Measurement of nonlinearity parameter using the second-harmonic reflective model is studied. A new kind of compound transducer is designed and fabricated for this purpose. With this transducer and the finite amplitude...Measurement of nonlinearity parameter using the second-harmonic reflective model is studied. A new kind of compound transducer is designed and fabricated for this purpose. With this transducer and the finite amplitude insert-substitution method, an experimental system to measure the nonlinearity parameter using reflective model is developed. B/A values of some liquids and biological tissues are obtained and results coincide well with those presented in the literatures.展开更多
This paper describes an innovative, genetic algorithm based inverse model of nonlinear transducer. In the inverse modeling, using a genetic algorithm, the unknown coefficients of the model are estimated accurately. T...This paper describes an innovative, genetic algorithm based inverse model of nonlinear transducer. In the inverse modeling, using a genetic algorithm, the unknown coefficients of the model are estimated accurately. The simulation results indicate that this technique provides greater flexibility and suitability than the existing methods. It is very easy to modify the nonlinear transducer on line. Thus the method improves the transducer's accuracy. With the help of genetic algorithm (GA), the model coefficients' training are less likely to be trapped in local minima than traditional gradient based search algorithms.展开更多
A hybrid calibration approach based on support vector machines （SVM） is proposed to characterize nonlinear cross coupling of multi-dimensional transducer. It is difficult to identify these unknown nonlinearities and...A hybrid calibration approach based on support vector machines （SVM） is proposed to characterize nonlinear cross coupling of multi-dimensional transducer. It is difficult to identify these unknown nonlinearities and crosstalk just with a single conventional calibration approach. In this paper, a hybrid model comprising calibration matrix and SVM model for calibrating linearity and nonlinearity respectively is built up. The calibration matrix is determined by linear artificial neural network （ANN）, and the SVM is used to compensate for the nonlinear cross coupling among each dimension. A simulation of the calibration of a multi-dimensional sensor is conducted by the SVM hybrid calibration method, which is then utilized to calibrate a six-component force/torque transducer of wind tunnel balance. From the calibrating results, it can be indicated that the SVM hybrid calibration method has improved the calibration accuracy significantly without increasing data samples, compared with calibration matrix. Moreover, with the calibration matrix, the hybrid model can provide a basis for the design of transducers.展开更多
In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material （SAM）. This review focuses on one class of soft active materials： dielectr...In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material （SAM）. This review focuses on one class of soft active materials： dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The theory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices.展开更多
Dielectric elastomers have found interesting applications in soft loudspeakers,where vibrations subject to alternating electrical excitations are the key features.Although there are many t heore tical studies on the n...Dielectric elastomers have found interesting applications in soft loudspeakers,where vibrations subject to alternating electrical excitations are the key features.Although there are many t heore tical studies on the nonlinear vibrations of dielec trie elasto mers subject to electromechanical coupling loads,the systematic experimental research is rare.In this work,we design a simple experimental setup to observe the out-of-plane vibrations of a circular dielec trie elastomer actuator.We find that the dielec trie elastomer has different response modes including the harmonic,super-harmonic and sub-harmonic responses at different excitation frequencies.We analyze the responses by using the short-time Fourier transformation.We find that the equivalent voltage and the AC/DC ratio are the main parameters affecting the occurrence of sub-harmonic responses.The phenomenon of mode shift is also observed in our experiments.These experimental observations provide a deeper unders tanding of the dynamic responses of dielec trie elasto mer subject to electromechanical loads.展开更多
Dielectric elastomer(DE) is suitable in soft transducers for broad applications,among which many are subjected to dynamic loadings, either mechanical or electrical or both. The tuning behaviors of these DE devices cal...Dielectric elastomer(DE) is suitable in soft transducers for broad applications,among which many are subjected to dynamic loadings, either mechanical or electrical or both. The tuning behaviors of these DE devices call for an efficient and reliable method to analyze the dynamic response of DE. This remains to be a challenge since the resultant vibration equation of DE, for example, the vibration of a DE balloon considered here is highly nonlinear with higher-order power terms and time-dependent coefficients. Previous efforts toward this goal use largely the numerical integration method with the simple harmonic balance method as a supplement. The numerical integration and the simple harmonic balance method are inefficient for large parametric analysis or with difficulty in improving the solution accuracy. To overcome the weakness of these two methods,we describe formulations of the incremental harmonic balance(IHB) method for periodic forced solutions of such a unique system. Combined with an arc-length continuation technique, the proposed strategy can capture the whole solution branches, both stable and unstable, automatically with any desired accuracy.展开更多
The thermo-order-mechanical behaviors of liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） under biaxial loading are studied in this paper. Inverse method for nonlinear elastic problems is utilized by imposing biaxial stretching to ...The thermo-order-mechanical behaviors of liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） under biaxial loading are studied in this paper. Inverse method for nonlinear elastic problems is utilized by imposing biaxial stretching to thin rectangular samples. Neo-classical elastic energy is used together with the Landau-de Gennes nematic free energy. Under plane stress assumptions, the constitutive equations are derived. Due to the possible reorientations of the liquid crystal molecules induced by the imposed biaxial loading, the in-plane nonlinear stress-strain relations can have different expressions depending on which loading axis will have the largest effective principal strain. And the free energy is a multi-well non-convex potential function. As shown by some typical loading paths, the LCE samples will exhibit an anisotropic nonlinear elastic behavior, as long as the loading has not induced a reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules. When this did occur, jumps of stresses could take place for dead loadings due to the losing of stability.展开更多
The dielectric elastomer(DE)is an important intelligent soft material widely used in soft actuators,and the dynamic response of the DE is highly nonlinear due to the material properties.In the DE,electrostriction deno...The dielectric elastomer(DE)is an important intelligent soft material widely used in soft actuators,and the dynamic response of the DE is highly nonlinear due to the material properties.In the DE,electrostriction denotes the deformation-dependent permittivity.In the present study,we formulate the nonlinear dynamic governing equations of the DE membrane considering the electrostriction effect.The free vibration and parametric excitation of the DE membrane with different geometric sizes are calculated.The free vibration bifurcations induced by the initial location and the voltage are both discussed according to an energy-based approach.The amplitude-frequency characteristics and bifurcation diagrams of parametric excitation are also given.The results show that electrostriction decreases the free vibration amplitude and increases the frequency,but it has less influence on the parametric excitation oscillation frequency and decreases the parametric excitation amplitude except when the membrane resonates.The initial location and the applied voltage can induce the snap-through instability of the free vibration.A large geometric size will lead to a much lower resonance frequency.The resonance amplitudes increase while the resonance frequencies decrease with the increase in the applied voltage.The critical voltage of snap-through instability for the parametric excitation is larger than that for the free vibration one.展开更多
Magneto-rheological visco-elastomer （MRVE） as a new smart material developed in recent years has several significant advantages over magneto-rheological liquid. The adjustability of structural dynamics to random env...Magneto-rheological visco-elastomer （MRVE） as a new smart material developed in recent years has several significant advantages over magneto-rheological liquid. The adjustability of structural dynamics to random environmental excitations is required in vibration control. MRVE can supply considerably adjustable damping and stiffness for structures, and the adjustment of dynamic properties is achieved only by applied magnetic fields with changeless structure design. Increasing researches on MRVE dy- namic properties, modeling, and vibration control application are presented. Recent advances in MRVE dynamic properties and structural vibration control application including composite structural vibration mitigation under uniform magnetic fields, vibration response characteristics improvement through harmonic parameter distribution, and optimal bounded parametric control design based on the dynamical programming principle are reviewed. Relevant main methods and results introduced are beneficial to understanding and researches on MRVE application and development.展开更多
文摘Measurement of nonlinearity parameter using the second-harmonic reflective model is studied. A new kind of compound transducer is designed and fabricated for this purpose. With this transducer and the finite amplitude insert-substitution method, an experimental system to measure the nonlinearity parameter using reflective model is developed. B/A values of some liquids and biological tissues are obtained and results coincide well with those presented in the literatures.
文摘This paper describes an innovative, genetic algorithm based inverse model of nonlinear transducer. In the inverse modeling, using a genetic algorithm, the unknown coefficients of the model are estimated accurately. The simulation results indicate that this technique provides greater flexibility and suitability than the existing methods. It is very easy to modify the nonlinear transducer on line. Thus the method improves the transducer's accuracy. With the help of genetic algorithm (GA), the model coefficients' training are less likely to be trapped in local minima than traditional gradient based search algorithms.
基金National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10772142)National Natural Science Key Foundation of China(Grant No.10832002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘A hybrid calibration approach based on support vector machines （SVM） is proposed to characterize nonlinear cross coupling of multi-dimensional transducer. It is difficult to identify these unknown nonlinearities and crosstalk just with a single conventional calibration approach. In this paper, a hybrid model comprising calibration matrix and SVM model for calibrating linearity and nonlinearity respectively is built up. The calibration matrix is determined by linear artificial neural network （ANN）, and the SVM is used to compensate for the nonlinear cross coupling among each dimension. A simulation of the calibration of a multi-dimensional sensor is conducted by the SVM hybrid calibration method, which is then utilized to calibrate a six-component force/torque transducer of wind tunnel balance. From the calibrating results, it can be indicated that the SVM hybrid calibration method has improved the calibration accuracy significantly without increasing data samples, compared with calibration matrix. Moreover, with the calibration matrix, the hybrid model can provide a basis for the design of transducers.
基金as a part of a research program on Soft Active Materials,supported at various times by NSF (CMMI-0800161, Large Deformation and Instability in Soft Active Materials)MURI (W911NF-04-1-0170, Design and Processing of Electret Structures+2 种基金 W911NF-09-1-0476, Innovative Design and Processing for Multi-Functional Adaptive Structural Materials)DARPA (W911NF-08-1-0143,ProgrammableMatterW911NF-10-1-0113, Cephalopod-Inspired Adaptive Photonic Systems)
文摘In response to a stimulus, a soft material deforms, and the deformation provides a function. We call such a material a soft active material （SAM）. This review focuses on one class of soft active materials： dielectric elastomers. When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness, the membrane reduces thickness and expands area, possibly straining over 100%. The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications, including soft robots, adaptive optics, Braille displays, and electric generators. This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers, developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations. The theory couples large deformation and electric potential, and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior, such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity. The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations, predicts the efficiency of electromechanical energy conversion, and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation. It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices.
文摘Dielectric elastomers have found interesting applications in soft loudspeakers,where vibrations subject to alternating electrical excitations are the key features.Although there are many t heore tical studies on the nonlinear vibrations of dielec trie elasto mers subject to electromechanical coupling loads,the systematic experimental research is rare.In this work,we design a simple experimental setup to observe the out-of-plane vibrations of a circular dielec trie elastomer actuator.We find that the dielec trie elastomer has different response modes including the harmonic,super-harmonic and sub-harmonic responses at different excitation frequencies.We analyze the responses by using the short-time Fourier transformation.We find that the equivalent voltage and the AC/DC ratio are the main parameters affecting the occurrence of sub-harmonic responses.The phenomenon of mode shift is also observed in our experiments.These experimental observations provide a deeper unders tanding of the dynamic responses of dielec trie elasto mer subject to electromechanical loads.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11702215 and11972277)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Nos.2017JQ5062 and 2018JQ1029)。
文摘Dielectric elastomer(DE) is suitable in soft transducers for broad applications,among which many are subjected to dynamic loadings, either mechanical or electrical or both. The tuning behaviors of these DE devices call for an efficient and reliable method to analyze the dynamic response of DE. This remains to be a challenge since the resultant vibration equation of DE, for example, the vibration of a DE balloon considered here is highly nonlinear with higher-order power terms and time-dependent coefficients. Previous efforts toward this goal use largely the numerical integration method with the simple harmonic balance method as a supplement. The numerical integration and the simple harmonic balance method are inefficient for large parametric analysis or with difficulty in improving the solution accuracy. To overcome the weakness of these two methods,we describe formulations of the incremental harmonic balance(IHB) method for periodic forced solutions of such a unique system. Combined with an arc-length continuation technique, the proposed strategy can capture the whole solution branches, both stable and unstable, automatically with any desired accuracy.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11072062 and 11172068)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20110071110013)
文摘The thermo-order-mechanical behaviors of liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） under biaxial loading are studied in this paper. Inverse method for nonlinear elastic problems is utilized by imposing biaxial stretching to thin rectangular samples. Neo-classical elastic energy is used together with the Landau-de Gennes nematic free energy. Under plane stress assumptions, the constitutive equations are derived. Due to the possible reorientations of the liquid crystal molecules induced by the imposed biaxial loading, the in-plane nonlinear stress-strain relations can have different expressions depending on which loading axis will have the largest effective principal strain. And the free energy is a multi-well non-convex potential function. As shown by some typical loading paths, the LCE samples will exhibit an anisotropic nonlinear elastic behavior, as long as the loading has not induced a reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules. When this did occur, jumps of stresses could take place for dead loadings due to the losing of stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11672334 and 11972375)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(No.ZR202011050038)the Key R&D Program in Shandong Province of China(No.2019GHZ001)。
文摘The dielectric elastomer(DE)is an important intelligent soft material widely used in soft actuators,and the dynamic response of the DE is highly nonlinear due to the material properties.In the DE,electrostriction denotes the deformation-dependent permittivity.In the present study,we formulate the nonlinear dynamic governing equations of the DE membrane considering the electrostriction effect.The free vibration and parametric excitation of the DE membrane with different geometric sizes are calculated.The free vibration bifurcations induced by the initial location and the voltage are both discussed according to an energy-based approach.The amplitude-frequency characteristics and bifurcation diagrams of parametric excitation are also given.The results show that electrostriction decreases the free vibration amplitude and increases the frequency,but it has less influence on the parametric excitation oscillation frequency and decreases the parametric excitation amplitude except when the membrane resonates.The initial location and the applied voltage can induce the snap-through instability of the free vibration.A large geometric size will lead to a much lower resonance frequency.The resonance amplitudes increase while the resonance frequencies decrease with the increase in the applied voltage.The critical voltage of snap-through instability for the parametric excitation is larger than that for the free vibration one.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11572279,11432012,and U1234210)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY15A020001)the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Fund(1-BBY5)
文摘Magneto-rheological visco-elastomer （MRVE） as a new smart material developed in recent years has several significant advantages over magneto-rheological liquid. The adjustability of structural dynamics to random environmental excitations is required in vibration control. MRVE can supply considerably adjustable damping and stiffness for structures, and the adjustment of dynamic properties is achieved only by applied magnetic fields with changeless structure design. Increasing researches on MRVE dy- namic properties, modeling, and vibration control application are presented. Recent advances in MRVE dynamic properties and structural vibration control application including composite structural vibration mitigation under uniform magnetic fields, vibration response characteristics improvement through harmonic parameter distribution, and optimal bounded parametric control design based on the dynamical programming principle are reviewed. Relevant main methods and results introduced are beneficial to understanding and researches on MRVE application and development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12102424, 12202434, and 11972343)the Anhui Key R&D Program of China (202104a5020009)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2090000030)the Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M713045)。
