To illuminate the regulating effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA ) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexin 43 (Cx43) ge ne expression in glioma cells, which is tissue and organ specific. ...To illuminate the regulating effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA ) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexin 43 (Cx43) ge ne expression in glioma cells, which is tissue and organ specific. Method. Rat C6 glioma cells were exposed to ATRA at a concentration of 1, 10, 10 0 μmol/L respectively, and the GJIC function of the cells was examined with scr ape loading dye transfer assay 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after ATRA treat ment. The effect of ATRA on Cx43 gene expression was measured with semiquantitat ive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) 24 hours after ATR A exposure. Results. The GJIC function of C6 glioma cells was significantly increased by ATR A at each concentration applied. The dye passed 4 to 5 rows of cells from the sc raping edge in ATRA treated cells, but only 1 or 2 rows in the control. The augm ent effect was observed 24 hours after each concentration ATRA treatment, and la sted till 72 hours after treatment with 1μmol/L and 10μmol/L ATRA. Forty eigh t hours after exposed to 100μmol/L ATRA, the enhancement of GJIC was less obvi ous. There was no significant increase induced by ATRA on the transcription of C x43 gene, as demonstrated by semiquantitative RT PCR. Conclusion. ATRA turned out to be a potent enhancer on GJIC function in C6 gliom a cells, and the enhancement effect was most probable at post transcriptional l evel.展开更多
Objective To understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids （TFA） in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids. Methods The TFA contents data of 2613 food ...Objective To understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids （TFA） in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids. Methods The TFA contents data of 2613 food items and food consumption data of 10,533 people aged 3 years and above in two large cities in China were matched and a simple assessment method was used to estimate the distribution of dietary TFA intake. Results The mean content of TFA was highest in margarine （1.68±0.83 g/100g）, followed by chocolate and candy （0.89±2.68 g/100g）, edible vegetable oils （0.86±0.82 g/100g）, milk （0.83±1.56 g/100g）, and bakery foods （0.41±0.91 g/100g）. TFA intake accounted for 0.34%, 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.29% of the total energy intake in the 3-6, 7-12, 13-17, and 〉18 year age groups, respectively. Of the populations studied, 0.42% demonstrated TFA intakes （as percentage of energy intake） greater than 1%. The main sources of dietary TFA intake were edible vegetable oils, milk, mutton, and beef, and baked foods, which accounted for 49.8%, 16.56%, 12.21%, and 8.87%, respectively. Conclusion The current intake of TFA among concern regarding the threshold of TFA intake people in two cities did not appear to be of major health as the percentage of total energy recommended by the World Health Organization. Because most TFA were derived from industrially processed foods, the government should reinforce nutrition labeling and regulate food producers to further reduce TFA in food and to provide scientific instruction for consumers to make sound choices.展开更多
Linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acids (ALA) are considered essential fatty acids (EFA) because they are not produced by the human body. This way, EFAs sources must come from the diet. The primary dietary source of n-3 ...Linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acids (ALA) are considered essential fatty acids (EFA) because they are not produced by the human body. This way, EFAs sources must come from the diet. The primary dietary source of n-3 fatty acids is ALA, found in seeds and seed oils. Other important sources are fish oils such as tuna, salmon and herring. Currently, numerous studies suggest possible benefits of essential fatty acids in human health, such as in cardiovascular, cognitive and eye health, and also during pregnancy and childhood. This paper also discusses the impact of fatty acids in human metabolism, and the available evidence regarding its risks. It addresses the relevant debate regarding a general ban of trans fatty acids (TFA) from the world food market, because of the cardiovascular risks associated with its consumption.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a major cause of chronic hepatitis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)worldwide.Among the structural proteins of HCV,the HCV core protein has the ability to regulate gene transcr...Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a major cause of chronic hepatitis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)worldwide.Among the structural proteins of HCV,the HCV core protein has the ability to regulate gene transcription,lipid metabolism,cell proliferation,apoptosis,and autophagy,all of which are closely related to the development of HCC.Transgenic mice carrying the HCV core gene exhibited age-dependent insulin resistance,hepatic steatosis,and HCC that resembled the clinical characteristics of chronic hepatitis C patients.Several dietary modifications,including calorie restriction and diets rich in saturated fatty acids,trans fatty acids,or cholesterol,were found to influence hepatic steatogenesis and tumorigenesis in HCV core gene transgenic mice.These strategies modulated hepatocellular stress and proliferation,in addition to hepatic fibrotic processes and the microenvironment,thereby corroborating a close interconnection between dietary habits and steatosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis.In this review,we summarize the findings obtained from mouse models transgenic for the HCV genome,with a special focus on HCV core gene transgenic mice,and discuss the mechanisms of steatogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis induced by the HCV core protein and the impact of dietary habits on steatosis-derived HCC development.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To study whether siRNA targeting against the Bcl-2 gene can enhance sensitivity of HL-60 cells to all trans retinoic acid(ATRA). METHODS siRNA,which is a leading sequence selected by previous experiments,was...OBJECTIVE To study whether siRNA targeting against the Bcl-2 gene can enhance sensitivity of HL-60 cells to all trans retinoic acid(ATRA). METHODS siRNA,which is a leading sequence selected by previous experiments,was transferred into HL-60 cells.At 6 h after transfection,the cells were cultured with ATRA.The cell growth of the HL-60 cells was measured by the MTT assay at 24, 48,72 h.The level of the Bcl-2 protein and ROS(reactive oxygen species)as well as membrane potential of the mitochondria were determined by flowcytometry. RESULTS siRNA significantly increased the inhibitory effect of ATRA on growth of the HL-60 cells.The combination of siRNA with ATRA resulted in a decrease in the Bcl-2 protein level and an increase in the ROS level as well as significantly lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential of the HL-60 cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Effective siRNA targeting of Bcl-2 increases the sensitivity of HL-60 leukemic cells to ATRA by inhibiting the expression of the Bcl-2 protein.展开更多
Adverse health consequences are associated with consumption of so-called trans fatty acids （FAs） generated during chemical hydrogenation processes. Naturally-occurring trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid （TVA...Adverse health consequences are associated with consumption of so-called trans fatty acids （FAs） generated during chemical hydrogenation processes. Naturally-occurring trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid （TVA） derived from a conjugated isomer of linoleic acid （18：2 cis-9, trans-11）, （CLA） in contrast, are recognized as having potentially beneficial effects on human health. These natural trans FAs are found in fat from dairy products and meat of ruminants, and have distinct effects compared with trans FAs industrially produced. The lipid composition of cheeses depends on the milk used. In this work was determined CLA and TVA content in milk fat of sheep and cow to be 1.4% and 3.2%, respectively, and from goat, 0.7% and 1.8%. Also, differences in CLA and TVA content were found in fat extracted from samples of the same cheese type made from cow＇s milk from the same company but with different production dates during a year. The levels of CLA and TVA found in Uruguayan cheeses were generally higher than levels reported in previous studies with comparable cheeses produced in other countries. Milk fat is well-known to confer specific properties to foods. This in turn will affect the rheology and sensory attributes as food. For this reason, it is of interest to determine the triglyceride （TAG） composition in milk-derived foods. Results show that there are characteristic differences in the TAG composition of the different cheeses. We found minimal differences between cheeses from goat and sheep but found distinct characteristics for TAGs from cow milk-derived cheese.展开更多
BACKGROUND TreXTAM®is a combination of the key regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta(TGFβ)and all trans retinoic acid(ATRA)microencapsulated for oral delivery to immune structures of the gut.It is ...BACKGROUND TreXTAM®is a combination of the key regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta(TGFβ)and all trans retinoic acid(ATRA)microencapsulated for oral delivery to immune structures of the gut.It is in development as a novel treatment for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).AIM To measure TGFβlevels in blood and tissue after oral administration of encapsulated TGFβ.METHODS Animals were orally administered encapsulated TGFβby gavage.Levels of drug substance in blood and in gut tissues at various times after administration were measured by ELISA.RESULTS We made the surprising discovery that oral administration of TreXTAM dramatically(approximately 50%)and significantly(P=0.025)reduced TGFβlevels in colon,but not small intestine or mesenteric lymph nodes.Similarly,levels in rat serum after 25 d of thrice weekly dosing with either TreXTAM,or microencapsulated TGFβalone(denoted as TPX6001)were significantly(P<0.01)reduced from baseline levels.When tested in the SCID mouse CD4+CD25-adoptive cell transfer(ACT)model of IBD,oral TPX6001 alone provided only a transient benefit in terms of reduced weight loss.CONCLUSION These observations suggest a negative feedback mechanism in the gut whereby local delivery of TGFβresults in reduced local and systemic levels of the active form of TGFβ.Our findings suggest potential clinical implications for use of encapsulated TGFβ,perhaps in the context of IBD and/or other instances of fibrosis and/or pathological TGFβsignaling.展开更多
Flaxseed oil,a key source of plant-based ω-3α-linolenic acid,is susceptible to oxidation and hazardous substance formation during refining and storage.This study evaluated the effects of refining stages(crude,degumm...Flaxseed oil,a key source of plant-based ω-3α-linolenic acid,is susceptible to oxidation and hazardous substance formation during refining and storage.This study evaluated the effects of refining stages(crude,degumming,complete refining)on aldehydes,trans fatty acids,and oxidative stability in flaxseed oil.The results indicate that heat-pressed oil has dark color with high a*and b*values,but exhibits the relatively highest oxidative stability during the oxidation process.However,compared to cold-pressing,heat-pressing promotes the generation of three additional aldehydes,butenal,nonanal,and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal.Degumming optimizes the color of crude oil while maintaining α-linolenic acid.In contrast,complete refining(degumming,deacidification,bleaching,and deodorization)caused the loss of substantial carotenoids and polyphenols,and α-linolenic acid decreased by 3.48%–4.47%,as well as a large amount of production of trans fatty acids.In addition,complete refining not only leads to the formation of newborn acrolein and trans-2-nominal but also results in a significant increase in most aldehydes concentration.This study provides a reference for the processing of flaxseed oil when considering the formation of hazardous substances induced by the oxidation and isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids.展开更多
Emerging evidence suggests that dietary fats may influence testicular function. However, most of the published literature on this field has used semen quality parameters as the only proxy for testicular function. We e...Emerging evidence suggests that dietary fats may influence testicular function. However, most of the published literature on this field has used semen quality parameters as the only proxy for testicular function. We examined the association of fat intake with circulating reproductive hormone levels and testicular volume among healthy young Spanish men. This is a cross-sectional study among 209 healthy male volunteers conducted between October 2010 and November 2011 in Murcia Region of Spain. Participants completed questionnaires on lifestyle, diet, and smoking, and each underwent a physical examination, and provided a blood sample. Linear regression was used to examine the association between each fatty acid type and reproductive hormone levels and testicular volumes. Monounsaturated fatty acids intake was inversely associated with serum blood levels of calculated free testosterone, total testosterone, and inhibin B. A positive association was observed between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and luteinizing hormone concentrations. In addition, the intake of trans fatty acids was associated with lower total testosterone and calculated free testosterone concentrations （Ptrend = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively）. The intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was positively related to testicular volume while the intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids was inversely related to testicular volume. These data suggest that fat intake, and particularly intake of omega 3, omega 6, and trans fatty acids, may influence testicular function.展开更多
Arsenic trioxide(ATO) combined with all trans retinoic acid(ATRA) is the first choice for the treatment of low and medium risk acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL). Clinical studies reported that the combination of ATO a...Arsenic trioxide(ATO) combined with all trans retinoic acid(ATRA) is the first choice for the treatment of low and medium risk acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL). Clinical studies reported that the combination of ATO and ATRA could achieve a significant curative effect. However, the retinoic acid syndrome, serious drug resistance and the short half-life in vivo which lead to frequent and large dose administration limit the application of ATRA. In addition, the preparations of arsenic are conventional injections and tablets in clinic, which has poor patients’ compliance caused by frequent long-term administration and serious side effects. In order to overcome the above limitations, a phospholipid phase separation gel(PPSG) loaded with ATO and ATRA was developed. ATO + ATRA-PPSG(AAP), as a biodegradable sustained-release delivery system, was the first achievement of co-delivery of hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA with high drug loading which is the main problem in the application of nano preparation. The prepared PPSG displayed high safety and biocompatibility. The drug in PPSG was released slowly and continuously in vivo and in vitro for up to 10 d, which could reduce the side effects caused by the fluctuation of blood drug concentration and solve the problem of the long treatment cycle and frequent administration. In vivo pharmacokinetics depicted that PPSG could improve the bioavailability, decrease the peak concentration, and prolong the t 1/2 of ATO and ATRA. Particularly, AAP significantly inhibited the tumor volume, extended the survival period of tumor-bearing mice, and promoted the differentiation of APL cells into normal cells. Therefore, ATO + ATRA-PPSG not only could co-load hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA according to the clinical dosage, but also possessed the sustained-release and long-acting treatment effect which was expected to reduce administration time and ameliorate compliance of patients. Thus, it had great potential for clinical transformation and application.展开更多
The cervical carcinoma cell line, ME180 cells were treated with tanshinone (Tan) or retinoic acid (RA) in DMSO (final concentration 0.02%, V/V) on 4 successive days. The cells treated with the same concentration of DM...The cervical carcinoma cell line, ME180 cells were treated with tanshinone (Tan) or retinoic acid (RA) in DMSO (final concentration 0.02%, V/V) on 4 successive days. The cells treated with the same concentration of DMSO alone served as control. Morphological studies with light and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells treated with both Tan and RA became welldifferentiated. The cellular growth and proliferation were suppressed (as revealed by cell counting. [3H]-thymidine uptake and colony-forming assay). The number of nuclear organizer regions(AgNORs) in cells reduced and the distribution type returned nearly to normal type. The tumorigenicity in nude mice was reduced. The cell RNA dot hybridization showed that the expression of c-myc and c-Ha-ras mRNA was inhibited markedly. All above results showed that Tan and RA could reverse some malignant Phenotype and possessed differentiation inducing activity on ME180 cell line. No significant difference was observed between the cells treated with Tan and RA.展开更多
Synthesis and structure of the complex NH 4[Yb(Cydta) (H 2O) 2]·5H 2O(Cydta=trans 1,2 cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid) were reported. The crystal and molecular structures of the title complex were determ...Synthesis and structure of the complex NH 4[Yb(Cydta) (H 2O) 2]·5H 2O(Cydta=trans 1,2 cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid) were reported. The crystal and molecular structures of the title complex were determined by single crystal X ray structure analysis. The crystal of the complex NH 4[Yb Ⅲ(Cydta)(H 2O) 2]·5H 2O belongs to triclinic crystal system and P (1) space group. The crystal data are as follows: a =0.8584(4) nm, b =1.0040(4) nm, c =1.4418(6) nm, V =1.2025(9) nm 3, Z =2, M =659.49, D c=1.821 g·cm -3 , μ =3.963 mm -1 and F (000)=662. The final R and R w values for 4093 ( I >2 θ(I )) unique reflections are 0.0454 and 0.0927, and the R and R w values for 4877 (all data) are 0.0624 and 0.0985, respectively. The complex anion [Yb(Cydta)(H 2O) 2] - has a pseudo square antiprismatic eight coordinate structure in which the six coordinate atoms, two N and four O, are from a Cydta ligand and two water molecules coordinate to Yb(Ⅲ) ion directly as the another two ligands.展开更多
Objective To investigate the mechanism of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the regulation of the cell cycle in gastric cancer cells. Methods The protein level was detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation was u...Objective To investigate the mechanism of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the regulation of the cell cycle in gastric cancer cells. Methods The protein level was detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation was used in protein kinase activity determination. Cell growth and cell cycle phase were examined by MTT assay and flow-cytometric analysis, respectively.Results ATRA could effectively induce G0/G1 arrest and inhibit cell growth in certain human gastric cancer cell lines. ATRA might induce p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in ATRA-sensitive cell lines through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 caused decrease in CDK4 and CDK2 activities independent of CDK4 and CDK2 protein expression levels. In addition, the dephosphorylated form of Rb protein increased because of the down-regulation of CDK4 and CDK2 activities by ATRA. Conclusions Growth inhibition on gastric cancer cells by ATRA occurs through the regulation of relevant proteins leading to the arrest of cell cycle progression.展开更多
To determine the mechanism of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on growth inhibition in human gastric cancer cells Methods Gastric cancer cell lines: MGC80 3, BGC 823, SGC 7901 and MKN 45 CAT assay, Northern blo...To determine the mechanism of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on growth inhibition in human gastric cancer cells Methods Gastric cancer cell lines: MGC80 3, BGC 823, SGC 7901 and MKN 45 CAT assay, Northern blot, Western blot, gene transfection and MTT assay Results ATRA can inhibit the activator protein 1 (AP 1) activity in ATRA sensitive cell lines, but not in ATRA resistant cell line, and the anti AP 1 activity of ATRA is mediated by its receptor, retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) ATRA can also inhibit the expression of cJun and cFos One of the mechanisms for ATRA to inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cells may be through its inhibitory effect on the AP 1 activity and its influence on up regulation of RARα expression The inhibition of cJun and cFos expressions by ATRA may also contribute to the anti AP 1 activity Conclusions ATRA inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells through the regulation of AP 1 activity This action is mediated by RARα展开更多
Objective To investigate the effects of oral administration of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on inhibition of intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty in the rabbit iliac artery atherosclerotic model. Methods ...Objective To investigate the effects of oral administration of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on inhibition of intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty in the rabbit iliac artery atherosclerotic model. Methods Iliac atherosclerosis was induced in 24 rabbits, and balloon angioplasty was performed. At angioplasty, 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Group 1: controls not receiving oral ATRA administration; Group 2: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning 1 week prior to angioplasty and continuing for 4 weeks; Group 3: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning immediately after angioplasty and continuing for 4 wk; Group 4: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning 1 wk after angioplasty and continuing for 4 wk. Values of cross sectional area, ratio of intimal/medial area and thickness were determined by a computer based morphometric system, and cell proliferative activity was assessed by 3 H thymidine incorporation.Results Both the cross sectional area and the ratio of intimal/medial area and thickness were significantly reduced by ATRA administration compared with control group (P<0.01). The inhibitory effect is less potent when ATRA is administered 1 week before angioplasty. The ATRA inhibitory effect when administered 1 week after angioplasty is not different significantly form that when administered immediately after angioplasty. The 3H thymidine incorporation was also decreased in ATRA treated rabbits compared with controls (P<0.01). Conclusions Oral ATRA administration can be effective in inhibiting intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty. It is reasonable that ATRA should be administered immediately after angioplasty.展开更多
Objective To study the effect of all trans retinoic acid on growth of xenograft tumor and its metastasis in nude mice Methods Human gastric cancer BGC 823 and MKN 45 cells were inoculated into spleen subcap...Objective To study the effect of all trans retinoic acid on growth of xenograft tumor and its metastasis in nude mice Methods Human gastric cancer BGC 823 and MKN 45 cells were inoculated into spleen subcapsule of nude mice, respectively The nude mice were subsequently administered with all trans retinoic acid every other day Food consuming and body weight of nude mice were measured weekly Six weeks later, the nude mice were killed Xenograft tumors in spleen and metastatic tumors in liver were pathologically examined Microvessel density in the tumors was detected immunohistochemically, and serum carcinoembryonic antigen was measured by radioimmunoassay Results After the nude mice were fed with all trans retinoic acid, the growth of splenic tumor and its liver metastasis were inhibited and the metastatic rates decreased by 50% (BGC 823) and 33 3% (MKN 45), respectively The microvessel density in splenic and hepatic tumors reduced by 28 58% and 35 47% (BGC 823), 19 45% and 14 52% (MKN 45), respectively The concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen decreased by 50 24% (BGC 823) and 48 10% (MKN 45) Conclusion All trans retinoic acid may effectively inhibit the growth of xenograft tumor in spleen and its metastasis to liver in nude mice, which can be corroborated by the decrease of carcinoembryonic antigen and microvessel density展开更多
Objective To study in vivo effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) on the expression of tissue factor (TF) and the hemostatic disorders, a series of parameters were measured in bone...Objective To study in vivo effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) on the expression of tissue factor (TF) and the hemostatic disorders, a series of parameters were measured in bone marrow blasts and plasma from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients Methods The plasma variables were measured by ELISA or chromogenic study The TF transcription was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT PCR) Results The blast cell procoagulant activity (PCA), TF antigen of APL cell lysates, as well as the transcription of APL TF mRNA elevated at diagnosis, were reduced after ATRA or As 2O 3 therapy The plasma level of platelet α granular membrane protein 140, soluble fibrinomonomer complex, thrombomo^dulin, tissue plasminogen activator and D dimer significantly increased, fibrinogen, antigen level of protein C, plasminogen, α2 plasminogen inhibitor and plasminogen activator inhibitor decreased at diagnosis, were restored to normal after complete remission but protein C activity and protein S remained elevated in ATRA group Conclusions There existed activation of platelets and consumption of anticoagulants as well as activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic system before treatment Both ATRA and As 2O 3 therapy down regulated the expression of TF mRNA, decreased the PCA and TF level in APL cells, inhibited coagulation activation, secondary hyperfibrinolysis and recorrected other hemostatic abnormalities, thus greatly improved the bleeding symptom in early stage of the treatment展开更多
The Realgar-Indigo Naturalis formula(RIF)is a proprietary Chinese medicine,which is one of the important drugs in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).However,the dose of RIF in clinical applic...The Realgar-Indigo Naturalis formula(RIF)is a proprietary Chinese medicine,which is one of the important drugs in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).However,the dose of RIF in clinical application is not uniform and the long-term effectiveness and safety of combining RIF with all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)in a larger population of pediatric APL patients remains undocumented.We conducted a multicenter single-arm clinical trial(ChiCTR-OIC-16010014)in China.Individuals newly diagnosed with APL were treated with CCCG-APL-2017 protocol which is based on RIF and ATRA in consolidation.The event-free survival(EFS)and overall survival(OS)outcomes were evaluated.We recruited 200 patients diagnosed with APL.The six-year OS rate was 100%in the low-risk(LR)group and 97.6%in the high-risk(HR)group.The six-year EFS rate was 98.3%in the LR group and 97.6%in the HR group.Plasma levels of arsenic remained stable after the administration of RIF at a dosage of 60 mg/kg/d for seven days and returned to baseline levels within fourteen days after discontinuation of RIF administration,which is consistent with a concentration of 135 mg/d/kg.Furthermore,controlling white blood cells(WBC)to maintain levels at or below 30×10^(9)/L during induction therapy can decrease the incidence of induced differentiation syndrome(DS)or alleviate its symptoms.Our study demonstrated that the CCCG-APL-2017 protocol,which combines RIF with ATRA,is both effective and safe in treating children with APL.展开更多
Objectives:Thermal processes,such as refining and frying,result in the formation of trans fatty acids(TFAs)in edible oils or fats.Concerning the detrimental effect of TFAs on human health,milk fat samples of cow,buffa...Objectives:Thermal processes,such as refining and frying,result in the formation of trans fatty acids(TFAs)in edible oils or fats.Concerning the detrimental effect of TFAs on human health,milk fat samples of cow,buffalo,and goat are collected in order to elucidate TFAs accumulation during thermal processing.Methods:The increased amount of TFAs due to heating is analyzed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy in conjunction with second-derivative treatment and gas chromatographic(GC)analysis.Results:The total amount of TFAs has been increased from 7.71 to 8.25 per cent for cow milk fat,7.12 to 7.82 per cent for buffalo milk fat,and from 6.82 to 7.61 per cent for goat milk fat on heating the samples to 125°C-175°C as predicted by GC.Conclusions:Local food products fried in these milk fats are hence very harmful to human health.These results demonstrate that thermally induced TFAs in milk fats are closely related to the process temperature and time,which should be considered to reduce the formation of TFAs during thermal treatment.展开更多
文摘To illuminate the regulating effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA ) on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and connexin 43 (Cx43) ge ne expression in glioma cells, which is tissue and organ specific. Method. Rat C6 glioma cells were exposed to ATRA at a concentration of 1, 10, 10 0 μmol/L respectively, and the GJIC function of the cells was examined with scr ape loading dye transfer assay 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours after ATRA treat ment. The effect of ATRA on Cx43 gene expression was measured with semiquantitat ive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) 24 hours after ATR A exposure. Results. The GJIC function of C6 glioma cells was significantly increased by ATR A at each concentration applied. The dye passed 4 to 5 rows of cells from the sc raping edge in ATRA treated cells, but only 1 or 2 rows in the control. The augm ent effect was observed 24 hours after each concentration ATRA treatment, and la sted till 72 hours after treatment with 1μmol/L and 10μmol/L ATRA. Forty eigh t hours after exposed to 100μmol/L ATRA, the enhancement of GJIC was less obvi ous. There was no significant increase induced by ATRA on the transcription of C x43 gene, as demonstrated by semiquantitative RT PCR. Conclusion. ATRA turned out to be a potent enhancer on GJIC function in C6 gliom a cells, and the enhancement effect was most probable at post transcriptional l evel.
文摘Objective To understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids （TFA） in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids. Methods The TFA contents data of 2613 food items and food consumption data of 10,533 people aged 3 years and above in two large cities in China were matched and a simple assessment method was used to estimate the distribution of dietary TFA intake. Results The mean content of TFA was highest in margarine （1.68±0.83 g/100g）, followed by chocolate and candy （0.89±2.68 g/100g）, edible vegetable oils （0.86±0.82 g/100g）, milk （0.83±1.56 g/100g）, and bakery foods （0.41±0.91 g/100g）. TFA intake accounted for 0.34%, 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.29% of the total energy intake in the 3-6, 7-12, 13-17, and 〉18 year age groups, respectively. Of the populations studied, 0.42% demonstrated TFA intakes （as percentage of energy intake） greater than 1%. The main sources of dietary TFA intake were edible vegetable oils, milk, mutton, and beef, and baked foods, which accounted for 49.8%, 16.56%, 12.21%, and 8.87%, respectively. Conclusion The current intake of TFA among concern regarding the threshold of TFA intake people in two cities did not appear to be of major health as the percentage of total energy recommended by the World Health Organization. Because most TFA were derived from industrially processed foods, the government should reinforce nutrition labeling and regulate food producers to further reduce TFA in food and to provide scientific instruction for consumers to make sound choices.
文摘Linoleic (LA) and α-linolenic acids (ALA) are considered essential fatty acids (EFA) because they are not produced by the human body. This way, EFAs sources must come from the diet. The primary dietary source of n-3 fatty acids is ALA, found in seeds and seed oils. Other important sources are fish oils such as tuna, salmon and herring. Currently, numerous studies suggest possible benefits of essential fatty acids in human health, such as in cardiovascular, cognitive and eye health, and also during pregnancy and childhood. This paper also discusses the impact of fatty acids in human metabolism, and the available evidence regarding its risks. It addresses the relevant debate regarding a general ban of trans fatty acids (TFA) from the world food market, because of the cardiovascular risks associated with its consumption.
基金This review has partially supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)(KAKENHI,16K08616,16K08734,and 19K07383).
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is a major cause of chronic hepatitis,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)worldwide.Among the structural proteins of HCV,the HCV core protein has the ability to regulate gene transcription,lipid metabolism,cell proliferation,apoptosis,and autophagy,all of which are closely related to the development of HCC.Transgenic mice carrying the HCV core gene exhibited age-dependent insulin resistance,hepatic steatosis,and HCC that resembled the clinical characteristics of chronic hepatitis C patients.Several dietary modifications,including calorie restriction and diets rich in saturated fatty acids,trans fatty acids,or cholesterol,were found to influence hepatic steatogenesis and tumorigenesis in HCV core gene transgenic mice.These strategies modulated hepatocellular stress and proliferation,in addition to hepatic fibrotic processes and the microenvironment,thereby corroborating a close interconnection between dietary habits and steatosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis.In this review,we summarize the findings obtained from mouse models transgenic for the HCV genome,with a special focus on HCV core gene transgenic mice,and discuss the mechanisms of steatogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis induced by the HCV core protein and the impact of dietary habits on steatosis-derived HCC development.
基金The work was supported by a grant from the Key Subject Foundation of Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council(No.51205002)
文摘OBJECTIVE To study whether siRNA targeting against the Bcl-2 gene can enhance sensitivity of HL-60 cells to all trans retinoic acid(ATRA). METHODS siRNA,which is a leading sequence selected by previous experiments,was transferred into HL-60 cells.At 6 h after transfection,the cells were cultured with ATRA.The cell growth of the HL-60 cells was measured by the MTT assay at 24, 48,72 h.The level of the Bcl-2 protein and ROS(reactive oxygen species)as well as membrane potential of the mitochondria were determined by flowcytometry. RESULTS siRNA significantly increased the inhibitory effect of ATRA on growth of the HL-60 cells.The combination of siRNA with ATRA resulted in a decrease in the Bcl-2 protein level and an increase in the ROS level as well as significantly lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential of the HL-60 cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Effective siRNA targeting of Bcl-2 increases the sensitivity of HL-60 leukemic cells to ATRA by inhibiting the expression of the Bcl-2 protein.
文摘Adverse health consequences are associated with consumption of so-called trans fatty acids （FAs） generated during chemical hydrogenation processes. Naturally-occurring trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid （TVA） derived from a conjugated isomer of linoleic acid （18：2 cis-9, trans-11）, （CLA） in contrast, are recognized as having potentially beneficial effects on human health. These natural trans FAs are found in fat from dairy products and meat of ruminants, and have distinct effects compared with trans FAs industrially produced. The lipid composition of cheeses depends on the milk used. In this work was determined CLA and TVA content in milk fat of sheep and cow to be 1.4% and 3.2%, respectively, and from goat, 0.7% and 1.8%. Also, differences in CLA and TVA content were found in fat extracted from samples of the same cheese type made from cow＇s milk from the same company but with different production dates during a year. The levels of CLA and TVA found in Uruguayan cheeses were generally higher than levels reported in previous studies with comparable cheeses produced in other countries. Milk fat is well-known to confer specific properties to foods. This in turn will affect the rheology and sensory attributes as food. For this reason, it is of interest to determine the triglyceride （TAG） composition in milk-derived foods. Results show that there are characteristic differences in the TAG composition of the different cheeses. We found minimal differences between cheeses from goat and sheep but found distinct characteristics for TAGs from cow milk-derived cheese.
基金National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award,No.5R44AI080009.
文摘BACKGROUND TreXTAM®is a combination of the key regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta(TGFβ)and all trans retinoic acid(ATRA)microencapsulated for oral delivery to immune structures of the gut.It is in development as a novel treatment for inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).AIM To measure TGFβlevels in blood and tissue after oral administration of encapsulated TGFβ.METHODS Animals were orally administered encapsulated TGFβby gavage.Levels of drug substance in blood and in gut tissues at various times after administration were measured by ELISA.RESULTS We made the surprising discovery that oral administration of TreXTAM dramatically(approximately 50%)and significantly(P=0.025)reduced TGFβlevels in colon,but not small intestine or mesenteric lymph nodes.Similarly,levels in rat serum after 25 d of thrice weekly dosing with either TreXTAM,or microencapsulated TGFβalone(denoted as TPX6001)were significantly(P<0.01)reduced from baseline levels.When tested in the SCID mouse CD4+CD25-adoptive cell transfer(ACT)model of IBD,oral TPX6001 alone provided only a transient benefit in terms of reduced weight loss.CONCLUSION These observations suggest a negative feedback mechanism in the gut whereby local delivery of TGFβresults in reduced local and systemic levels of the active form of TGFβ.Our findings suggest potential clinical implications for use of encapsulated TGFβ,perhaps in the context of IBD and/or other instances of fibrosis and/or pathological TGFβsignaling.
文摘Flaxseed oil,a key source of plant-based ω-3α-linolenic acid,is susceptible to oxidation and hazardous substance formation during refining and storage.This study evaluated the effects of refining stages(crude,degumming,complete refining)on aldehydes,trans fatty acids,and oxidative stability in flaxseed oil.The results indicate that heat-pressed oil has dark color with high a*and b*values,but exhibits the relatively highest oxidative stability during the oxidation process.However,compared to cold-pressing,heat-pressing promotes the generation of three additional aldehydes,butenal,nonanal,and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal.Degumming optimizes the color of crude oil while maintaining α-linolenic acid.In contrast,complete refining(degumming,deacidification,bleaching,and deodorization)caused the loss of substantial carotenoids and polyphenols,and α-linolenic acid decreased by 3.48%–4.47%,as well as a large amount of production of trans fatty acids.In addition,complete refining not only leads to the formation of newborn acrolein and trans-2-nominal but also results in a significant increase in most aldehydes concentration.This study provides a reference for the processing of flaxseed oil when considering the formation of hazardous substances induced by the oxidation and isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
文摘Emerging evidence suggests that dietary fats may influence testicular function. However, most of the published literature on this field has used semen quality parameters as the only proxy for testicular function. We examined the association of fat intake with circulating reproductive hormone levels and testicular volume among healthy young Spanish men. This is a cross-sectional study among 209 healthy male volunteers conducted between October 2010 and November 2011 in Murcia Region of Spain. Participants completed questionnaires on lifestyle, diet, and smoking, and each underwent a physical examination, and provided a blood sample. Linear regression was used to examine the association between each fatty acid type and reproductive hormone levels and testicular volumes. Monounsaturated fatty acids intake was inversely associated with serum blood levels of calculated free testosterone, total testosterone, and inhibin B. A positive association was observed between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and luteinizing hormone concentrations. In addition, the intake of trans fatty acids was associated with lower total testosterone and calculated free testosterone concentrations （Ptrend = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively）. The intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was positively related to testicular volume while the intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids was inversely related to testicular volume. These data suggest that fat intake, and particularly intake of omega 3, omega 6, and trans fatty acids, may influence testicular function.
基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20S11902600)。
文摘Arsenic trioxide(ATO) combined with all trans retinoic acid(ATRA) is the first choice for the treatment of low and medium risk acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL). Clinical studies reported that the combination of ATO and ATRA could achieve a significant curative effect. However, the retinoic acid syndrome, serious drug resistance and the short half-life in vivo which lead to frequent and large dose administration limit the application of ATRA. In addition, the preparations of arsenic are conventional injections and tablets in clinic, which has poor patients’ compliance caused by frequent long-term administration and serious side effects. In order to overcome the above limitations, a phospholipid phase separation gel(PPSG) loaded with ATO and ATRA was developed. ATO + ATRA-PPSG(AAP), as a biodegradable sustained-release delivery system, was the first achievement of co-delivery of hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA with high drug loading which is the main problem in the application of nano preparation. The prepared PPSG displayed high safety and biocompatibility. The drug in PPSG was released slowly and continuously in vivo and in vitro for up to 10 d, which could reduce the side effects caused by the fluctuation of blood drug concentration and solve the problem of the long treatment cycle and frequent administration. In vivo pharmacokinetics depicted that PPSG could improve the bioavailability, decrease the peak concentration, and prolong the t 1/2 of ATO and ATRA. Particularly, AAP significantly inhibited the tumor volume, extended the survival period of tumor-bearing mice, and promoted the differentiation of APL cells into normal cells. Therefore, ATO + ATRA-PPSG not only could co-load hydrophilic ATO and lipophilic ATRA according to the clinical dosage, but also possessed the sustained-release and long-acting treatment effect which was expected to reduce administration time and ameliorate compliance of patients. Thus, it had great potential for clinical transformation and application.
文摘The cervical carcinoma cell line, ME180 cells were treated with tanshinone (Tan) or retinoic acid (RA) in DMSO (final concentration 0.02%, V/V) on 4 successive days. The cells treated with the same concentration of DMSO alone served as control. Morphological studies with light and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cells treated with both Tan and RA became welldifferentiated. The cellular growth and proliferation were suppressed (as revealed by cell counting. [3H]-thymidine uptake and colony-forming assay). The number of nuclear organizer regions(AgNORs) in cells reduced and the distribution type returned nearly to normal type. The tumorigenicity in nude mice was reduced. The cell RNA dot hybridization showed that the expression of c-myc and c-Ha-ras mRNA was inhibited markedly. All above results showed that Tan and RA could reverse some malignant Phenotype and possessed differentiation inducing activity on ME180 cell line. No significant difference was observed between the cells treated with Tan and RA.
文摘Synthesis and structure of the complex NH 4[Yb(Cydta) (H 2O) 2]·5H 2O(Cydta=trans 1,2 cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid) were reported. The crystal and molecular structures of the title complex were determined by single crystal X ray structure analysis. The crystal of the complex NH 4[Yb Ⅲ(Cydta)(H 2O) 2]·5H 2O belongs to triclinic crystal system and P (1) space group. The crystal data are as follows: a =0.8584(4) nm, b =1.0040(4) nm, c =1.4418(6) nm, V =1.2025(9) nm 3, Z =2, M =659.49, D c=1.821 g·cm -3 , μ =3.963 mm -1 and F (000)=662. The final R and R w values for 4093 ( I >2 θ(I )) unique reflections are 0.0454 and 0.0927, and the R and R w values for 4877 (all data) are 0.0624 and 0.0985, respectively. The complex anion [Yb(Cydta)(H 2O) 2] - has a pseudo square antiprismatic eight coordinate structure in which the six coordinate atoms, two N and four O, are from a Cydta ligand and two water molecules coordinate to Yb(Ⅲ) ion directly as the another two ligands.
基金ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalOutstandingYouthScienceFoundationofChina (Btype No 3982 5 5 0 2 )theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No .39880 0 15 )
文摘Objective To investigate the mechanism of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the regulation of the cell cycle in gastric cancer cells. Methods The protein level was detected by Western blot. Immunoprecipitation was used in protein kinase activity determination. Cell growth and cell cycle phase were examined by MTT assay and flow-cytometric analysis, respectively.Results ATRA could effectively induce G0/G1 arrest and inhibit cell growth in certain human gastric cancer cell lines. ATRA might induce p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in ATRA-sensitive cell lines through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 caused decrease in CDK4 and CDK2 activities independent of CDK4 and CDK2 protein expression levels. In addition, the dephosphorylated form of Rb protein increased because of the down-regulation of CDK4 and CDK2 activities by ATRA. Conclusions Growth inhibition on gastric cancer cells by ATRA occurs through the regulation of relevant proteins leading to the arrest of cell cycle progression.
基金ThisstudywassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No 39880 0 1 5 )andtheNationalOutstandingYouthScienceFoun
文摘To determine the mechanism of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on growth inhibition in human gastric cancer cells Methods Gastric cancer cell lines: MGC80 3, BGC 823, SGC 7901 and MKN 45 CAT assay, Northern blot, Western blot, gene transfection and MTT assay Results ATRA can inhibit the activator protein 1 (AP 1) activity in ATRA sensitive cell lines, but not in ATRA resistant cell line, and the anti AP 1 activity of ATRA is mediated by its receptor, retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) ATRA can also inhibit the expression of cJun and cFos One of the mechanisms for ATRA to inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cells may be through its inhibitory effect on the AP 1 activity and its influence on up regulation of RARα expression The inhibition of cJun and cFos expressions by ATRA may also contribute to the anti AP 1 activity Conclusions ATRA inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells through the regulation of AP 1 activity This action is mediated by RARα
文摘Objective To investigate the effects of oral administration of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on inhibition of intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty in the rabbit iliac artery atherosclerotic model. Methods Iliac atherosclerosis was induced in 24 rabbits, and balloon angioplasty was performed. At angioplasty, 24 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Group 1: controls not receiving oral ATRA administration; Group 2: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning 1 week prior to angioplasty and continuing for 4 weeks; Group 3: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning immediately after angioplasty and continuing for 4 wk; Group 4: receiving oral ATRA (0.6 mg·kg 1 ·d 1 ) administration beginning 1 wk after angioplasty and continuing for 4 wk. Values of cross sectional area, ratio of intimal/medial area and thickness were determined by a computer based morphometric system, and cell proliferative activity was assessed by 3 H thymidine incorporation.Results Both the cross sectional area and the ratio of intimal/medial area and thickness were significantly reduced by ATRA administration compared with control group (P<0.01). The inhibitory effect is less potent when ATRA is administered 1 week before angioplasty. The ATRA inhibitory effect when administered 1 week after angioplasty is not different significantly form that when administered immediately after angioplasty. The 3H thymidine incorporation was also decreased in ATRA treated rabbits compared with controls (P<0.01). Conclusions Oral ATRA administration can be effective in inhibiting intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty. It is reasonable that ATRA should be administered immediately after angioplasty.
文摘Objective To study the effect of all trans retinoic acid on growth of xenograft tumor and its metastasis in nude mice Methods Human gastric cancer BGC 823 and MKN 45 cells were inoculated into spleen subcapsule of nude mice, respectively The nude mice were subsequently administered with all trans retinoic acid every other day Food consuming and body weight of nude mice were measured weekly Six weeks later, the nude mice were killed Xenograft tumors in spleen and metastatic tumors in liver were pathologically examined Microvessel density in the tumors was detected immunohistochemically, and serum carcinoembryonic antigen was measured by radioimmunoassay Results After the nude mice were fed with all trans retinoic acid, the growth of splenic tumor and its liver metastasis were inhibited and the metastatic rates decreased by 50% (BGC 823) and 33 3% (MKN 45), respectively The microvessel density in splenic and hepatic tumors reduced by 28 58% and 35 47% (BGC 823), 19 45% and 14 52% (MKN 45), respectively The concentration of carcinoembryonic antigen decreased by 50 24% (BGC 823) and 48 10% (MKN 45) Conclusion All trans retinoic acid may effectively inhibit the growth of xenograft tumor in spleen and its metastasis to liver in nude mice, which can be corroborated by the decrease of carcinoembryonic antigen and microvessel density
文摘Objective To study in vivo effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide (As 2O 3) on the expression of tissue factor (TF) and the hemostatic disorders, a series of parameters were measured in bone marrow blasts and plasma from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients Methods The plasma variables were measured by ELISA or chromogenic study The TF transcription was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT PCR) Results The blast cell procoagulant activity (PCA), TF antigen of APL cell lysates, as well as the transcription of APL TF mRNA elevated at diagnosis, were reduced after ATRA or As 2O 3 therapy The plasma level of platelet α granular membrane protein 140, soluble fibrinomonomer complex, thrombomo^dulin, tissue plasminogen activator and D dimer significantly increased, fibrinogen, antigen level of protein C, plasminogen, α2 plasminogen inhibitor and plasminogen activator inhibitor decreased at diagnosis, were restored to normal after complete remission but protein C activity and protein S remained elevated in ATRA group Conclusions There existed activation of platelets and consumption of anticoagulants as well as activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic system before treatment Both ATRA and As 2O 3 therapy down regulated the expression of TF mRNA, decreased the PCA and TF level in APL cells, inhibited coagulation activation, secondary hyperfibrinolysis and recorrected other hemostatic abnormalities, thus greatly improved the bleeding symptom in early stage of the treatment
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFE0106900)the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-041,2021-I2M-1-001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82270144).
文摘The Realgar-Indigo Naturalis formula(RIF)is a proprietary Chinese medicine,which is one of the important drugs in the treatment of pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL).However,the dose of RIF in clinical application is not uniform and the long-term effectiveness and safety of combining RIF with all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA)in a larger population of pediatric APL patients remains undocumented.We conducted a multicenter single-arm clinical trial(ChiCTR-OIC-16010014)in China.Individuals newly diagnosed with APL were treated with CCCG-APL-2017 protocol which is based on RIF and ATRA in consolidation.The event-free survival(EFS)and overall survival(OS)outcomes were evaluated.We recruited 200 patients diagnosed with APL.The six-year OS rate was 100%in the low-risk(LR)group and 97.6%in the high-risk(HR)group.The six-year EFS rate was 98.3%in the LR group and 97.6%in the HR group.Plasma levels of arsenic remained stable after the administration of RIF at a dosage of 60 mg/kg/d for seven days and returned to baseline levels within fourteen days after discontinuation of RIF administration,which is consistent with a concentration of 135 mg/d/kg.Furthermore,controlling white blood cells(WBC)to maintain levels at or below 30×10^(9)/L during induction therapy can decrease the incidence of induced differentiation syndrome(DS)or alleviate its symptoms.Our study demonstrated that the CCCG-APL-2017 protocol,which combines RIF with ATRA,is both effective and safe in treating children with APL.
文摘Objectives:Thermal processes,such as refining and frying,result in the formation of trans fatty acids(TFAs)in edible oils or fats.Concerning the detrimental effect of TFAs on human health,milk fat samples of cow,buffalo,and goat are collected in order to elucidate TFAs accumulation during thermal processing.Methods:The increased amount of TFAs due to heating is analyzed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR)spectroscopy in conjunction with second-derivative treatment and gas chromatographic(GC)analysis.Results:The total amount of TFAs has been increased from 7.71 to 8.25 per cent for cow milk fat,7.12 to 7.82 per cent for buffalo milk fat,and from 6.82 to 7.61 per cent for goat milk fat on heating the samples to 125°C-175°C as predicted by GC.Conclusions:Local food products fried in these milk fats are hence very harmful to human health.These results demonstrate that thermally induced TFAs in milk fats are closely related to the process temperature and time,which should be considered to reduce the formation of TFAs during thermal treatment.
