The performance of complementary feeders, running in parallel, can be significantly improved by installing static transfer switches （STSs） at critical locations. We develop the STS control logic, which transfers the...The performance of complementary feeders, running in parallel, can be significantly improved by installing static transfer switches （STSs） at critical locations. We develop the STS control logic, which transfers the critical load from the preferred feeder to the alternate feeder when a voltage sag or a fault occurs on the preferred feeder. A forced commutation technique is proposed and implemented to turn off the preferred feeders＇ thyristor, thus avoiding cross current to flow and minimizing the transfer time. Simulation results show that the forced commutation technique is more effective as compared to the recently proposed time delay technique for STS operation. Two different feeders, namely New Exchange, the preferred feeder, and Sector 1-10/2, the alternate feeder of Islamabad Electric Supply COmpany （IESCO）, Pakistan, have been selected for case studies. The software PSCAD/EMTDC professional package has been used for simulation.展开更多
Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges,...Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.展开更多
A wideband 8-12 GHz inline type microwave power sensor, which has both working and non-working states, is presented. The power sensor measures the microwave power coupled from a CPW line by a MEMS membrane. In order t...A wideband 8-12 GHz inline type microwave power sensor, which has both working and non-working states, is presented. The power sensor measures the microwave power coupled from a CPW line by a MEMS membrane. In order to reduce microwave losses during the non-working state, a new structure of working state transfer switches is proposed to realize the two working states. The fabrication of the power sensor with two working states is compatible with the GaAs MMIC （monolithic microwave integrated circuit） process. The experimental results show that the power sensor has an insertion loss of 0.18 dB during the non-working state and 0.24 dB during the working state at a frequency of 10 GHz. This means that no microwave power has been coupled from the CPW line during the non-working state.展开更多
In this paper, photoinduced electron transfer(PET) phosphoroionophore, N-(1-bromo- 2-naphthylmethyl)-diethanolamine (BND) was synthesized and its phosphorescent characteristics were studied. The experimental results ...In this paper, photoinduced electron transfer(PET) phosphoroionophore, N-(1-bromo- 2-naphthylmethyl)-diethanolamine (BND) was synthesized and its phosphorescent characteristics were studied. The experimental results showed that strong phosphorescence could be observed in b-cyclodextrin aqueous solution only at low pH value. This system combined AND and NOT function to produce a three-input inhibit (INH) logic gate.展开更多
传统移相控制下,无线电能传输(Wireles power transfer,WPT)系统输出功率宽范围调节时逆变器开关管易丢失零电压开关(Zero voltage switching,ZVS)状态,导致逆变器切换损耗增大甚至损坏。阶跃脉冲调制(Stepped Pulse Modulation)是一种...传统移相控制下,无线电能传输(Wireles power transfer,WPT)系统输出功率宽范围调节时逆变器开关管易丢失零电压开关(Zero voltage switching,ZVS)状态,导致逆变器切换损耗增大甚至损坏。阶跃脉冲调制(Stepped Pulse Modulation)是一种低输出纹波调制方法,可实现宽负载范围内的ZVS运行。但是,该调制方法包含有限状态机等环节,不易采用传统的机理建模访求进行建模,给控制器设计带来困难。在Simulink电路的基础上,基于数据驱动方法辨识了无线电能传输在阶跃脉冲调制下传递函数模型,并基于该模型设计内模控制器。实验表明,基于Simulink电路仿真方法获取采样数据,能够有效解决实物实验在某些场景下难以获取实验数据的难题,获得满意的辨识模型。同时,基于辨识模型设计的内模控制器,能够精确估计不同控制参数下的系统控制性能,满足了阶跃脉冲调制无线电能传输输出电压闭环控制的性能需求。展开更多
In this paper, method combined vapor transportation with in-situ chemical reaction is employed to synthesize Cu(TCNQ) nanowires. The typical diameter of nanowires is 50-500 nm with high uniformity. The electrical swit...In this paper, method combined vapor transportation with in-situ chemical reaction is employed to synthesize Cu(TCNQ) nanowires. The typical diameter of nanowires is 50-500 nm with high uniformity. The electrical switching characteristics of single nanowire are observed. The ON-OFF resistance ratio for switching reaches 10~4. The investigation reveals a linear relationship between the switching threshold and the spacing between the two electrodes. The temporal response of the switching process is 30 ns and the switch exhibits good reproducibility. The collapse of the nanowire under the condition of current surge is also discussed. It is believed that the Cu(TCNQ) nanowire could be promising for applications in nanoelectronics.展开更多
In this paper, we propose the decode-and-forward(DF) based bidirectional wireless information and power transfer(BWIPT) in two-hop relay systems, where the bidirectional relay can decode and forward information from t...In this paper, we propose the decode-and-forward(DF) based bidirectional wireless information and power transfer(BWIPT) in two-hop relay systems, where the bidirectional relay can decode and forward information from the user to the access point(AP), and assist the wireless power transfer from the AP to the user. To maximize the information rate from the user to the AP, we derive the closed form expression of the optimal power splitting(PS) factor, and the time allocation scheme to obtain the optimal time switching(TS) factor. Simulation results show that for both PS and TS protocols, the proposed DF based bidirectional relay systems can improve the information rate as compared with the amplify-and-forward(AF) based bidirectional relay systems.展开更多
Based on the principle of thermal conduction, three metal alloys （stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite） were chosen as the material of the high impulse current discharging switch. Experimental results indic...Based on the principle of thermal conduction, three metal alloys （stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite） were chosen as the material of the high impulse current discharging switch. Experimental results indicate that the mass loss and surface erosion morphology of the electrode are related with the electrode material （conductivity σ, melting point Tin, density p and thermal capacity c） and the impulse transferred charge （or energy） per impulse for the same total impulse transferred charge. The experimental results indicate that the mass loss of stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite are 380.10 μg/C, 118.10 μg/C and 81.90 μg/C respectively under the condition of a total impulse transferred charge of 525 C and a transferred charge per impulse of 10.5 C. Under the same impulse transferred charge, the mass loss of copper-tungsten（118.10 μg/C） with the transferred charge per impulse at 10.5 C is far larger than the mass loss （38.61μg/C） at a 1.48 C transferred charge per impulse. The electrode erosion mechanism under high energy impulse arcs is analyzed briefly and it is suggested that by selecting high conductive metal or metal alloy as the electrode material of a high energy impulse spark gap switch and setting high erosion resistance material at the top of the electrode, the mass loss of the electrode can be reduced and the life of the switch prolonged.展开更多
This paper deals with a dynamic analysis of an optimal technique used for direct electrical energy storage, where a concept of charge transfer between different electric storage units is used. This analysis is develop...This paper deals with a dynamic analysis of an optimal technique used for direct electrical energy storage, where a concept of charge transfer between different electric storage units is used. This analysis is developed to seek for efficient and real time conditions to maintain optimal behavior for charge recovery from intermittent power sources in the field of renewable energies like solar and wind. The proposed analysis leads to elaborating a set of interesting states and conditions that allows the user to choose effective configuration parameters that lead to an optimal or near optimal charge transfer device. The proposed device is designed to ensure an optimal transfer of electric charges. It must be self-configured to retrieve and transfer the maximum energy from the sources to the storage units (Super-capacitors, batteries…). Some interesting results, by simulating the proposed device, are presented to show how this optimization problem can be viewed as a combinatorial one, where the optimization algorithm is asked to find the suitable switching combination to configure the device to be closest to the optimal charge recovery.展开更多
The voltage controlled magnetic switching effect is verified experimentally. The Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert（LLG）equation is used to study the voltage controlled magnetic switching. It is found that the initial values...The voltage controlled magnetic switching effect is verified experimentally. The Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert（LLG）equation is used to study the voltage controlled magnetic switching. It is found that the initial values of magnetic moment components are critical for the switching effect, which should satisfy a definite condition. The external magnetic field which affects only the oscillation period should be comparable to the internal magnetic field. If the external magnetic field is too small, the switching effect will disappear. The precessions of mx and my are the best for the tilt angle of the external magnetic field θt = 0？, i.e., the field is perpendicular to the sample plane.展开更多
文摘The performance of complementary feeders, running in parallel, can be significantly improved by installing static transfer switches （STSs） at critical locations. We develop the STS control logic, which transfers the critical load from the preferred feeder to the alternate feeder when a voltage sag or a fault occurs on the preferred feeder. A forced commutation technique is proposed and implemented to turn off the preferred feeders＇ thyristor, thus avoiding cross current to flow and minimizing the transfer time. Simulation results show that the forced commutation technique is more effective as compared to the recently proposed time delay technique for STS operation. Two different feeders, namely New Exchange, the preferred feeder, and Sector 1-10/2, the alternate feeder of Islamabad Electric Supply COmpany （IESCO）, Pakistan, have been selected for case studies. The software PSCAD/EMTDC professional package has been used for simulation.
文摘Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60676043)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2007AA04Z328).
文摘A wideband 8-12 GHz inline type microwave power sensor, which has both working and non-working states, is presented. The power sensor measures the microwave power coupled from a CPW line by a MEMS membrane. In order to reduce microwave losses during the non-working state, a new structure of working state transfer switches is proposed to realize the two working states. The fabrication of the power sensor with two working states is compatible with the GaAs MMIC （monolithic microwave integrated circuit） process. The experimental results show that the power sensor has an insertion loss of 0.18 dB during the non-working state and 0.24 dB during the working state at a frequency of 10 GHz. This means that no microwave power has been coupled from the CPW line during the non-working state.
文摘In this paper, photoinduced electron transfer(PET) phosphoroionophore, N-(1-bromo- 2-naphthylmethyl)-diethanolamine (BND) was synthesized and its phosphorescent characteristics were studied. The experimental results showed that strong phosphorescence could be observed in b-cyclodextrin aqueous solution only at low pH value. This system combined AND and NOT function to produce a three-input inhibit (INH) logic gate.
文摘传统移相控制下,无线电能传输(Wireles power transfer,WPT)系统输出功率宽范围调节时逆变器开关管易丢失零电压开关(Zero voltage switching,ZVS)状态,导致逆变器切换损耗增大甚至损坏。阶跃脉冲调制(Stepped Pulse Modulation)是一种低输出纹波调制方法,可实现宽负载范围内的ZVS运行。但是,该调制方法包含有限状态机等环节,不易采用传统的机理建模访求进行建模,给控制器设计带来困难。在Simulink电路的基础上,基于数据驱动方法辨识了无线电能传输在阶跃脉冲调制下传递函数模型,并基于该模型设计内模控制器。实验表明,基于Simulink电路仿真方法获取采样数据,能够有效解决实物实验在某些场景下难以获取实验数据的难题,获得满意的辨识模型。同时,基于辨识模型设计的内模控制器,能够精确估计不同控制参数下的系统控制性能,满足了阶跃脉冲调制无线电能传输输出电压闭环控制的性能需求。
基金financial support from Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund(No.0752nm016)Shanghai Leading Academic Development Project(No.B113)
文摘In this paper, method combined vapor transportation with in-situ chemical reaction is employed to synthesize Cu(TCNQ) nanowires. The typical diameter of nanowires is 50-500 nm with high uniformity. The electrical switching characteristics of single nanowire are observed. The ON-OFF resistance ratio for switching reaches 10~4. The investigation reveals a linear relationship between the switching threshold and the spacing between the two electrodes. The temporal response of the switching process is 30 ns and the switch exhibits good reproducibility. The collapse of the nanowire under the condition of current surge is also discussed. It is believed that the Cu(TCNQ) nanowire could be promising for applications in nanoelectronics.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61401330,No.61371127)
文摘In this paper, we propose the decode-and-forward(DF) based bidirectional wireless information and power transfer(BWIPT) in two-hop relay systems, where the bidirectional relay can decode and forward information from the user to the access point(AP), and assist the wireless power transfer from the AP to the user. To maximize the information rate from the user to the AP, we derive the closed form expression of the optimal power splitting(PS) factor, and the time allocation scheme to obtain the optimal time switching(TS) factor. Simulation results show that for both PS and TS protocols, the proposed DF based bidirectional relay systems can improve the information rate as compared with the amplify-and-forward(AF) based bidirectional relay systems.
文摘Based on the principle of thermal conduction, three metal alloys （stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite） were chosen as the material of the high impulse current discharging switch. Experimental results indicate that the mass loss and surface erosion morphology of the electrode are related with the electrode material （conductivity σ, melting point Tin, density p and thermal capacity c） and the impulse transferred charge （or energy） per impulse for the same total impulse transferred charge. The experimental results indicate that the mass loss of stainless steel, copper-tungsten and graphite are 380.10 μg/C, 118.10 μg/C and 81.90 μg/C respectively under the condition of a total impulse transferred charge of 525 C and a transferred charge per impulse of 10.5 C. Under the same impulse transferred charge, the mass loss of copper-tungsten（118.10 μg/C） with the transferred charge per impulse at 10.5 C is far larger than the mass loss （38.61μg/C） at a 1.48 C transferred charge per impulse. The electrode erosion mechanism under high energy impulse arcs is analyzed briefly and it is suggested that by selecting high conductive metal or metal alloy as the electrode material of a high energy impulse spark gap switch and setting high erosion resistance material at the top of the electrode, the mass loss of the electrode can be reduced and the life of the switch prolonged.
文摘This paper deals with a dynamic analysis of an optimal technique used for direct electrical energy storage, where a concept of charge transfer between different electric storage units is used. This analysis is developed to seek for efficient and real time conditions to maintain optimal behavior for charge recovery from intermittent power sources in the field of renewable energies like solar and wind. The proposed analysis leads to elaborating a set of interesting states and conditions that allows the user to choose effective configuration parameters that lead to an optimal or near optimal charge transfer device. The proposed device is designed to ensure an optimal transfer of electric charges. It must be self-configured to retrieve and transfer the maximum energy from the sources to the storage units (Super-capacitors, batteries…). Some interesting results, by simulating the proposed device, are presented to show how this optimization problem can be viewed as a combinatorial one, where the optimization algorithm is asked to find the suitable switching combination to configure the device to be closest to the optimal charge recovery.
基金supported by the Advanced Research Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-JSC015)
文摘The voltage controlled magnetic switching effect is verified experimentally. The Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert（LLG）equation is used to study the voltage controlled magnetic switching. It is found that the initial values of magnetic moment components are critical for the switching effect, which should satisfy a definite condition. The external magnetic field which affects only the oscillation period should be comparable to the internal magnetic field. If the external magnetic field is too small, the switching effect will disappear. The precessions of mx and my are the best for the tilt angle of the external magnetic field θt = 0？, i.e., the field is perpendicular to the sample plane.
