). It is observed that this approximate numerical solution is in good agreement with the analytical solution.
基金partially supported by the NSF(Grant No.DMS 2324368)by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
文摘In this paper,we propose a systematic approach for accelerating finite element-type methods by machine learning for the numerical solution of partial differential equations(PDEs).The main idea is to use a neural network to learn the solution map of the PDEs and to do so in an element-wise fashion.This map takes input of the element geometry and the PDE’s parameters on that element,and gives output of two operators:(1)the in2out operator for inter-element communication,and(2)the in2sol operator(Green’s function)for element-wise solution recovery.A significant advantage of this approach is that,once trained,this network can be used for the numerical solution of the PDE for any domain geometry and any parameter distribution without retraining.Also,the training is significantly simpler since it is done on the element level instead on the entire domain.We call this approach element learning.This method is closely related to hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin(HDG)methods in the sense that the local solvers of HDG are replaced by machine learning approaches.Numerical tests are presented for an example PDE,the radiative transfer or radiation transport equation,in a variety of scenarios with idealized or realistic cloud fields,with smooth or sharp gradient in the cloud boundary transition.Under a fixed accuracy level of 10^(−3) in the relative L^(2) error,and polynomial degree p=6 in each element,we observe an approximately 5 to 10 times speed-up by element learning compared to a classical finite element-type method.
基金Supported by the National High-tech R&D Program(2004AA213072)the Doctor Fund of Henan University of Science and Technology~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the effects of donor cell type,embryo stage,number and transfer position on the efficiency of goat transgenic clone.[Method] Using somatic cell nuclear transfer technology,the single goat fetal fibroblasts(GFF)and mammary gland epithelial cells(GMGE)harboring human lactoferrin(hLF)gene were transferred to the enucleated oocyte.Reconstructed karyoplast-cytoplast couplets were fused,activated,and cultured in vitro.Embryos at 2-8 cell stage were transferred into oviduct of synchronized recipients,and blastocysts were transferred into uterine horn.[Result] The pregnancy rate was similar between GFF and GMGE(oviduct transfer:26.47% vs.20.00%),and between oviduct transfer and uterine horn transfer(26.47% vs.25.00%)for GFF group;pregnancy rate in the group with the mean number of embryo transferred per recipient of 21.2 was significantly higher than in those the 5.93 group and 9.64 group(40.00% vs.26.67% and 21.43%).[Conclusion] These results indicate that pregnancy rate of goat transgenic clone couldn't be affected by donor cell type,embryo stage and transfer position but be done by the number of embryo transferred per recipient.In addition,the study also suggests the feasibility of making transgenic goat using GMGE as donor cells.
文摘The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air washer. We come to the conclusion that we can change these main factors to achieve different heat and humidity transfer processes and decide processes of heat and humidity transfer of air and water with the initial temperature of spraying water in the air washer. All these results can make things convenient for the air conditioning management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81671882,81471832the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2016A030311039+1 种基金the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2015A020212012,2017A020224012the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangzhou City of China,No.201707010373(all to XL)
文摘Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons has been implicated in hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury.Although mesenchymal stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel treatment for this pathology,the mechanisms are not fully understood.To address this issue,we first co-cultured 1.5×10^5 PC12 cells with mesenchymal stem cells that were derived from induced pluripotent stem cells at a ratio of 1:1,and then intervened with cobalt chloride(CoCl2)for 24 hours.Reactive oxygen species in PC12 cells was measured by Mito-sox.Mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm)in PC12 cells was determined by JC-1 staining.Apoptosis of PC12 cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining.Mitochondrial morphology in PC12 cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy.Transfer of mitochondria from the mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells to damaged PC12 cells was measured by flow cytometry.Mesenchymal stem cells were induced from pluripotent stem cells by lentivirus infection containing green fluorescent protein in mitochondria.Then they were co-cultured with PC12 cells in Transwell chambers and treated with CoCl2 for 24 hours to detect adenosine triphosphate level in PC12 cells.CoCl2-induced PC12 cell damage was dose-dependent.Co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells significantly reduced apoptosis and restoredΔΨm in the injured PC12 cells under CoCl2 challenge.Co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells ameliorated mitochondrial swelling,the disappearance of cristae,and chromatin margination in the injured PC12 cells.After direct co-culture,mitochondrial transfer from the mesenchymal stem cells stem cells to PC12 cells was detected via formed tunneling nanotubes between these two types of cells.The transfer efficiency was greatly enhanced in the presence of CoCl2.More importantly,inhibition of tunneling nanotubes partially abrogated the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells on CoCl2-induced PC12 cell injury.Mesenchymal stem cells reduced CoCl2-induced PC12 cell injury and these effects were in part due to efficacious mitochondrial transfer.
文摘We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.
基金Present calculations were performed at the Texas Tech University High Performance Computer Center and the Texas Advanced Computing Center at the University of Texas at Austin.Prof.Morales acknowledges financial support from the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas(CPRIT)grant RP140478.Prof.Yan acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21373064)and the Program for Innovative Research Team of Guizhou Province(No.QKTD[2014]4021).
文摘The H^++CO2 reaction at high energies is relevant in atmospheric chemistry,astrophysics,and proton cancer therapy research.Therefore,we present herein a complete investigation of H^++CO2 at ELab=30 eV with the simplest-level electron nuclear dynamics(SLEND)method.SLEND describes nuclei via classical mechanics and electrons with a singledeterminantal Thouless wavefunction.The 3402 SLEND conducted simulations from 42 independent CO2 target orientations provide a full description of all the reactive processes and their mechanisms in this system:non-charge-transfer scattering(NCTS),charge-transfer scattering(CTS),and single C=O bond dissociation;all this valuable information about reactivity is not accessible experimentally.Numerous details of the projectile scattering patterns are provided,including the appearance and coalescence of primary and secondary rainbow angles as a function of the target orientation.SLEND NCTS and CTS differential cross sections(DCSs)are evaluated in conjunction with advanced semi-classical techniques.SLEND NCTS DCS agrees well with its experimental counterpart at all the measured scattering angles,whereas SLEND CTS DCS agrees well at high scattering angles but less satisfactorily at lower ones.Remarkably,both NCTS and CTS SLEND DCSs predict the primary rainbow angle signatures in agreement with the experiment.
文摘Human temporal bone specimens are used in experiments to measure the sound transfer function of the middle ear.This standard method for the development of middle ear implants requires temporal bones that possess appropriate mechanical properties and structural stability and are free from pathological conditions.A laser Doppler vibrometer is commonly employed to measure the vibration of the stapes footplate.These experiments are typically conducted in the middle ear by leaving the inner ear intact,exposing the stapes footplate through the tympanic cavity,and directing the laser beam onto the footplate.However,previous studies have shown that the influence of inner ear impedance on the middle ear transfer function cannot be ignored,and any surgical manipulation may cause a change in inner ear pressure,resulting in instability in the middle ear transfer function.Therefore,this study aims to eliminate the influence of the inner ear and to establish a new experimental method in human temporal bone specimens that is more suitable for the study of sound conduction in middle ear implants.As a result,a range for middle ear transfer function was developed,which serves as a reference for assessing the conformity of temporal bone specimens to experimental standards,and the stability of this range was demonstrated under experimental conditions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52170086,22476116,52074176)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Nos.ZR2021ME013,ZR2024ME156,ZR2022QB250)。
文摘In this study,we meticulously designed a layered carbon-based catalytic material to induce the degradation of a series of organic pollutants by activating peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in the PMS-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).Results indicated that the silicon and oxygen elements from the montmorillonite were incorporated into the catalyst matrix to form the Si-O-C structure.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array,achieving over 90 % removal rate of most pollutants within 60 min.It was notable that the layered carbonaceous material with Si-O-C structure exhibited an outstanding catalytic effect on the synthesized layered catalytic material array.The salt bridge system confirmed that pollutants can provide electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,and we verified that the electron transfer process(ETP) mechanism was the main pathway for the degradation of pollutants in the Si-O-C/PMS system via the open-circuit potential analysis.In combination with the structural properties of different pollutants,we discovered that electron-donating pollutants can supply more electrons to the Si-O-C/PMS system,thereby enhancing the ETP process.The findings of this study are anticipated to advance the development and practical application of layered carbonaceous materials-based catalysts and support the design and implementation of nanoconfined catalysts in the field of AOPs.
