The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic an...The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.展开更多
Wheat stripe rust,a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),poses a significant threat to global wheat production.Growing resistant cultivars is a crucial strategy for ...Wheat stripe rust,a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),poses a significant threat to global wheat production.Growing resistant cultivars is a crucial strategy for wheat stripe rust management.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms of wheat resistance to Pst remain incompletely understood.To unravel these mechanisms,we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)to analyze the transcriptome of the resistant wheat cultivar Mianmai 46(MM46)at different time points(24,48,and 96 h)post-inoculation with the Pst race CYR33.The analysis revealed that Pst infection significantly altered the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism,suggesting a disruption of host cellular processes.Conversely,the expression of several resistance genes was upregulated,indicating activation of defense responses.Further analysis identified transcription factors(TFs),pathogen-related(PR)proteins,and chitinase-encoding genes as key players in wheat resistance to Pst.These genes likely contribute to the activation of defense pathways,such as the oxidative burst,which involves the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).The activities of antioxidant enzymes,including peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT),were also upregulated,suggesting a role in mitigating oxidative damage caused by ROS.Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat resistance to Pst.By identifying key genes and pathways involved in this complex interaction,we can develop more effective strategies for breeding resistant wheat cultivars and managing this destructive disease.展开更多
Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferat...Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferation,the precise underlying mechanisms are unclear.Objective This study integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the mechanism by which tannins,specifically pentagalloylglucose(PGG)and tannic acid(TA),inhibit C.perfringens and potential pathways to alleviate infection in vivo.Results Ion concentration measurements,flow cytometric analysis,and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PGG and TA damaged the cell membrane structure of C.perfringens,triggering cytoplasmic content leakage.Additionally,PGG and TA significantly affected C.perfringens at the transcriptional and metabolic levels.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PGG and TA induced amino acid restriction,disrupted energy metabolism,and impeded the ability of C.perfringens to sense and respond to the external environment.In an in vitro C.perfringens-infected intestinal cell model,PGG and TA boundαtoxin,significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors,and improved intestinal barrier function and cell viability.Compared to PGG,TA exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against C.perfringens and binding toαtoxin.In vivo,PGG and TA alleviated C.perfringens-induced weight loss in mice,improved intestinal villi morphology,and reduced intestinal inflammation and tight junction gene dysregulation.Conclusion These findings indicate that tannins inhibit C.perfringens,improve gut tissue integrity and reduce inflammation,demonstrating their multi-target effects of resisting intestinal diseases caused by harmful bacteria.This offers new insights for plant polyphenol-based strategies against necrotic enteritis.展开更多
Commercial cultivars of garlic,a popular condiment,are sterile,making genetic variation and germplasm innovation of this plant challenging.Understanding mechanism of gamete sterility in garlic and their key regulatory...Commercial cultivars of garlic,a popular condiment,are sterile,making genetic variation and germplasm innovation of this plant challenging.Understanding mechanism of gamete sterility in garlic and their key regulatory networks is therefore important for fertility restoration.In this work,we conducted a detailed phenotypic analysis of fertile and sterile garlic genotypes and found that enlargement of topset in the inflorescence of sterile genotypes led to abnormal flowers.Additional cytological observations showed that aberrant meiotic cytokinesis in sterile garlic ultimately resulted in pollen degeneration.Transcriptomics analysis of sterile and fertile genotypes identified possible molecular mechanisms underlying gamete abortion.A total of 100710 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between the fertile and sterile garlic flowers at three stages of gamete development were identified,many of which were involved in homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis,MYB transcription factor regulation,ribosome biogenesis and plant hormone signal transduction.Taken together,these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying gamete development in garlic and point to a set of candidate genes for further functional characterization.展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC)remains a major global health challenge,because of its poor prognosis and limited treatment options in advanced stages1,2.Recent advancements in immunotherapy,highlighted by the findings of the CHECK...Gastric cancer(GC)remains a major global health challenge,because of its poor prognosis and limited treatment options in advanced stages1,2.Recent advancements in immunotherapy,highlighted by the findings of the CHECKMATE-649,ORIENT-16,and KEYNOTE-859 trials,have markedly transformed the treatment paradigm for advanced gastric cancer(AGC)3-5.展开更多
While bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing have shed light on cellular heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms in the musculoskeletal system in both physiological and various pathological states...While bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing have shed light on cellular heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms in the musculoskeletal system in both physiological and various pathological states,the spatial localization of cells and molecules and intercellular interactions within the tissue context require further elucidation.Spatial transcriptomics has revolutionized biological research by simultaneously capturing gene expression profiles and in situ spatial information of tissues,gradually finding applications in musculoskeletal research.This review provides a summary of recent advances in spatial transcriptomics and its application to the musculoskeletal system.The classification and characteristics of data acquisition techniques in spatial transcriptomics are briefly outlined,with an emphasis on widely-adopted representative technologies and the latest technological breakthroughs,accompanied by a concise workflow for incorporating spatial transcriptomics into musculoskeletal system research.The role of spatial transcriptomics in revealing physiological mechanisms of the musculoskeletal system,particularly during developmental processes,is thoroughly summarized.Furthermore,recent discoveries and achievements of this emerging omics tool in addressing inflammatory,traumatic,degenerative,and tumorous diseases of the musculoskeletal system are compiled.Finally,challenges and potential future directions for spatial transcriptomics,both as a field and in its applications in the musculoskeletal system,are discussed.展开更多
文摘The WSC proteins produced by Penicillium expansum play a crucial role in causing blue mold on pears.To analyze the role of the WSC1 gene in the pathogenic process of this fungal pathogen,we conducted transcriptomic analysis of a WSC1 knockout(ΔWSC1)strain.The knockout of WSC1 significantly altered the gene expression profile in P.expansum,particularly for genes involved in cell wall integrity,signaling,stress response,and toxin production.The differential expression of these genes might make theΔWSC1 strain more vulnerable to environmental stress,while reducing the toxin production capacity,ultimately leading to a decrease in the pathogenicity.The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to stress response signals,defense mechanisms and oxidative stress management changed when pear fruits were infected with theΔWSC1 strain.These changes may trigger a cascade of responses in pear fruits.In addition,compared with those infected with the wild-type strain,pear fruits infected with theΔWSC1 strain exhibited up-regulated expression of genes related to defense and oxidative stress.This study clarifies how the WSC1 gene influences P.expansum’s ability to infect pear fruits and how pear fruits respond to the infection.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32502517)the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas(SKLCSRHPKF20)+1 种基金Collaborative Innovation Project of Department of Education of Anhui Provincial(GXXT-2019-033)Horizontal project-Breeding of high yield and multi resistant wheat varieties(2021122401).
文摘Wheat stripe rust,a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici(Pst),poses a significant threat to global wheat production.Growing resistant cultivars is a crucial strategy for wheat stripe rust management.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms of wheat resistance to Pst remain incompletely understood.To unravel these mechanisms,we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)to analyze the transcriptome of the resistant wheat cultivar Mianmai 46(MM46)at different time points(24,48,and 96 h)post-inoculation with the Pst race CYR33.The analysis revealed that Pst infection significantly altered the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and energy metabolism,suggesting a disruption of host cellular processes.Conversely,the expression of several resistance genes was upregulated,indicating activation of defense responses.Further analysis identified transcription factors(TFs),pathogen-related(PR)proteins,and chitinase-encoding genes as key players in wheat resistance to Pst.These genes likely contribute to the activation of defense pathways,such as the oxidative burst,which involves the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS).The activities of antioxidant enzymes,including peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT),were also upregulated,suggesting a role in mitigating oxidative damage caused by ROS.Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat resistance to Pst.By identifying key genes and pathways involved in this complex interaction,we can develop more effective strategies for breeding resistant wheat cultivars and managing this destructive disease.
基金The China Agriculture Research System Program(Project No.CARS-41-G04)Shenyang Governmental Science and Technology Program(Project No.22316-2-02)supported this work.
文摘Background Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen that secretes multiple toxins,impacting humans and animals.It can cause intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis.Although tannins inhibit C.perfringens proliferation,the precise underlying mechanisms are unclear.Objective This study integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the mechanism by which tannins,specifically pentagalloylglucose(PGG)and tannic acid(TA),inhibit C.perfringens and potential pathways to alleviate infection in vivo.Results Ion concentration measurements,flow cytometric analysis,and transmission electron microscopy revealed that PGG and TA damaged the cell membrane structure of C.perfringens,triggering cytoplasmic content leakage.Additionally,PGG and TA significantly affected C.perfringens at the transcriptional and metabolic levels.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PGG and TA induced amino acid restriction,disrupted energy metabolism,and impeded the ability of C.perfringens to sense and respond to the external environment.In an in vitro C.perfringens-infected intestinal cell model,PGG and TA boundαtoxin,significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors,and improved intestinal barrier function and cell viability.Compared to PGG,TA exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against C.perfringens and binding toαtoxin.In vivo,PGG and TA alleviated C.perfringens-induced weight loss in mice,improved intestinal villi morphology,and reduced intestinal inflammation and tight junction gene dysregulation.Conclusion These findings indicate that tannins inhibit C.perfringens,improve gut tissue integrity and reduce inflammation,demonstrating their multi-target effects of resisting intestinal diseases caused by harmful bacteria.This offers new insights for plant polyphenol-based strategies against necrotic enteritis.
基金supported by the National Characteristic Vegetable Industry Technology System of China(Grant No.CARS24-A-07)the Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Construction Special Fund(Grant No.JATS[2023]050)Xuzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Research Fund Project(Grant No.XM2021003)。
文摘Commercial cultivars of garlic,a popular condiment,are sterile,making genetic variation and germplasm innovation of this plant challenging.Understanding mechanism of gamete sterility in garlic and their key regulatory networks is therefore important for fertility restoration.In this work,we conducted a detailed phenotypic analysis of fertile and sterile garlic genotypes and found that enlargement of topset in the inflorescence of sterile genotypes led to abnormal flowers.Additional cytological observations showed that aberrant meiotic cytokinesis in sterile garlic ultimately resulted in pollen degeneration.Transcriptomics analysis of sterile and fertile genotypes identified possible molecular mechanisms underlying gamete abortion.A total of 100710 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between the fertile and sterile garlic flowers at three stages of gamete development were identified,many of which were involved in homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis,MYB transcription factor regulation,ribosome biogenesis and plant hormone signal transduction.Taken together,these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying gamete development in garlic and point to a set of candidate genes for further functional characterization.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant no.2021YFA0910100)Healthy Zhejiang One Million People Cohort(Grant no.K-20230085)+5 种基金Post-doctoral Innovative Talent Support Program(Grant no.BX2023375)Lingyan Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant no.2025C02059)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.82304946,82473489,and 82403546)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant nos.LR21H280001,LGF22H160056,ZCLQN25H1602,and LMS25H160006)Medicine and Health Science Fund of Zhejiang Province Health Commission(Grant nos.2025KY047 and 2022KY658)Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission(Grant no.2022ZA023).
文摘Gastric cancer(GC)remains a major global health challenge,because of its poor prognosis and limited treatment options in advanced stages1,2.Recent advancements in immunotherapy,highlighted by the findings of the CHECKMATE-649,ORIENT-16,and KEYNOTE-859 trials,have markedly transformed the treatment paradigm for advanced gastric cancer(AGC)3-5.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China(Grant No.82102584).
文摘While bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing have shed light on cellular heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms in the musculoskeletal system in both physiological and various pathological states,the spatial localization of cells and molecules and intercellular interactions within the tissue context require further elucidation.Spatial transcriptomics has revolutionized biological research by simultaneously capturing gene expression profiles and in situ spatial information of tissues,gradually finding applications in musculoskeletal research.This review provides a summary of recent advances in spatial transcriptomics and its application to the musculoskeletal system.The classification and characteristics of data acquisition techniques in spatial transcriptomics are briefly outlined,with an emphasis on widely-adopted representative technologies and the latest technological breakthroughs,accompanied by a concise workflow for incorporating spatial transcriptomics into musculoskeletal system research.The role of spatial transcriptomics in revealing physiological mechanisms of the musculoskeletal system,particularly during developmental processes,is thoroughly summarized.Furthermore,recent discoveries and achievements of this emerging omics tool in addressing inflammatory,traumatic,degenerative,and tumorous diseases of the musculoskeletal system are compiled.Finally,challenges and potential future directions for spatial transcriptomics,both as a field and in its applications in the musculoskeletal system,are discussed.
