Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumula...Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumulator' plants of the genus Astragalus, Xylorrhiza,Oonopsis, and Stanleya. Selenites and selenates from the soil accumulate in these plants primarily as methylated selenium compounds and plants evolve dimethyldiselenide and dimethyselenide.Dietary selenium, primarily as selenomethionine and selenocysteine for humans fulfill the dietary requirement for selenoenzymes and proteins. In humans and animals excessive dietary selenium may be toxic. In vitro, selenium compounds such as selenite, selenium dioxide and diselenides react with thiols, such as glutathione, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. This catalytic reaction of selenium compounds with thiols likely accounts for selenium toxicity to cells ex vivo and in vivo where the major glutathione producing organ,the liver, is also the major target organ of selenium toxicity.Selenium enzymes and selenoethers that do not readily form a selenide (RSe-) anion and compounds such as Ebselen where selenium is sequestered, are not toxic. Methylation of selenium by both plants and animals serves to detoxify selenium by generating methylselenides. Alternatively, full reduction of Se to elemental selenium (Se0) as done by some bacteria and the formation of heavy metal selenides such as Ag2Se or Hg2Se, results in a non-catalytic nontoxic form of selenium.This catalytic prooxidant attribute of some selenium compounds appears to account for its toxicity when such activity exceeds plant and animal methylation reactions and antioxidant defenses. This prooxidant activity may also account for cellular apoptosis and may provide a useful pharmaceutical application for selenium compounds as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents展开更多
The three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-Ho VAIF） is used to characterize the molecular structures of 45 nitroaromatic compounds.Two quantitative structure-toxicity relationship（QSAR...The three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-Ho VAIF） is used to characterize the molecular structures of 45 nitroaromatic compounds.Two quantitative structure-toxicity relationship（QSAR） models are built up by stepwise regression（SMR）,multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least-squares regression（PLS）.The correlation coefficients（R） of the models are 0.960 and 0.961,respectively.Then the models are evaluated by performing the cross-validation with the leave-one-out（LOO） procedure and the correlation coefficients（RCV） are 0.949 and 0.941,respectively.The results show that the descriptors can successfully describe the structures of organic compounds.The stability and predictability of the model are satisfactory.展开更多
A new method for generating reactive species to destroy toxic organic chemicals has been developed. This method reacts yellow phosphorus with O_2, in moist air to produce species such as O,O_3, PO, and PO_2, which are...A new method for generating reactive species to destroy toxic organic chemicals has been developed. This method reacts yellow phosphorus with O_2, in moist air to produce species such as O,O_3, PO, and PO_2, which are capable of reacting with various types of organics. Toxic organic com-pounds are converted to small molecular wight organic acids, aldehydes, and/or alcohols, while yel-low phosphonis is oxidital into phosphoric acid, which may be recovered as a valuable byproduct.This technique has ben demonstrated to be effective for destroying many types of toxic organiccompounds. including PAH, aromatic chlorides, amines, alcohols, and acids, nitro-aromatics,heterocyclic hydrocarbons, PCB, aliphatic chlorides and sulfides, dyes, and pesticides.展开更多
Addressing the problems related to the widespread presence of an increasing number of chemicals released into the environment by human activities represents one of the most important challenges of this century. In the...Addressing the problems related to the widespread presence of an increasing number of chemicals released into the environment by human activities represents one of the most important challenges of this century. In the last few years, to replace the high cost, in terms of time and money, of conventional technologies, the scientific community has directed considerable research towards the development both of new detection systems for the measurement of the contamination levels of chemicals in people's body fluids and tissue, as well as in the environment, and of new remediation strategies for the removal of such chemicals from the environment, as a means of the prevention of human diseases. New emerging biosensors for the analysis of environmental chemicals have been proposed, including VHH antibodies, that combine the antibody performance with the affinity for small molecules, genetically engineered microorganisms, aptamers and new highly stable enzymes. However, the advances in the field of chemicals monitoring are still far from producing a continuous realtime and on-line system for their detection. Better results have been obtained in the development of strategies which use organisms(microorganisms, plants and animals) or metabolic pathway-based approaches(single enzymes or more complex enzymatic solutions) for the fixation, degradation and detoxification of chemicals in the environment. Systems for enzymatic detoxification and degradation of toxic agents in wastewater from chemical and manufacturing industries, such as ligninolytic enzymes for the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry, have been proposed. Considering the high value of these research studies, in terms of the protection of human health and of the ecosystem, science must play a major role in guiding policy changes in this field.展开更多
Various single-ring aromatic compounds in water sources are of great concern due to its hazardous impact on the environment and human health.The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEMs)spectrophotometry is a usef...Various single-ring aromatic compounds in water sources are of great concern due to its hazardous impact on the environment and human health.The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEMs)spectrophotometry is a useftil method to identify organic pollutants in water.This study provides a detailed insight into the fluorescence properties of the 14 selected toxic single-ring aromatic compounds by experimental and theoretical analysis.The theoretical analysis were done with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory(TD-DFT)and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)basis set,whereas,Polarizable Continuum Model(PCM)was used to consider water as solvent.The selected compounds displayed their own specific excitation-emission(Ex/Em)wavelengths region,at Ex<280 nm and Em<340 nm,respectively.Whereas the theoretical Ex/Em was observed as.Ex at 240 nm-260 nm and Em at 255 nm-300 nm.Aniline as a strong aromatic base has longer Em(340 nm)than alkyl,carbonyl,and halogens substituted benzenes.The lone pair of electrons at amide substituent serves as a 7r-electron contributor into the aromatic ring,hence increasing the stability and transition energy,which results in longer emission and low quantum yield for the aniline.The fluorescence of halogenated benzenes illustrates an increase in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and a decrease in quantum yield associated with atomic size(F>Cl>Br>I).In this study the theoretical results are in line with experimental ones.The understanding of fluorescence and photophysical properties are of great importance in the identification of these compounds in the water.展开更多
In the field of water decontamination,the design of a new catalyst for sensitive detection and effective removal of toxic phenolic compounds are important and challenging.Herein,a new bifunctional Cu(Ⅰ)-naphthalene-a...In the field of water decontamination,the design of a new catalyst for sensitive detection and effective removal of toxic phenolic compounds are important and challenging.Herein,a new bifunctional Cu(Ⅰ)-naphthalene-amide-complex-modified catalyst,[Cu_(4)^(Ⅰ)(L)_(4)(SiW_(12)O_(40))(H_(2)O)_(4)](1,L=N,N’-bis(3-methylpyridin-yl)naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxamide),was obtained by incorporating[SiW_(12)O_(40)]^(4-)clusters into the Cu-L 3D supramolecular framework.1 can be used as a peroxidase-like enzyme to detect seven kinds of phenolic compounds(phenol,4-chlorophenol,o-cresol,p-cresol,4-nitrophenol,resorcinol and phloroglucinol),which has an“nM”level LOD,satisfactory selectivity,stability,and applicability in various water environments.Using 1 as the photocatalyst,the effects of different irradiation light sources(UV light,visible light,NIR light,full spectrum light,and sunlight)on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol were studied.Taking visible light as representative irradiation,the photocatalytic performance toward the above seven phenolic compounds was also investigated.The removal efficiencies by photocatalytic degradation of the above phenolic derivatives within a relatively short time are satisfactory.By photocurrent response experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,the corresponding relationships between the types of irradiation light sources and the degradation effect of catalysts on phenol under different excitation light sources were studied.The photocatalytic mechanisms were also investigated using radical trapping experiments,VB-XPS and Mott–Schottky plots in detail.展开更多
Microbial dehalogenation,central to bioremediation,frequently falls short of achieving complete detoxification,often yielding mobile and toxic intermediate compounds—a critical oversight we term as the“detoxificatio...Microbial dehalogenation,central to bioremediation,frequently falls short of achieving complete detoxification,often yielding mobile and toxic intermediate compounds—a critical oversight we term as the“detoxification paradox”.This commentary analyzes the mechanistic basis of this paradox and questions the conventional reliance on pollutant removal alone as a performance metric.We advocate for a paradigm shift toward active biological design,outlining a novel,multi-level engineering framework spanning molecular,cellular,and system scales to steer microbial processes toward genuine detoxification and ensure safer environmental remediation.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Industrial emissions,agricultural runoff,and waste discharge have introduced numerous hazardous pollutants into ecosystems,including volatile organic compounds(VOCs),toxic gases(e.g.,SO2,NOx,and O3),heavy m...CONSPECTUS:Industrial emissions,agricultural runoff,and waste discharge have introduced numerous hazardous pollutants into ecosystems,including volatile organic compounds(VOCs),toxic gases(e.g.,SO2,NOx,and O3),heavy metal ions,and organic contaminants(e.g.,dyes,antibiotics).These pollutants pose significant risks to environmental sustainability and human health,contributing to respiratory illnesses,waterborne diseases,and environmental harm.To address these challenges,there is an urgent need for advanced materials that can efficiently and selectively capture and degrade pollutants.Metal−organic frameworks(MOFs),with their modular nature,precise architectures,and tunable functionalities,have attracted considerable attention for environmental remediation.Their structural diversity enables the incorporation of active sites such as open metal sites,functionalized ligands,and hierarchical pores,facilitating targeted interactions with a broad range of pollutants.Despite these advantages,the practical application of MOFs remains limited by their chemical instability under harsh environmental conditions(e.g.,extreme pH,oxidative or reductive atmospheres).Most MOFs are prone to degrade via ligand displacement or framework collapse,posing a significant barrier to their use in environmental remediation.This Account provides a comprehensive overview of our recent advances in the rational design and synthesis of chemically robust MOFs for the efficient capture,degradation,and detection of air and water pollution.First,we outline a combined strategy that integrates thermodynamic stabilization through strong metal−ligand coordination and kinetic enhancement via framework interpenetration and high connectivity,ensuring structural integrity under environmental conditions.Crystal engineering enables the incorporation of versatile binding sites,such as open metal sites and low-coordination nodes,while ligand design enhances electronic properties and luminescence response for selective detection.Additionally,precise control of the pore microenvironment improves molecular transport and pollutant binding efficiency.These synergistic approaches have been successfully demonstrated across a wide range of applications,including VOC adsorption and photocatalytic degradation,the removal of reactive,toxic gases(e.g.,O3,SO2,NH3),and the detection and remediation of organic contaminants,heavy metal ions,and radioactive species in water.Finally,we also discuss ongoing challenges and future directions essential for the practical application of stable MOFs in environmental remediation.This work aims to provide design principles and valuable insights that will advance the development of next-generation MOFs as sustainable platforms for comprehensive environmental pollution control.展开更多
In modern agriculture,frequent application of herbicides may induce the evolution of resistance in plants,but the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance remain largely unexplored.Here,we report the char-acterizati...In modern agriculture,frequent application of herbicides may induce the evolution of resistance in plants,but the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance remain largely unexplored.Here,we report the char-acterization of rtp 1(resistant to paraquat 1),an Arabidopsis mutant showing strong resistance to the widely used herbicides paraquat and diquat.The rtp1 mutant is semi-dominant and carries a point mutation in the gene encoding the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family protein DTX6,leading to the change of glycine to glutamic acid at residue 311(G311E).The wild-type DTX6 with glycine 311 conferred weak para-quat and diquat resistance when overexpressed,while mutation of glycine 311 to a negatively charged amino acid(G311E or G311D)markedly increased the paraquat and diquat resistance of plants,whereas mutation to a positively charged amino acid(G311R or G311K)compromised the resistance,suggesting that the charge property of residue 311 of DTX6 is critical for the paraquat and diquat resistance of Arabi-dopsis plants.DTX6 is localized in the endomembrane trafficking system and may undergo the endosomal sorting to localize to the vacuole and plasma membrane.Treatment with the V-ATPase inhibitor ConA reduced the paraquat resistance of the rtp1 mutant.Paraquat release and uptake assays demonstrated that DTX6 is involved in both exocytosis and vacuolar sequestration of paraquat.DTX6 and DTX5 show functional redundancy as the dtx5 dtx6 double mutant but not the dtx6 single mutant plants were more sen-sitive to paraquat and diquat than the wild-type plants.Collectively,our work reveals a potential mecha-nism for the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and provides a promising gene for the manipulation of plant herbicide resistance.展开更多
文摘Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumulator' plants of the genus Astragalus, Xylorrhiza,Oonopsis, and Stanleya. Selenites and selenates from the soil accumulate in these plants primarily as methylated selenium compounds and plants evolve dimethyldiselenide and dimethyselenide.Dietary selenium, primarily as selenomethionine and selenocysteine for humans fulfill the dietary requirement for selenoenzymes and proteins. In humans and animals excessive dietary selenium may be toxic. In vitro, selenium compounds such as selenite, selenium dioxide and diselenides react with thiols, such as glutathione, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. This catalytic reaction of selenium compounds with thiols likely accounts for selenium toxicity to cells ex vivo and in vivo where the major glutathione producing organ,the liver, is also the major target organ of selenium toxicity.Selenium enzymes and selenoethers that do not readily form a selenide (RSe-) anion and compounds such as Ebselen where selenium is sequestered, are not toxic. Methylation of selenium by both plants and animals serves to detoxify selenium by generating methylselenides. Alternatively, full reduction of Se to elemental selenium (Se0) as done by some bacteria and the formation of heavy metal selenides such as Ag2Se or Hg2Se, results in a non-catalytic nontoxic form of selenium.This catalytic prooxidant attribute of some selenium compounds appears to account for its toxicity when such activity exceeds plant and animal methylation reactions and antioxidant defenses. This prooxidant activity may also account for cellular apoptosis and may provide a useful pharmaceutical application for selenium compounds as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents
基金supported by the Youth Foundation of Education Bureau,Sichuan Province(13ZB0003)
文摘The three-dimensional holographic vector of atomic interaction field（3D-Ho VAIF） is used to characterize the molecular structures of 45 nitroaromatic compounds.Two quantitative structure-toxicity relationship（QSAR） models are built up by stepwise regression（SMR）,multiple linear regression（MLR） and partial least-squares regression（PLS）.The correlation coefficients（R） of the models are 0.960 and 0.961,respectively.Then the models are evaluated by performing the cross-validation with the leave-one-out（LOO） procedure and the correlation coefficients（RCV） are 0.949 and 0.941,respectively.The results show that the descriptors can successfully describe the structures of organic compounds.The stability and predictability of the model are satisfactory.
文摘A new method for generating reactive species to destroy toxic organic chemicals has been developed. This method reacts yellow phosphorus with O_2, in moist air to produce species such as O,O_3, PO, and PO_2, which are capable of reacting with various types of organics. Toxic organic com-pounds are converted to small molecular wight organic acids, aldehydes, and/or alcohols, while yel-low phosphonis is oxidital into phosphoric acid, which may be recovered as a valuable byproduct.This technique has ben demonstrated to be effective for destroying many types of toxic organiccompounds. including PAH, aromatic chlorides, amines, alcohols, and acids, nitro-aromatics,heterocyclic hydrocarbons, PCB, aliphatic chlorides and sulfides, dyes, and pesticides.
文摘Addressing the problems related to the widespread presence of an increasing number of chemicals released into the environment by human activities represents one of the most important challenges of this century. In the last few years, to replace the high cost, in terms of time and money, of conventional technologies, the scientific community has directed considerable research towards the development both of new detection systems for the measurement of the contamination levels of chemicals in people's body fluids and tissue, as well as in the environment, and of new remediation strategies for the removal of such chemicals from the environment, as a means of the prevention of human diseases. New emerging biosensors for the analysis of environmental chemicals have been proposed, including VHH antibodies, that combine the antibody performance with the affinity for small molecules, genetically engineered microorganisms, aptamers and new highly stable enzymes. However, the advances in the field of chemicals monitoring are still far from producing a continuous realtime and on-line system for their detection. Better results have been obtained in the development of strategies which use organisms(microorganisms, plants and animals) or metabolic pathway-based approaches(single enzymes or more complex enzymatic solutions) for the fixation, degradation and detoxification of chemicals in the environment. Systems for enzymatic detoxification and degradation of toxic agents in wastewater from chemical and manufacturing industries, such as ligninolytic enzymes for the treatment of wastewater from the textile industry, have been proposed. Considering the high value of these research studies, in terms of the protection of human health and of the ecosystem, science must play a major role in guiding policy changes in this field.
基金We are grateful for the financial support provided by the National Major Scientific Instrument Equipment Development Project(No.2017YFF0408500).
文摘Various single-ring aromatic compounds in water sources are of great concern due to its hazardous impact on the environment and human health.The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEMs)spectrophotometry is a useftil method to identify organic pollutants in water.This study provides a detailed insight into the fluorescence properties of the 14 selected toxic single-ring aromatic compounds by experimental and theoretical analysis.The theoretical analysis were done with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory(TD-DFT)and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)basis set,whereas,Polarizable Continuum Model(PCM)was used to consider water as solvent.The selected compounds displayed their own specific excitation-emission(Ex/Em)wavelengths region,at Ex<280 nm and Em<340 nm,respectively.Whereas the theoretical Ex/Em was observed as.Ex at 240 nm-260 nm and Em at 255 nm-300 nm.Aniline as a strong aromatic base has longer Em(340 nm)than alkyl,carbonyl,and halogens substituted benzenes.The lone pair of electrons at amide substituent serves as a 7r-electron contributor into the aromatic ring,hence increasing the stability and transition energy,which results in longer emission and low quantum yield for the aniline.The fluorescence of halogenated benzenes illustrates an increase in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and a decrease in quantum yield associated with atomic size(F>Cl>Br>I).In this study the theoretical results are in line with experimental ones.The understanding of fluorescence and photophysical properties are of great importance in the identification of these compounds in the water.
基金supported by the NSFC(no.21901018,22271021 and 22201021)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2022-MS-373 and 2021-MS-312).
文摘In the field of water decontamination,the design of a new catalyst for sensitive detection and effective removal of toxic phenolic compounds are important and challenging.Herein,a new bifunctional Cu(Ⅰ)-naphthalene-amide-complex-modified catalyst,[Cu_(4)^(Ⅰ)(L)_(4)(SiW_(12)O_(40))(H_(2)O)_(4)](1,L=N,N’-bis(3-methylpyridin-yl)naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxamide),was obtained by incorporating[SiW_(12)O_(40)]^(4-)clusters into the Cu-L 3D supramolecular framework.1 can be used as a peroxidase-like enzyme to detect seven kinds of phenolic compounds(phenol,4-chlorophenol,o-cresol,p-cresol,4-nitrophenol,resorcinol and phloroglucinol),which has an“nM”level LOD,satisfactory selectivity,stability,and applicability in various water environments.Using 1 as the photocatalyst,the effects of different irradiation light sources(UV light,visible light,NIR light,full spectrum light,and sunlight)on the photocatalytic degradation of phenol were studied.Taking visible light as representative irradiation,the photocatalytic performance toward the above seven phenolic compounds was also investigated.The removal efficiencies by photocatalytic degradation of the above phenolic derivatives within a relatively short time are satisfactory.By photocurrent response experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,the corresponding relationships between the types of irradiation light sources and the degradation effect of catalysts on phenol under different excitation light sources were studied.The photocatalytic mechanisms were also investigated using radical trapping experiments,VB-XPS and Mott–Schottky plots in detail.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3210400)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20232017).
文摘Microbial dehalogenation,central to bioremediation,frequently falls short of achieving complete detoxification,often yielding mobile and toxic intermediate compounds—a critical oversight we term as the“detoxification paradox”.This commentary analyzes the mechanistic basis of this paradox and questions the conventional reliance on pollutant removal alone as a performance metric.We advocate for a paradigm shift toward active biological design,outlining a novel,multi-level engineering framework spanning molecular,cellular,and system scales to steer microbial processes toward genuine detoxification and ensure safer environmental remediation.
基金support from the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.Z230023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22225803 and 22038001)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(No.JWZQ20240102008).
文摘CONSPECTUS:Industrial emissions,agricultural runoff,and waste discharge have introduced numerous hazardous pollutants into ecosystems,including volatile organic compounds(VOCs),toxic gases(e.g.,SO2,NOx,and O3),heavy metal ions,and organic contaminants(e.g.,dyes,antibiotics).These pollutants pose significant risks to environmental sustainability and human health,contributing to respiratory illnesses,waterborne diseases,and environmental harm.To address these challenges,there is an urgent need for advanced materials that can efficiently and selectively capture and degrade pollutants.Metal−organic frameworks(MOFs),with their modular nature,precise architectures,and tunable functionalities,have attracted considerable attention for environmental remediation.Their structural diversity enables the incorporation of active sites such as open metal sites,functionalized ligands,and hierarchical pores,facilitating targeted interactions with a broad range of pollutants.Despite these advantages,the practical application of MOFs remains limited by their chemical instability under harsh environmental conditions(e.g.,extreme pH,oxidative or reductive atmospheres).Most MOFs are prone to degrade via ligand displacement or framework collapse,posing a significant barrier to their use in environmental remediation.This Account provides a comprehensive overview of our recent advances in the rational design and synthesis of chemically robust MOFs for the efficient capture,degradation,and detection of air and water pollution.First,we outline a combined strategy that integrates thermodynamic stabilization through strong metal−ligand coordination and kinetic enhancement via framework interpenetration and high connectivity,ensuring structural integrity under environmental conditions.Crystal engineering enables the incorporation of versatile binding sites,such as open metal sites and low-coordination nodes,while ligand design enhances electronic properties and luminescence response for selective detection.Additionally,precise control of the pore microenvironment improves molecular transport and pollutant binding efficiency.These synergistic approaches have been successfully demonstrated across a wide range of applications,including VOC adsorption and photocatalytic degradation,the removal of reactive,toxic gases(e.g.,O3,SO2,NH3),and the detection and remediation of organic contaminants,heavy metal ions,and radioactive species in water.Finally,we also discuss ongoing challenges and future directions essential for the practical application of stable MOFs in environmental remediation.This work aims to provide design principles and valuable insights that will advance the development of next-generation MOFs as sustainable platforms for comprehensive environmental pollution control.
基金supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan 18JC1411800the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31770274 and 31970343).
文摘In modern agriculture,frequent application of herbicides may induce the evolution of resistance in plants,but the mechanisms underlying herbicide resistance remain largely unexplored.Here,we report the char-acterization of rtp 1(resistant to paraquat 1),an Arabidopsis mutant showing strong resistance to the widely used herbicides paraquat and diquat.The rtp1 mutant is semi-dominant and carries a point mutation in the gene encoding the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family protein DTX6,leading to the change of glycine to glutamic acid at residue 311(G311E).The wild-type DTX6 with glycine 311 conferred weak para-quat and diquat resistance when overexpressed,while mutation of glycine 311 to a negatively charged amino acid(G311E or G311D)markedly increased the paraquat and diquat resistance of plants,whereas mutation to a positively charged amino acid(G311R or G311K)compromised the resistance,suggesting that the charge property of residue 311 of DTX6 is critical for the paraquat and diquat resistance of Arabi-dopsis plants.DTX6 is localized in the endomembrane trafficking system and may undergo the endosomal sorting to localize to the vacuole and plasma membrane.Treatment with the V-ATPase inhibitor ConA reduced the paraquat resistance of the rtp1 mutant.Paraquat release and uptake assays demonstrated that DTX6 is involved in both exocytosis and vacuolar sequestration of paraquat.DTX6 and DTX5 show functional redundancy as the dtx5 dtx6 double mutant but not the dtx6 single mutant plants were more sen-sitive to paraquat and diquat than the wild-type plants.Collectively,our work reveals a potential mecha-nism for the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and provides a promising gene for the manipulation of plant herbicide resistance.
