In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resource...In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.展开更多
Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With ...Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With a waterfall of 7 stages,it seems to be one beautiful site,a big resource for hydroelectricity generation.Besides,there are some natural landscapes and human resource for many forms;this is a conversing place of many peoples;therefore,we have a strong potential to develop the tourism.It is a wild area,everyone plants a little;therefore,here,it has not vegetables.The soil and the efficiency of the trees do not care.Here,we examined the heavy metals on the tomatoes and we studied fertilizers,and we want to improve the soil,to serve the product for the people better.展开更多
[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during...[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.展开更多
To fully understand the tomato ovary locule formation of inheritance, two varieties, ovary multi-locule （MLK1） and few-locule （FL1）, were used in these studies. Using reciprocal cross, self-cross, and backcross, w...To fully understand the tomato ovary locule formation of inheritance, two varieties, ovary multi-locule （MLK1） and few-locule （FL1）, were used in these studies. Using reciprocal cross, self-cross, and backcross, we have constructed various groups to seek the genetic law and mechanisms of tomato locule formation, for modifying the tomato breeding theory. The parental and the resulting FI and F2 generations have been used to examine the heredity of the locule number. The results showed that few-locule was incompletely dominant. The data from backcross demonstrated a significant effect on the locule number, whereas, the reciprocal cross showed an insignificant effect. Not surprisingly, the locule number was controlled by nuclear genomes, not by exogenous substances. The model that inherited the locule number belonged to the additive-dominant model： additive effects played a very important role and were partially dominant. In addition, the results revealed that the locule number in tomato was mainly controlled by a single gene, whereas, it was modulated by a number of other genes. Finally, the general inheritability and narrow inheritability of the locule number were 69.44% and 52.98%, respectively.展开更多
Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have...Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have been confirmed to be the core elements regulating floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana.Our earlier research revealed that Sl IDL6,a homolog of IDA in tomato,functions similarly to At IDA,regulating the abscission of tomato flower organs.Here,we further isolated three HAESA-like homologs,Sl HSL1/2/3,which are involved in tomato flower abscission.Sl HSL1/2/3 are highly expressed in the abscission zone(AZ).The knockout mutant lines of Slhsl1,Slhsl2,and Slhsl3 showed lower flower pedicel abscission than wild type(WT).The double mutant of Slhsl1Slhsl2,Slhsl1Slhsl3,and Slhsl2Slhsl3 further depressed abscission than each of the single mutant lines,while triple mutants Slhsl1Slhsl2Slhsl3 exhibited the lowest abscission,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 mediated abscission is non-redundancy,at least partially.Treating tomato pedicel explants with Sl IDL6 peptide significantly accelerated pedicel abscission in WT.However,it had little effect on the abscission rate of Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 are the receptors of Sl IDL6 in pedicel abscission.Ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)can significantly depress the expression of Sl HSL1/2/3.Ethylene can significantly accelerate the abscission of WT,while less abscission was found in Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines.Our findings indicate that Sl HSL1/2/3 can act as receptors for Sl IDL6 to positively regulate tomato pedicel abscission,and the abscission regulated by Sl HSL1/2/3 was partially dependent on ethylene.展开更多
Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative ...Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative fruit production and synchronized fruit ripening from both main and axillary shoots.Here,we focused on SlD14and SlMAX1,two key genes involved in the regulation of strigolactone(SL)signaling and biosynthesis,with the goal of maximizing yield and syn chronizing fruit ripening by fine-tuning axillary shoot growth.Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology,we found that the sld14,slmax1,and sld14 slmax1mutant plants exhibited reduced plant height and increased axillary shoot proliferation compared to wild-type plants.However,these mutants showed reduced yield and delayed ripening,likely due to a source-sink imbalance caused by excessive axillary shoot development.A weak sld14 allele displayed a milder phenotype,maintaining total fruit yield and harvest index despite smaller individual fruit size.These findings indicate that allelic variation in SL-related genes can influence plant architecture and yield components.Our results suggest that weak or partial alleles may serve as promising targets for tailoring tomato architecture to space-limited cultivation systems.展开更多
The native thelytokous(TH)and arrhenotokous(AR)strains of Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood)(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae)are promising biocontrol agents against the invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Ge...The native thelytokous(TH)and arrhenotokous(AR)strains of Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood)(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae)are promising biocontrol agents against the invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae).This study assessed the performance and preferences of these strains in choice experiments involving five host instar ratios and evaluated their functional responses to seven densities of 1st instar larvae(5 to 40 hosts).In host-attacking behavior assays,an increasing proportion of 1st instar larvae led to a significant rise in host mortality rates for both strains.Both strains exhibited strong preferences for parasitizing and attacking 1st instar larvae over later instars,with the TH strain demonstrating significantly greater host-killing efficacy than the AR strain.Functional response experiments revealed that the attack rates of both strains were positively correlated with host density.Parasitism by both strains and host-stinging behavior by the TH strain showed type Ⅲ functional responses,while host-feeding by both strains and host-stinging by the AR strain followed type Ⅱ functional responses.Early establishment of the TH strain in tomato agroecosystems could enhance the management of T.absoluta.These findings provide critical insights into the functional dynamics of the TH and AR strains of N.formosa that can inform the development of effective biocontrol programs for this globally significant pest.展开更多
Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment ...Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.展开更多
Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chillin...Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chilling stress during emergence and early growth poses significant challenges for tomato seedlings,potentially leading to uneven emergence,abnormal growth,and higher seedling mortality.This study evaluated the effectiveness of combining drum-priming with melatonin to alleviate chilling stress during these two critical stages.Tomato seeds were primed with melatonin at various concentrations and compared to untreated controls under chilling stress conditions.Higher concentrations of melatonin significantly accelerated emergence and improved early growth under stress.These stress-mitigating effects were evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress markers,such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide,along with increased total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.Furthermore,melatonin priming preserved photosynthetic efficiency,typically reduced by chilling stress,and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase and peroxidase.These biochemical changes reduced oxidative damage and promoted stress resilience.Melatonin also accelerated the expression of genes within the C-repeat binding factor pathway,which is crucial for cold acclimation.This suggests that melatonin priming enabled quicker adaptation to chilling stress following sowing and bolstered seedling resilience during subsequent growth stages.Overall,our results demonstrate that melatonin priming not only enhances germination but also significantly supports seedling growth under adverse conditions.The findings highlight melatonin as a promising tool in crop management strategies to improve resilience against sudden chilling stress.展开更多
Tomato is a major economic crop worldwide,and diseases on tomato leaves can significantly reduce both yield and quality.Traditional manual inspection is inefficient and highly subjective,making it difficult to meet th...Tomato is a major economic crop worldwide,and diseases on tomato leaves can significantly reduce both yield and quality.Traditional manual inspection is inefficient and highly subjective,making it difficult to meet the requirements of early disease identification in complex natural environments.To address this issue,this study proposes an improved YOLO11-based model,YOLO-SPDNet(Scale Sequence Fusion,Position-Channel Attention,and Dual Enhancement Network).The model integrates the SEAM(Self-Ensembling Attention Mechanism)semantic enhancement module,the MLCA(Mixed Local Channel Attention)lightweight attention mechanism,and the SPA(Scale-Position-Detail Awareness)module composed of SSFF(Scale Sequence Feature Fusion),TFE(Triple Feature Encoding),and CPAM(Channel and Position Attention Mechanism).These enhancements strengthen fine-grained lesion detection while maintaining model lightweightness.Experimental results show that YOLO-SPDNet achieves an accuracy of 91.8%,a recall of 86.5%,and an mAP@0.5 of 90.6%on the test set,with a computational complexity of 12.5 GFLOPs.Furthermore,the model reaches a real-time inference speed of 987 FPS,making it suitable for deployment on mobile agricultural terminals and online monitoring systems.Comparative analysis and ablation studies further validate the reliability and practical applicability of the proposed model in complex natural scenes.展开更多
The effects of exogenous GSH（reduced glutathione）on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H2O2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato（S...The effects of exogenous GSH（reduced glutathione）on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H2O2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）seedlings were studied using hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse.Application of exogenous GSH ameliorated saline-induced growth inhibition,the disturbed balance of Na＋ and Cl- ions and Na＋/K＋ ratios,and the reduction of the net photosynthetic rate（Pn）.GSH also increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（Fv/Fm）,the electron transport rate（ETR）,the photochemical quenching coefficient（qP）,and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ）.In addition,GSH application increased the photochemical quantum yield（Y（Ⅱ））and relative deviation from full balance between the photosystems（β/α-1）and decreased the PSⅡ excitation pressure（1-qP）and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation（Y（NO））in leaves of salt-stressed tomatoes without BSO（L-buthionine-sulfoximine,an inhibitor of key GSH synthesis enzymeγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase）or with BSO.Further,the addition of GSH depressed the accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde（MDA）,induced the redistribution of absorbed light energy in PSⅡ reaction centers,and improved the endogenous GSH content,GSH/GSSH ratio and activities of H2O2-scavenging enzymes（including superoxidase dismutase（SOD）,catalase（CAT）,peroxidase（POD）and key enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle and Grx system）in the chloroplasts of salt-stressed plants with or without BSO.Therefore,GSH application alleviates inhibition of salt-induced growth and photosynthesis mainly by overcoming stomatal limitations,improving the PSⅡ efficiency,and balancing the uneven distribution of light energy to reduce the risk of ROS generation and to mediate chloroplast redox homeostasis and the antioxidant defense system to protect the chloroplasts from oxidative damage.Thus,GSH may be used as a potential tool for alleviating salt stress in tomato plants.展开更多
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the leading vegetable crop worldwide and an essential component of a healthy diet (Lin et al., 2014; Du et al., 2017). Fruit color is regarded as one of the most important commercial t...Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the leading vegetable crop worldwide and an essential component of a healthy diet (Lin et al., 2014; Du et al., 2017). Fruit color is regarded as one of the most important commercial traits in tomato (The Tomato Genome Consortium, 2012). Consumers in different regions have different color preferences. For example, European and American consumers prefer red tomatoes, while pink tomatoes are more pop- ular in Asia countries, particularly in China and Japan (Ballester et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2014). However, most of tomato breeding ma- terials are red-fruited, thus the generation of pink-fruited materials is very important for Asian tomato production. Metabolomics and genetics studies demonstrate that the pink trait results from the absence of yellow-colored flavonoid naringenin chalcone (NarCh) in the peels,and is controlled by the monogenic recessive yellow(y)lOCUS(Adato et a1..2009;Ballester et a1..2OLO).展开更多
Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growt...Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growth, yield, and fruit quality(protein, Vitamin C, nitrates, organic acid and soluble sugar) of tomato were studied keeping concentrations of other nutrients unchanged in the nutrient solution. The results showed that parameters related to the growth of tomato(plant height and Stem diameter), changes of tomato yield per plant and quality of tomato fruits were the highest when the plants were grown at 20% Ca treatments. In the second study, increased EC concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in stronger plants with improved yields and quality. Four different concentration gradients of nutrient solution treatment were designed based on the results of the first research stage(EC=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 m S/cm, respectively). The single tomato plant had the highest production which is 2 268.994 g/plant, when the nutrient solution strength was at EC=1.5 m S cm, whereas they have the best fruit quality when the solution strength at EC 4.5 m S/cm. This suggests the need for wide popularization of the nutrient solution formula in large areas to improve the tomato production.展开更多
To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in...To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.展开更多
The study was designed to elucidate the changes in the endogenous hormones of stem apices in tomatoes and the function of correlative endogenous hormones in tomatoes during floral bud differentiation stages. The tomat...The study was designed to elucidate the changes in the endogenous hormones of stem apices in tomatoes and the function of correlative endogenous hormones in tomatoes during floral bud differentiation stages. The tomato parents were crossed and reverse crossed by using two inbred lines of multi-locule （MLK1） and few-locule （FL1） with significant difference, and the relationship between endogenous hormones GA3, IAA, and ABA levels and ovary locule numbers of parents and progeny during floral bud differentiation initial stage, floral bud differentiation stage, sepal petal formation stage, carpel formation initial stage, and ovary locule complete formation stage was studied. GA3 levels in P1, P2, F1, and RF1 were consistent with locule numbers, and IAA and ABA levels were reverse to ovary locule numbers during the key stage. The correlation showed that, during sepal petal formation stage, the ovary locule numbers were positively correlated with GA3, GA3/IAA, and GA3/ABA, and were negatively correlated with IAA and ABA. It was speculated that increasing GA3 levels or decreasing IAA and ABA levels of stem apices in tomato might be able to enhance ovary locule numbers. The sepal petal formation stage was an important stage which regulated endogenous hormones in the ovary locule formation.展开更多
Tomatoes in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil env...Tomatoes in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil environment and reduces the number of soil microorganisms. Organic farming has a relatively low environmental impact compared to conventional farming techniques, but typically has lower and more unstable yields. In this study, we investigated the effect of organic and chemical fertilizer application on growth, yield, and quality of small-sized (cherry) tomatoes. Cherry tomatoes were cultivated using organic and chemical organic fertilizers. Average weight and lateral diameter were significantly higher under organic fertilizer than under chemical fertilizer. In addition, shoot dry weight was significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. Lycopene content was significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. The total carbon (TC), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available phosphoric (SP) and exchangeable potassium (SK) contents, C/N ratio, and pH were significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. Bacterial biomass, nitrite (NO</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">? 2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-N) oxidation activity, nitrification (N) circulation activity, and phosphoric (P) circulation were higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. From these results, the study indicates that appropriate controls such as TC, total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio of organic fertilizer increased microbial biomass and enhanced nutrient circulation such as N circulation activity and P circulation activity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These results can be used to improve current organic farming practices and promote soil conservation.展开更多
To isolate the causal organism of soft rot of vegetables, diseased samples of potato, tomato, carrot, chilies, and bell pepper, were analyzed in the lab, using nutrient agar (NA) and/or the enrichment host (Bell peppe...To isolate the causal organism of soft rot of vegetables, diseased samples of potato, tomato, carrot, chilies, and bell pepper, were analyzed in the lab, using nutrient agar (NA) and/or the enrichment host (Bell pepper) technique. Successful isolations were purified by sub-culturing, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora through biochemical tests and their pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation on green tomato fruits. The isolates were tested for their aggressiveness to find out the most aggressive one in term of producing maximum soft rot on tomatoes. CRD (completely randomized design), with four replication was used and data were analyzed using LSD (least significant test) test. Among the five isolates evaluated for aggressiveness on tomato fruits, chili isolate was found to be the most aggressive followed by tomato and potato isolates producing 22.3 mm, 7.9 mm, and 7.8 mm diameter soft rot lesions, respectively.展开更多
In order to reveal the regulating capacity of organic fertilizers on sandy soil, pots experiments were carried out. The growth of tomatoes planted on sandy soil amended by organic fertilizers was measured. Organic fer...In order to reveal the regulating capacity of organic fertilizers on sandy soil, pots experiments were carried out. The growth of tomatoes planted on sandy soil amended by organic fertilizers was measured. Organic fertilizers can be helpful to improve the plant height, stem diameter, the aerial parts fresh weight, root fresh weight, leaf photosynthetic rates and photosynthesis, and lay a good foundation for the growth of ??tomatoes. The effect of organic fertilizer is the most significant. Among all the treatments of adding 2.5%, 5%, 10% organic fertilizers, adding 10% organic fertilizers are the best. It can significantly enhance the growth and photosynthesis of tomatoes, and it is among the best of these three soil treatments for sandy soil.展开更多
The Rio Grande variety of tomato is widely grown because of its high productivity during the cold and dry seasons, and its resistance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporium) and to stem canker (Alternaria...The Rio Grande variety of tomato is widely grown because of its high productivity during the cold and dry seasons, and its resistance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporium) and to stem canker (Alternaria). Grafting tomato onto compatible rootstocks resistant to these diseases offers a better potential to overcome soil-borne diseases, abiotic stresses, improve growth, yield and fruit quality. However, in Cameroon, there is little or no information on grafting between Rio Grande tomato and selected eggplant rootstocks. The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the compatibility between Rio tomato grafting and a popular local eggplant (Nkeya) rootstock;2) To verify the effect of grafting on flowering time;3) To evaluate the effect of eggplant rootstocks on growth, fruit shelf life and fruit quality of Rio tomatoes. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Rio Grande (To) was the ungrafted treatment used as a control. To/Ko, To/To and To/Nk were the grafted treatments eventually transplanted to the field. Growth data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS software. Descriptive analyses were performed for the other parameters. The results revealed that, 1) The cleft grafting method used was successful with success rate varying between 90 and 100%;2) Grafting influenced flowering date (DAT, p = 0.05) as well as tomato growth parameters including stem height (H, 1.49 × 10<sup>-10</sup> p 0.00014) and collar diameter (SD, 4 × 10<sup>-1</sup><sup>4</sup> p 0.009). The To/To treatment was significantly different from the ungrafted cultivar To, which had no significant difference in stem diameter. A significant difference in plant height was also observed between the ungrafted treatment To and the To/Ko and To/Nk treatments. In addition, only the collar diameter of To/Nk was different from To. Also, there was no significant difference between To/To and To, but a significant difference between To/Ko and To/Nk compared to To. Conversely, grafting improved the lifespan of To/Ko. Ultimately, the grafting method used was successful, but further studies are needed to overcome the problem of graft incompatibility in order to improve the agronomic performance of grafted plants.展开更多
Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is ...Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is a prerequisite for using such a strategy. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on tomatoes cvs, Capricia, Mecano and Cederico in order to investigate the effect of different day/night temperature regimes (24/17, 27/14 and 30/11℃) where the same mean temperature was maintained for the production and germination of pollen. In addition, fruit quality as determined by fruit firmness, dry matter content, soluble solids, titratable acids, and pH was examined at harvest and after seven and 14 days of storage. The 30/11℃ treatment significantly increased pollen production and germination compared to the 24/17℃ treatment, while the 27/14℃ treatment was generally in between the other two treatments. Fruits grown at the 27/14℃ treatment were significantly firmer, while fruits grown at 24/17℃ had higher dry matter content, soluble solids, and titratable acids compared to the other treatments. There were significant differences between cultivars with respect to firmness, dry matter, titratable acidity, and pH. The quality of the fruits changed during storage, but the storability of the tomatoes was not affected by preharvest temperature treatments. The overall conclusion was that the 27/14℃ treatment was superior to the other two temperature treatments with respect to the studied parameters.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900405)。
文摘In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.
文摘Ta Ngao is the local name in Loc Thanh Village,Bao Lam District,Lam Dong Province.This district is a place that has rich mineral resources in the province with 10%in the total mineral resource value of Southeast.With a waterfall of 7 stages,it seems to be one beautiful site,a big resource for hydroelectricity generation.Besides,there are some natural landscapes and human resource for many forms;this is a conversing place of many peoples;therefore,we have a strong potential to develop the tourism.It is a wild area,everyone plants a little;therefore,here,it has not vegetables.The soil and the efficiency of the trees do not care.Here,we examined the heavy metals on the tomatoes and we studied fertilizers,and we want to improve the soil,to serve the product for the people better.
基金Supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(2008DFA31820)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for screening and utilizing salt-tolerant tomato varieties as well as for cultivating salt-resistance.[Method] Salinity tolerance of tomato during seed germination under simple salt sodium chloride and double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress were studied by Petri dish culturing.[Result] As the two kinds salt concentration increased,the germination regularity,the germination rate,the germination index and the growing vigor index of tomato seedlings decreased,but the germination losing rate increased.When salt concentration was from 0.2% to 0.4%,there was little difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress.However,when salt concentration was from 0.6% to 1.0%,the difference among all indexes under two kinds of salt stress was significant.[Conclusion] Salinity tolerance of tomato seeds under double salt calcium nitrate or sodium chloride stress was higher than that under simple salt sodium chloride stress.
基金This work was supported by the eleventh ‘Five Years Key Programs’ for the Science and Technology Development of Liaoning Province (No. 2006215001)
文摘To fully understand the tomato ovary locule formation of inheritance, two varieties, ovary multi-locule （MLK1） and few-locule （FL1）, were used in these studies. Using reciprocal cross, self-cross, and backcross, we have constructed various groups to seek the genetic law and mechanisms of tomato locule formation, for modifying the tomato breeding theory. The parental and the resulting FI and F2 generations have been used to examine the heredity of the locule number. The results showed that few-locule was incompletely dominant. The data from backcross demonstrated a significant effect on the locule number, whereas, the reciprocal cross showed an insignificant effect. Not surprisingly, the locule number was controlled by nuclear genomes, not by exogenous substances. The model that inherited the locule number belonged to the additive-dominant model： additive effects played a very important role and were partially dominant. In addition, the results revealed that the locule number in tomato was mainly controlled by a single gene, whereas, it was modulated by a number of other genes. Finally, the general inheritability and narrow inheritability of the locule number were 69.44% and 52.98%, respectively.
基金supported by the Liaoning Science and Technology Innovation Team Project,China(JYTTD2024007)。
文摘Flower and fruit abscission reduce crop yield,so decreasing abscission is a significant agricultural issue.HAESA(HAE)and HAESA-like2(HSL2)kinases and their ligand,INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION(IDA)peptide,have been confirmed to be the core elements regulating floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana.Our earlier research revealed that Sl IDL6,a homolog of IDA in tomato,functions similarly to At IDA,regulating the abscission of tomato flower organs.Here,we further isolated three HAESA-like homologs,Sl HSL1/2/3,which are involved in tomato flower abscission.Sl HSL1/2/3 are highly expressed in the abscission zone(AZ).The knockout mutant lines of Slhsl1,Slhsl2,and Slhsl3 showed lower flower pedicel abscission than wild type(WT).The double mutant of Slhsl1Slhsl2,Slhsl1Slhsl3,and Slhsl2Slhsl3 further depressed abscission than each of the single mutant lines,while triple mutants Slhsl1Slhsl2Slhsl3 exhibited the lowest abscission,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 mediated abscission is non-redundancy,at least partially.Treating tomato pedicel explants with Sl IDL6 peptide significantly accelerated pedicel abscission in WT.However,it had little effect on the abscission rate of Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines,indicating that Sl HSL1/2/3 are the receptors of Sl IDL6 in pedicel abscission.Ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)can significantly depress the expression of Sl HSL1/2/3.Ethylene can significantly accelerate the abscission of WT,while less abscission was found in Sl HSL1/2/3 knockout lines.Our findings indicate that Sl HSL1/2/3 can act as receptors for Sl IDL6 to positively regulate tomato pedicel abscission,and the abscission regulated by Sl HSL1/2/3 was partially dependent on ethylene.
基金funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant from the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),Republic of Korea(Nos.RS-2024-00407469 and RS-2025-00517964)the BK21 FOUR program of Graduate School,Kyung Hee University(GS-1-JO-NON-20240417)。
文摘Optimizing plant architecture for specific cultivation methods is essential for enhancing fruit productivity.Unlike indeterminate growth plants,the total productivity of determinate growth plants relies on cumulative fruit production and synchronized fruit ripening from both main and axillary shoots.Here,we focused on SlD14and SlMAX1,two key genes involved in the regulation of strigolactone(SL)signaling and biosynthesis,with the goal of maximizing yield and syn chronizing fruit ripening by fine-tuning axillary shoot growth.Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9)technology,we found that the sld14,slmax1,and sld14 slmax1mutant plants exhibited reduced plant height and increased axillary shoot proliferation compared to wild-type plants.However,these mutants showed reduced yield and delayed ripening,likely due to a source-sink imbalance caused by excessive axillary shoot development.A weak sld14 allele displayed a milder phenotype,maintaining total fruit yield and harvest index despite smaller individual fruit size.These findings indicate that allelic variation in SL-related genes can influence plant architecture and yield components.Our results suggest that weak or partial alleles may serve as promising targets for tailoring tomato architecture to space-limited cultivation systems.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD1400200 and 2017YFC1200600)the Yunnan Biodiversity Conservation Foundation Program,China(202301AT070485)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(caascx-2021-2025-IAS and caas-zdrw202203)。
文摘The native thelytokous(TH)and arrhenotokous(AR)strains of Neochrysocharis formosa(Westwood)(Hymenoptera:Eulophidae)are promising biocontrol agents against the invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae).This study assessed the performance and preferences of these strains in choice experiments involving five host instar ratios and evaluated their functional responses to seven densities of 1st instar larvae(5 to 40 hosts).In host-attacking behavior assays,an increasing proportion of 1st instar larvae led to a significant rise in host mortality rates for both strains.Both strains exhibited strong preferences for parasitizing and attacking 1st instar larvae over later instars,with the TH strain demonstrating significantly greater host-killing efficacy than the AR strain.Functional response experiments revealed that the attack rates of both strains were positively correlated with host density.Parasitism by both strains and host-stinging behavior by the TH strain showed type Ⅲ functional responses,while host-feeding by both strains and host-stinging by the AR strain followed type Ⅱ functional responses.Early establishment of the TH strain in tomato agroecosystems could enhance the management of T.absoluta.These findings provide critical insights into the functional dynamics of the TH and AR strains of N.formosa that can inform the development of effective biocontrol programs for this globally significant pest.
基金supported by an International Cooperation Key Plan of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2022KWZ-12)an Agricultural Science Innovation and Transformation Project of Shaanxi Province[Grant No.NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)12]a High-End Foreign Expert Recruitment Program(Grant No.G2022172006L).
文摘Wind disturbance has emerged as a potential eco-friendly method for seedling cultivation.In this study,an electromechanical device was designed and built to investigate the effects of airflow on the micro-environment and physiological activities of tomato seedlings in seedbeds by controlled experiments.The results indicated that airflow could enhance CO_(2) concentration near the seedling canopy,accelerate water evaporation from the seedling substrate,and reduce fluctuations in the temperature and humidity in microclimate.The photosynthetic rates of leaves at the 4th,7th,and 10th positions in seedlings subjected to airflow increased by 25.04%,8.23%,and 8.47%,respectively,whereas the transpiration rates increased by 15.59%,22.28%,and 13.26%,respectively when compared to the control group.Additionally,the strong seedling index of seedlings treated with airflow and exogenous iron element increased by 26.02%and 31.5%,respectively.Compared to seedlings treated with exogenous iron element,the geometric mean diameter of the pith tissue cells in the stems of seedlings subjected to airflow disturbance was reduced by approximately 18.66%,while the elastic modulus and bending strength of the stems increased by 10.01%and 5.89%,respectively.Similarly,the volume of root tissue cells decreased by 19.22%,but the elastic modulus of the roots increased by 6.46%.This study confirms that airflow significantly enhances seedling resilience to abiotic stress,yielding similar or better outcomes than exogenous iron application.It provides both theoretical and practical support for using airflow disturbance as a green technology for cultivating robust seedlings.
文摘Seed vigor is critical for uniform germination and emergence,directly influencing subsequent seedling development.This is especially important under both normal and stress conditions that may arise post-sowing.Chilling stress during emergence and early growth poses significant challenges for tomato seedlings,potentially leading to uneven emergence,abnormal growth,and higher seedling mortality.This study evaluated the effectiveness of combining drum-priming with melatonin to alleviate chilling stress during these two critical stages.Tomato seeds were primed with melatonin at various concentrations and compared to untreated controls under chilling stress conditions.Higher concentrations of melatonin significantly accelerated emergence and improved early growth under stress.These stress-mitigating effects were evidenced by reductions in oxidative stress markers,such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide,along with increased total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.Furthermore,melatonin priming preserved photosynthetic efficiency,typically reduced by chilling stress,and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase and peroxidase.These biochemical changes reduced oxidative damage and promoted stress resilience.Melatonin also accelerated the expression of genes within the C-repeat binding factor pathway,which is crucial for cold acclimation.This suggests that melatonin priming enabled quicker adaptation to chilling stress following sowing and bolstered seedling resilience during subsequent growth stages.Overall,our results demonstrate that melatonin priming not only enhances germination but also significantly supports seedling growth under adverse conditions.The findings highlight melatonin as a promising tool in crop management strategies to improve resilience against sudden chilling stress.
基金Tianmin Tianyuan Boutique Vegetable Industry Technology Service Station(Grant No.2024120011003081)Development of Environmental Monitoring and Traceability System for Wuqing Agricultural Production Areas(Grant No.2024120011001866)。
文摘Tomato is a major economic crop worldwide,and diseases on tomato leaves can significantly reduce both yield and quality.Traditional manual inspection is inefficient and highly subjective,making it difficult to meet the requirements of early disease identification in complex natural environments.To address this issue,this study proposes an improved YOLO11-based model,YOLO-SPDNet(Scale Sequence Fusion,Position-Channel Attention,and Dual Enhancement Network).The model integrates the SEAM(Self-Ensembling Attention Mechanism)semantic enhancement module,the MLCA(Mixed Local Channel Attention)lightweight attention mechanism,and the SPA(Scale-Position-Detail Awareness)module composed of SSFF(Scale Sequence Feature Fusion),TFE(Triple Feature Encoding),and CPAM(Channel and Position Attention Mechanism).These enhancements strengthen fine-grained lesion detection while maintaining model lightweightness.Experimental results show that YOLO-SPDNet achieves an accuracy of 91.8%,a recall of 86.5%,and an mAP@0.5 of 90.6%on the test set,with a computational complexity of 12.5 GFLOPs.Furthermore,the model reaches a real-time inference speed of 987 FPS,making it suitable for deployment on mobile agricultural terminals and online monitoring systems.Comparative analysis and ablation studies further validate the reliability and practical applicability of the proposed model in complex natural scenes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360478)the International Cooperation Project of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China (2014BC002)
文摘The effects of exogenous GSH（reduced glutathione）on photosynthetic characteristics,photosystem Ⅱ efficiency,absorbed light energy allocation and the H2O2-scavenging system in chloroplasts of salt-stressed tomato（Solanum lycopersicum L.）seedlings were studied using hydroponic experiments in a greenhouse.Application of exogenous GSH ameliorated saline-induced growth inhibition,the disturbed balance of Na＋ and Cl- ions and Na＋/K＋ ratios,and the reduction of the net photosynthetic rate（Pn）.GSH also increased the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ（Fv/Fm）,the electron transport rate（ETR）,the photochemical quenching coefficient（qP）,and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient（NPQ）.In addition,GSH application increased the photochemical quantum yield（Y（Ⅱ））and relative deviation from full balance between the photosystems（β/α-1）and decreased the PSⅡ excitation pressure（1-qP）and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation（Y（NO））in leaves of salt-stressed tomatoes without BSO（L-buthionine-sulfoximine,an inhibitor of key GSH synthesis enzymeγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase）or with BSO.Further,the addition of GSH depressed the accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde（MDA）,induced the redistribution of absorbed light energy in PSⅡ reaction centers,and improved the endogenous GSH content,GSH/GSSH ratio and activities of H2O2-scavenging enzymes（including superoxidase dismutase（SOD）,catalase（CAT）,peroxidase（POD）and key enzymes in the AsA-GSH cycle and Grx system）in the chloroplasts of salt-stressed plants with or without BSO.Therefore,GSH application alleviates inhibition of salt-induced growth and photosynthesis mainly by overcoming stomatal limitations,improving the PSⅡ efficiency,and balancing the uneven distribution of light energy to reduce the risk of ROS generation and to mediate chloroplast redox homeostasis and the antioxidant defense system to protect the chloroplasts from oxidative damage.Thus,GSH may be used as a potential tool for alleviating salt stress in tomato plants.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100500 and 2016YFD0101703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31601759 and 31471881)+1 种基金the Ministry of Agriculture of China (2016ZX08009-003-001)the Tai-Shan Scholar Program from the Shandong Provincial Government
文摘Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the leading vegetable crop worldwide and an essential component of a healthy diet (Lin et al., 2014; Du et al., 2017). Fruit color is regarded as one of the most important commercial traits in tomato (The Tomato Genome Consortium, 2012). Consumers in different regions have different color preferences. For example, European and American consumers prefer red tomatoes, while pink tomatoes are more pop- ular in Asia countries, particularly in China and Japan (Ballester et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2014). However, most of tomato breeding ma- terials are red-fruited, thus the generation of pink-fruited materials is very important for Asian tomato production. Metabolomics and genetics studies demonstrate that the pink trait results from the absence of yellow-colored flavonoid naringenin chalcone (NarCh) in the peels,and is controlled by the monogenic recessive yellow(y)lOCUS(Adato et a1..2009;Ballester et a1..2OLO).
文摘Tomato seedlings were grown in substrate culture with pots. The formulation of Holland Greenhouse Horticulture Research Institute was used(as CK) and the effects of different Ca concentrations(LCa, CK and HCa)on growth, yield, and fruit quality(protein, Vitamin C, nitrates, organic acid and soluble sugar) of tomato were studied keeping concentrations of other nutrients unchanged in the nutrient solution. The results showed that parameters related to the growth of tomato(plant height and Stem diameter), changes of tomato yield per plant and quality of tomato fruits were the highest when the plants were grown at 20% Ca treatments. In the second study, increased EC concentrations of nutrient solution resulted in stronger plants with improved yields and quality. Four different concentration gradients of nutrient solution treatment were designed based on the results of the first research stage(EC=1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 m S/cm, respectively). The single tomato plant had the highest production which is 2 268.994 g/plant, when the nutrient solution strength was at EC=1.5 m S cm, whereas they have the best fruit quality when the solution strength at EC 4.5 m S/cm. This suggests the need for wide popularization of the nutrient solution formula in large areas to improve the tomato production.
基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project in Key Areas(2019CB004)the Water-Saving Irrigation Experiment Project(BTJSSY–201911)of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,China。
文摘To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.
文摘The study was designed to elucidate the changes in the endogenous hormones of stem apices in tomatoes and the function of correlative endogenous hormones in tomatoes during floral bud differentiation stages. The tomato parents were crossed and reverse crossed by using two inbred lines of multi-locule （MLK1） and few-locule （FL1） with significant difference, and the relationship between endogenous hormones GA3, IAA, and ABA levels and ovary locule numbers of parents and progeny during floral bud differentiation initial stage, floral bud differentiation stage, sepal petal formation stage, carpel formation initial stage, and ovary locule complete formation stage was studied. GA3 levels in P1, P2, F1, and RF1 were consistent with locule numbers, and IAA and ABA levels were reverse to ovary locule numbers during the key stage. The correlation showed that, during sepal petal formation stage, the ovary locule numbers were positively correlated with GA3, GA3/IAA, and GA3/ABA, and were negatively correlated with IAA and ABA. It was speculated that increasing GA3 levels or decreasing IAA and ABA levels of stem apices in tomato might be able to enhance ovary locule numbers. The sepal petal formation stage was an important stage which regulated endogenous hormones in the ovary locule formation.
文摘Tomatoes in Japan are generally cultivated under management systems that use chemical fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. However, the continuous use of these fertilizers and pesticides damages the soil environment and reduces the number of soil microorganisms. Organic farming has a relatively low environmental impact compared to conventional farming techniques, but typically has lower and more unstable yields. In this study, we investigated the effect of organic and chemical fertilizer application on growth, yield, and quality of small-sized (cherry) tomatoes. Cherry tomatoes were cultivated using organic and chemical organic fertilizers. Average weight and lateral diameter were significantly higher under organic fertilizer than under chemical fertilizer. In addition, shoot dry weight was significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. Lycopene content was significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. The total carbon (TC), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available phosphoric (SP) and exchangeable potassium (SK) contents, C/N ratio, and pH were significantly higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. Bacterial biomass, nitrite (NO</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">? 2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-N) oxidation activity, nitrification (N) circulation activity, and phosphoric (P) circulation were higher under organic fertilizer than chemical fertilizer. From these results, the study indicates that appropriate controls such as TC, total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio of organic fertilizer increased microbial biomass and enhanced nutrient circulation such as N circulation activity and P circulation activity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">These results can be used to improve current organic farming practices and promote soil conservation.
文摘To isolate the causal organism of soft rot of vegetables, diseased samples of potato, tomato, carrot, chilies, and bell pepper, were analyzed in the lab, using nutrient agar (NA) and/or the enrichment host (Bell pepper) technique. Successful isolations were purified by sub-culturing, identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora through biochemical tests and their pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation on green tomato fruits. The isolates were tested for their aggressiveness to find out the most aggressive one in term of producing maximum soft rot on tomatoes. CRD (completely randomized design), with four replication was used and data were analyzed using LSD (least significant test) test. Among the five isolates evaluated for aggressiveness on tomato fruits, chili isolate was found to be the most aggressive followed by tomato and potato isolates producing 22.3 mm, 7.9 mm, and 7.8 mm diameter soft rot lesions, respectively.
文摘In order to reveal the regulating capacity of organic fertilizers on sandy soil, pots experiments were carried out. The growth of tomatoes planted on sandy soil amended by organic fertilizers was measured. Organic fertilizers can be helpful to improve the plant height, stem diameter, the aerial parts fresh weight, root fresh weight, leaf photosynthetic rates and photosynthesis, and lay a good foundation for the growth of ??tomatoes. The effect of organic fertilizer is the most significant. Among all the treatments of adding 2.5%, 5%, 10% organic fertilizers, adding 10% organic fertilizers are the best. It can significantly enhance the growth and photosynthesis of tomatoes, and it is among the best of these three soil treatments for sandy soil.
文摘The Rio Grande variety of tomato is widely grown because of its high productivity during the cold and dry seasons, and its resistance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporium) and to stem canker (Alternaria). Grafting tomato onto compatible rootstocks resistant to these diseases offers a better potential to overcome soil-borne diseases, abiotic stresses, improve growth, yield and fruit quality. However, in Cameroon, there is little or no information on grafting between Rio Grande tomato and selected eggplant rootstocks. The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the compatibility between Rio tomato grafting and a popular local eggplant (Nkeya) rootstock;2) To verify the effect of grafting on flowering time;3) To evaluate the effect of eggplant rootstocks on growth, fruit shelf life and fruit quality of Rio tomatoes. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Rio Grande (To) was the ungrafted treatment used as a control. To/Ko, To/To and To/Nk were the grafted treatments eventually transplanted to the field. Growth data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS software. Descriptive analyses were performed for the other parameters. The results revealed that, 1) The cleft grafting method used was successful with success rate varying between 90 and 100%;2) Grafting influenced flowering date (DAT, p = 0.05) as well as tomato growth parameters including stem height (H, 1.49 × 10<sup>-10</sup> p 0.00014) and collar diameter (SD, 4 × 10<sup>-1</sup><sup>4</sup> p 0.009). The To/To treatment was significantly different from the ungrafted cultivar To, which had no significant difference in stem diameter. A significant difference in plant height was also observed between the ungrafted treatment To and the To/Ko and To/Nk treatments. In addition, only the collar diameter of To/Nk was different from To. Also, there was no significant difference between To/To and To, but a significant difference between To/Ko and To/Nk compared to To. Conversely, grafting improved the lifespan of To/Ko. Ultimately, the grafting method used was successful, but further studies are needed to overcome the problem of graft incompatibility in order to improve the agronomic performance of grafted plants.
文摘Temperature integration where high day temperatures are compensated by lower night temperatures is one strategy that can be used to reduce energy consumption in greenhouses. Crop tolerance to temperature variation is a prerequisite for using such a strategy. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on tomatoes cvs, Capricia, Mecano and Cederico in order to investigate the effect of different day/night temperature regimes (24/17, 27/14 and 30/11℃) where the same mean temperature was maintained for the production and germination of pollen. In addition, fruit quality as determined by fruit firmness, dry matter content, soluble solids, titratable acids, and pH was examined at harvest and after seven and 14 days of storage. The 30/11℃ treatment significantly increased pollen production and germination compared to the 24/17℃ treatment, while the 27/14℃ treatment was generally in between the other two treatments. Fruits grown at the 27/14℃ treatment were significantly firmer, while fruits grown at 24/17℃ had higher dry matter content, soluble solids, and titratable acids compared to the other treatments. There were significant differences between cultivars with respect to firmness, dry matter, titratable acidity, and pH. The quality of the fruits changed during storage, but the storability of the tomatoes was not affected by preharvest temperature treatments. The overall conclusion was that the 27/14℃ treatment was superior to the other two temperature treatments with respect to the studied parameters.
