As the economic,political and cultu ral center of a nation or a region,cit ies are the carriers of human activi-ties.In a sense,only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development,it is possible for a...As the economic,political and cultu ral center of a nation or a region,cit ies are the carriers of human activi-ties.In a sense,only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development,it is possible for a cou ntry or a re-gion,even the whole world ,to develo p coordinately and sustainbly.Today,how to describe the urban sustainable develop-ing level and measure the coordinate d degree of environment,economy and society,has attracted more and more atten-tions of urban managers and research ers.City is assumed to be a big system composed by 3subsystems of environm ent,economy and society,a set of indicators for urban coordinated sustainab le development of Taiyuan have been d esigned accord-ing to the thought of coordinated sustainable development and the reality of Taiyuan development.In this ind icator set there are three levels,which can be c alled as target level,indicator lev el and statistic indicator level.Am ong them,tar-get level includes three high-generalized grade-1indicators,represe nting the development standard of economy,society and environment subsystems.In this paper,according to the ideas of system theory and QIAN Xue-sen's theory o f meta-synthesis methodology fromqualitative analysis to quantitative analysis,the level,the sustainabl e degree and the coordi-nated degree of urban development we re set up,which described the urban c oordinated sustainable developmen t scientifical-ly and quantitatively.The above indicator system and the method of quant itative description were applied to Taiyuan.Through calculating,we have got the economic developing level,social developing level,environmental quality situation and the overall developing level,of Taiyuan from1986to 1995.Also,we wo rked out the sustainability of the whole develop-ment,the respective coordinatabilities of the subsystems of economy an d society,society and environment,and environ-ment and economy,and the coordinata bility of the overall development of Taiyuan in the same period of time.The coordinat-ed sustainable development situati on was quantitatively described,an d the low development level was compr ehensively analyzed ,and suggestions were rais ed for its future coordinated sustainable development. KEY WORDS:Taiyuan展开更多
Predator dummies are usually used to explore the impact of predator features on the anti-predator behavior of birds.Previous studies have shown that the morphology and behavior of aerial predators can signal different...Predator dummies are usually used to explore the impact of predator features on the anti-predator behavior of birds.Previous studies have shown that the morphology and behavior of aerial predators can signal different threat levels to birds.However,whether subtle changes in ground predator dummies cause changes in the nest defense behavior of parent birds is unclear.In this study,we aimed to investigate whether Japanese Tits(Parus minor)exhibit different nest defense behaviors in response to experimentally manipulated variations in the appearance,posture,and size of virtual snake proxies(common nest predators).During the incubation period,we observed the nest defense behaviors of the parent tits against taxidermized Siberian Ratsnakes(Elaphe schrenckii)with varied characteristics and rubber-made model snakes.The tits exhibited more intense responses to taxidermized large(body length about 120 cm)coiled ratsnakes than to large coiled model snakes.They exhibited weaker responses to taxidermized small(body length about 20 cm)coiled ratsnakes than to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes.In addition,they exhibited more intense responses to taxidermized large coiled ratsnakes than to taxidermized small coiled ratsnakes,and more intense responses to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes than to large model snakes.However,there was no difference in the response of tits to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes and taxidermized large coiled ratsnakes,or to taxidermized small coiled ratsnakes and model snakes.Thus,the presence of scales,a sinusoidal posture,and a large body size of snake dummies can induce more intense behavioral responses in Japanese Tits.We suggested that Japanese Tits can discriminate subtle differences in ground predator dummies of nests and exhibit different nest defense behaviors.展开更多
The phylogeny of Paridae and allies has been studied intensively during past decades.However,the phylogenetic relationship among species tends to become increasingly controversial as different genetic markers emerge.I...The phylogeny of Paridae and allies has been studied intensively during past decades.However,the phylogenetic relationship among species tends to become increasingly controversial as different genetic markers emerge.In our study,the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome b(cyt b) and cytochrome coxidase subunit Ι(COI) were obtained from 15 species that included 10 tits,4 long-tailed tits and a Chinese penduline tit. Analyses were conducted on the combined cyt b and COΙ sequences with maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms. Based on strong,congruent support among the different temporal partitions and models of sequence evolution,a highly resolved consensus of the relationships among Parids and their allies has been formed.The monophyly of Paridae and Remizidae is strongly supported.However,the monophyly of Paridae and Aegithalos is rejected. This agrees with previous studies using other molecular markers.Our results suggest the promotion of the subgenus Machlolophus from genus Parus to a separate genus.The phylogeny of Aegithalos is robust in the current study. However,by considering differences of both morphological and molecular characters within species,we conclude that more data are needed to define their phylogeny.Based on the patterns of taxonomic diversity and endemism,we suggest the southwestern mountain ranges of China might be the center of origin of the Aegithalos species.Divergence time estimates for the long-tailed tits range from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene(from 5.5 to 0.1 Mya)using a calibration of 2% divergence per million years. In a comparative sense,we found a congruent genetic differentiation among sympatric distribution taxa.展开更多
Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and...Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and egg ejection rate increased with the local diversity of parasitic cuckoo species.Antiparasitic behavior among Chinese tits may have evolved due to greater size variation among sympatric cuckoo species.This raises the question of whether differently sized parasitic cuckoos pose different threats to Chinese tits.A green-backed tit Parus monticolus population that is sym-patric with Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus(eme-cuckoo,small-sized parasite)and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus(com-cuckoo,large-sized parasite),and a cinereous tit P.cinereus population that is only sympatric with com-cuckoo were chosen as study organisms.We observed behavioral response and recorded alarm calls of the 2 tit species to eme-cuckoo,com-cuckoo,chipmunk Tamias sibiricus(a nest predator)and dove Streptopelia orientalis(a harm-less control),and subsequently played back alarm calls to conspecific incubating females.In dummy experiments,both tit species performed intense response behavior to chipmunk,but rarely responded strongly to the 3 avian species.In playback experiments,both tit species responded strongly to conspecific chipmunk alarm calls,but rarely responded to dove alarm calls.The inten-sity of response of incubating female green-backed tits to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls were similar to that of chipmunk alarm calls,while the intensity to eme-cuckoo alarm calls was higher than the intensity to dove alarm calls which was similar to that of com-cuckoo alarm calls.In contrast,few female cinereous tits responded to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls.These findings indicated that the threat level of eme-cuckoo was slightly greater than that of com-cuckoo for sympatric green-backed tits,but not for allopatric cinereous tits.展开更多
Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Jap...Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85...A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85＂ E） of Seoul National University, Anyang, Korea from November 2002 to June 2003. Three tits species, varied tit （Parus varius）, marsh tit （P. palustris） and great tit （P. major）, breeding in artificial t nest boxes were investigated on number of breeding pairs, cultch size, and egg measurement. Resuls showed that the breeding pairs of varied tit was more in 75-150 m area than in 0-75m area from forest road for all the three study sites, and the clutch size and egg measurements （weight, Major axis and Minor axis） of varied tit was also higher in the area of 75-150 m than in the area of 0-75 m, while no differences in number of breeding pairs and clutch size were found for marsh tit and great tit between the two areas. Egg measurement of great tit was also higher in forest interior area than in forest edge area. It is concluded that varied tit were most significantly influenced by forest road, followed by great tit, whereas marsh tit were not influenced by forest road. Artificial nest box is roved to be good for cavity nester in disturbed areas by human activities. Supply of artificial nest can help population protection and management of bird species.展开更多
Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota and host immune response.Epidemiologically,periodontitis is closely related to the occurrence,development,and poor prognosis o...Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota and host immune response.Epidemiologically,periodontitis is closely related to the occurrence,development,and poor prognosis of T2D and is recognized as a potential risk factor for T2D.In recent years,increasing attention has been given to the role of the virulence factors produced by disorders of the subgingival microbiota in the pathological mechanism of T2D。展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Recent studies have shown that the closely related cinereous tit(Parus cinereus)and green-backed tit(P.monticolus)in China display strong egg recognition ability in contrast to tit species in Europe,which ...DEAR EDITOR,Recent studies have shown that the closely related cinereous tit(Parus cinereus)and green-backed tit(P.monticolus)in China display strong egg recognition ability in contrast to tit species in Europe,which lack such ability.However,egg recognition in other populations of cinereous and greenbacked tits and additional Paridae species still requires further research.展开更多
Brooding is a major breeding investment of parental birds during the early nestling stage, and has important effects on the development and survival of nestlings. Investigating brooding behavior can help to understand...Brooding is a major breeding investment of parental birds during the early nestling stage, and has important effects on the development and survival of nestlings. Investigating brooding behavior can help to understand avian breeding investment strategies. From January to June in 2013 and 2014, we studied the brooding behaviors of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis） in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China. We analyzed the relationships between parental diurnal brooding duration and nestling age, brood size, temperature, relative breeding season, time of day and nestling frequencies during brooding duration. Results showed that female and male long-tailed tit parents had different breeding investment strategies during the early nestling stage. Female parents bore most of the brooding investment, while male parents performed most of the nestling feedings. In addition, helpers were not found to brood nestlings at the two cooperative breeding nests. Parental brooding duration was significantly associated with the food delivered to nestlings （F=86.10, dr=l, 193.94, P〈0.001）, and was longer when the nestlings received more food. We found that parental brooding duration declined significantly as nestlings aged （F=5.99, dr=-1, 50.13, P=0.018）. When nestlings were six days old, daytime parental brooding almost ceased, implying that long- tailed tit nestlings might be able to maintain their own body temperature by this age. In addition, brooding duration was affected by both brood size （F=12.74, dr=-1,32.08, P=0.001） and temperature （F=5.83, df=-l, 39.59, P=-0.021）, with it being shorter in larger broods and when ambient temperature was higher.展开更多
Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could ...Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could be critical to the survival of some species.The activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in birds is a key physiological process that determines the onset of reproduction.Could birds change the HPG axis endocrine rhythm under the temperature rising condition?Methods: Using plasma LH level as an indicator of initiation of the reproductive endocrine and artificially controlling temperature, we compared variations in the timing of activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in response to temperature in two Chinese bird species, the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and the Great Tit(Parus major) at both the population and individual levels.Results: At the population level, temperature only significantly influenced LH level in the Eurasian Skylark, and had no significant effect on the LH levels in the Great Tit.Mean LH level of Eurasian Skylarks in the 20 ℃ group was higher than that of those in the 15 ℃ group throughout the experiment.Large individual variations in the timing of peak LH levels were observed in the high and the low temperature groups of both Eurasian Skylarks and Great Tits.Conclusions: These results indicate that the effects of temperature differ among species.Meanwhile, there appears to be a degree of within population polymorphism in the timing of reproductive endocrine axis activation in some species.This polymorphism could provide the variation required for bird populations to cope with the possible change of their food peak under the climate warming condition.展开更多
Background:Extra-pair copulation behavior has been widely studied among socially monogamous birds.Many species revealed high rates of extra-pair paternity.But few of the studies have been carried out in the Asian popu...Background:Extra-pair copulation behavior has been widely studied among socially monogamous birds.Many species revealed high rates of extra-pair paternity.But few of the studies have been carried out in the Asian population.Methods:From 2012 to 2019,we explored the extra-pair paternity of Marsh Tits(Poecile palustris)in Xianrendong National Nature Reserve,Liaoning Province,China.During the study,adult Marsh Tits were captured with mist nets and parental birds,with nest-box traps.Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein.Parentage analyses were carried out using nine highly variable microsatellite loci through Cervus 3.0 software and maximum likelihood approach.Results:Forty-nine offspring(15.08%)from 20 nests(45.45%)were the results of extra-pair fertilization out of a total of 325 offspring in 44 nests.The average extra-pair offspring ratio was 33.54%,with a set varying from 11.11 to 71.43%.Nine extra-pair fathers had been successfully identified,four of whom were the close neighbors of the focus nest while the nests of the remaining five were relatively far.No significant difference was found in the genetic similarity between the social and extra-pair mates of the female,nor in the heterozygosis among the maternal half-siblings.Conclusions:In general,our study proved that the extra-pair paternity in Marsh Tits and its extra-pair mating is independent of the genetic compatibility hypothesis.This complements the understudied bird's extra-pair paternity in Asian area and contributes to the comprehensive insight of birds'extra-pair paternity behaviors.展开更多
文摘As the economic,political and cultu ral center of a nation or a region,cit ies are the carriers of human activi-ties.In a sense,only cities take the path of the coordinated sustainable development,it is possible for a cou ntry or a re-gion,even the whole world ,to develo p coordinately and sustainbly.Today,how to describe the urban sustainable develop-ing level and measure the coordinate d degree of environment,economy and society,has attracted more and more atten-tions of urban managers and research ers.City is assumed to be a big system composed by 3subsystems of environm ent,economy and society,a set of indicators for urban coordinated sustainab le development of Taiyuan have been d esigned accord-ing to the thought of coordinated sustainable development and the reality of Taiyuan development.In this ind icator set there are three levels,which can be c alled as target level,indicator lev el and statistic indicator level.Am ong them,tar-get level includes three high-generalized grade-1indicators,represe nting the development standard of economy,society and environment subsystems.In this paper,according to the ideas of system theory and QIAN Xue-sen's theory o f meta-synthesis methodology fromqualitative analysis to quantitative analysis,the level,the sustainabl e degree and the coordi-nated degree of urban development we re set up,which described the urban c oordinated sustainable developmen t scientifical-ly and quantitatively.The above indicator system and the method of quant itative description were applied to Taiyuan.Through calculating,we have got the economic developing level,social developing level,environmental quality situation and the overall developing level,of Taiyuan from1986to 1995.Also,we wo rked out the sustainability of the whole develop-ment,the respective coordinatabilities of the subsystems of economy an d society,society and environment,and environ-ment and economy,and the coordinata bility of the overall development of Taiyuan in the same period of time.The coordinat-ed sustainable development situati on was quantitatively described,an d the low development level was compr ehensively analyzed ,and suggestions were rais ed for its future coordinated sustainable development. KEY WORDS:Taiyuan
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271560 to H.W.,32001094 to J.Y.)Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province,China(No.20230101160JC to L.J.)+1 种基金the Open Project of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands,Hainan Normal University,China(No.HNSF-OP-202301 to J.Y.)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2412022ZD019 to J.Y.)。
文摘Predator dummies are usually used to explore the impact of predator features on the anti-predator behavior of birds.Previous studies have shown that the morphology and behavior of aerial predators can signal different threat levels to birds.However,whether subtle changes in ground predator dummies cause changes in the nest defense behavior of parent birds is unclear.In this study,we aimed to investigate whether Japanese Tits(Parus minor)exhibit different nest defense behaviors in response to experimentally manipulated variations in the appearance,posture,and size of virtual snake proxies(common nest predators).During the incubation period,we observed the nest defense behaviors of the parent tits against taxidermized Siberian Ratsnakes(Elaphe schrenckii)with varied characteristics and rubber-made model snakes.The tits exhibited more intense responses to taxidermized large(body length about 120 cm)coiled ratsnakes than to large coiled model snakes.They exhibited weaker responses to taxidermized small(body length about 20 cm)coiled ratsnakes than to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes.In addition,they exhibited more intense responses to taxidermized large coiled ratsnakes than to taxidermized small coiled ratsnakes,and more intense responses to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes than to large model snakes.However,there was no difference in the response of tits to taxidermized small sinusoidal ratsnakes and taxidermized large coiled ratsnakes,or to taxidermized small coiled ratsnakes and model snakes.Thus,the presence of scales,a sinusoidal posture,and a large body size of snake dummies can induce more intense behavioral responses in Japanese Tits.We suggested that Japanese Tits can discriminate subtle differences in ground predator dummies of nests and exhibit different nest defense behaviors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30870270)the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No.30925008) to Fumin Lei
文摘The phylogeny of Paridae and allies has been studied intensively during past decades.However,the phylogenetic relationship among species tends to become increasingly controversial as different genetic markers emerge.In our study,the partial mitochondrial genes cytochrome b(cyt b) and cytochrome coxidase subunit Ι(COI) were obtained from 15 species that included 10 tits,4 long-tailed tits and a Chinese penduline tit. Analyses were conducted on the combined cyt b and COΙ sequences with maximum likelihood and Bayesian algorithms. Based on strong,congruent support among the different temporal partitions and models of sequence evolution,a highly resolved consensus of the relationships among Parids and their allies has been formed.The monophyly of Paridae and Remizidae is strongly supported.However,the monophyly of Paridae and Aegithalos is rejected. This agrees with previous studies using other molecular markers.Our results suggest the promotion of the subgenus Machlolophus from genus Parus to a separate genus.The phylogeny of Aegithalos is robust in the current study. However,by considering differences of both morphological and molecular characters within species,we conclude that more data are needed to define their phylogeny.Based on the patterns of taxonomic diversity and endemism,we suggest the southwestern mountain ranges of China might be the center of origin of the Aegithalos species.Divergence time estimates for the long-tailed tits range from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene(from 5.5 to 0.1 Mya)using a calibration of 2% divergence per million years. In a comparative sense,we found a congruent genetic differentiation among sympatric distribution taxa.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31770419 and 31470458 to H.W.,31772453 and 31970427 to W.L.)the Open Project Program of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization(130028823)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412018QD009)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M631854).
文摘Hole-nesting tits Parus spp.have been classified as"unsuitable"hosts for cuckoo parasitism because cuckoos cannot enter a cavity if the entrance is too small.However,Chinese tits could re-ject alien eggs and egg ejection rate increased with the local diversity of parasitic cuckoo species.Antiparasitic behavior among Chinese tits may have evolved due to greater size variation among sympatric cuckoo species.This raises the question of whether differently sized parasitic cuckoos pose different threats to Chinese tits.A green-backed tit Parus monticolus population that is sym-patric with Asian emerald cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus(eme-cuckoo,small-sized parasite)and common cuckoo Cuculus canorus(com-cuckoo,large-sized parasite),and a cinereous tit P.cinereus population that is only sympatric with com-cuckoo were chosen as study organisms.We observed behavioral response and recorded alarm calls of the 2 tit species to eme-cuckoo,com-cuckoo,chipmunk Tamias sibiricus(a nest predator)and dove Streptopelia orientalis(a harm-less control),and subsequently played back alarm calls to conspecific incubating females.In dummy experiments,both tit species performed intense response behavior to chipmunk,but rarely responded strongly to the 3 avian species.In playback experiments,both tit species responded strongly to conspecific chipmunk alarm calls,but rarely responded to dove alarm calls.The inten-sity of response of incubating female green-backed tits to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls were similar to that of chipmunk alarm calls,while the intensity to eme-cuckoo alarm calls was higher than the intensity to dove alarm calls which was similar to that of com-cuckoo alarm calls.In contrast,few female cinereous tits responded to eme-cuckoo and com-cuckoo alarm calls.These findings indicated that the threat level of eme-cuckoo was slightly greater than that of com-cuckoo for sympatric green-backed tits,but not for allopatric cinereous tits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272331 and 31470458 to HW,31472013 and 31772453 to WL)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412016KJ043)the Open Project Program of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization(130028685)
文摘Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.
文摘A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85＂ E） of Seoul National University, Anyang, Korea from November 2002 to June 2003. Three tits species, varied tit （Parus varius）, marsh tit （P. palustris） and great tit （P. major）, breeding in artificial t nest boxes were investigated on number of breeding pairs, cultch size, and egg measurement. Resuls showed that the breeding pairs of varied tit was more in 75-150 m area than in 0-75m area from forest road for all the three study sites, and the clutch size and egg measurements （weight, Major axis and Minor axis） of varied tit was also higher in the area of 75-150 m than in the area of 0-75 m, while no differences in number of breeding pairs and clutch size were found for marsh tit and great tit between the two areas. Egg measurement of great tit was also higher in forest interior area than in forest edge area. It is concluded that varied tit were most significantly influenced by forest road, followed by great tit, whereas marsh tit were not influenced by forest road. Artificial nest box is roved to be good for cavity nester in disturbed areas by human activities. Supply of artificial nest can help population protection and management of bird species.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M691484)。
文摘Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance between the local microbiota and host immune response.Epidemiologically,periodontitis is closely related to the occurrence,development,and poor prognosis of T2D and is recognized as a potential risk factor for T2D.In recent years,increasing attention has been given to the role of the virulence factors produced by disorders of the subgingival microbiota in the pathological mechanism of T2D。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772453 and 31970427 to W.L.,31872231 to D.M.W.,and 31672303 to C.C.Y.)。
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Recent studies have shown that the closely related cinereous tit(Parus cinereus)and green-backed tit(P.monticolus)in China display strong egg recognition ability in contrast to tit species in Europe,which lack such ability.However,egg recognition in other populations of cinereous and greenbacked tits and additional Paridae species still requires further research.
基金Foundation item： This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31472011）ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Peng ZHANG, Zheng CHEN, Jia-Hui WANG, and Hui-Jia YUAN of Beijing Normal University for field assistance, and staff from Henan Dongzhai National Nature Reserve for help during field work. We also thank editor for revising the English, and the two reviewers for their constructive comments, which have helped to improve the manuscript.
文摘Brooding is a major breeding investment of parental birds during the early nestling stage, and has important effects on the development and survival of nestlings. Investigating brooding behavior can help to understand avian breeding investment strategies. From January to June in 2013 and 2014, we studied the brooding behaviors of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis） in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China. We analyzed the relationships between parental diurnal brooding duration and nestling age, brood size, temperature, relative breeding season, time of day and nestling frequencies during brooding duration. Results showed that female and male long-tailed tit parents had different breeding investment strategies during the early nestling stage. Female parents bore most of the brooding investment, while male parents performed most of the nestling feedings. In addition, helpers were not found to brood nestlings at the two cooperative breeding nests. Parental brooding duration was significantly associated with the food delivered to nestlings （F=86.10, dr=l, 193.94, P〈0.001）, and was longer when the nestlings received more food. We found that parental brooding duration declined significantly as nestlings aged （F=5.99, dr=-1, 50.13, P=0.018）. When nestlings were six days old, daytime parental brooding almost ceased, implying that long- tailed tit nestlings might be able to maintain their own body temperature by this age. In addition, brooding duration was affected by both brood size （F=12.74, dr=-1,32.08, P=0.001） and temperature （F=5.83, df=-l, 39.59, P=-0.021）, with it being shorter in larger broods and when ambient temperature was higher.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372225)Fund of Minzu University of China(No.ydzxxk201619)"111" Project(2008-B0844)
文摘Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could be critical to the survival of some species.The activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in birds is a key physiological process that determines the onset of reproduction.Could birds change the HPG axis endocrine rhythm under the temperature rising condition?Methods: Using plasma LH level as an indicator of initiation of the reproductive endocrine and artificially controlling temperature, we compared variations in the timing of activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in response to temperature in two Chinese bird species, the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and the Great Tit(Parus major) at both the population and individual levels.Results: At the population level, temperature only significantly influenced LH level in the Eurasian Skylark, and had no significant effect on the LH levels in the Great Tit.Mean LH level of Eurasian Skylarks in the 20 ℃ group was higher than that of those in the 15 ℃ group throughout the experiment.Large individual variations in the timing of peak LH levels were observed in the high and the low temperature groups of both Eurasian Skylarks and Great Tits.Conclusions: These results indicate that the effects of temperature differ among species.Meanwhile, there appears to be a degree of within population polymorphism in the timing of reproductive endocrine axis activation in some species.This polymorphism could provide the variation required for bird populations to cope with the possible change of their food peak under the climate warming condition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31872231)to DWthe Youth Foundation of Liaoning University(Grant No.A251901012)to JW。
文摘Background:Extra-pair copulation behavior has been widely studied among socially monogamous birds.Many species revealed high rates of extra-pair paternity.But few of the studies have been carried out in the Asian population.Methods:From 2012 to 2019,we explored the extra-pair paternity of Marsh Tits(Poecile palustris)in Xianrendong National Nature Reserve,Liaoning Province,China.During the study,adult Marsh Tits were captured with mist nets and parental birds,with nest-box traps.Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein.Parentage analyses were carried out using nine highly variable microsatellite loci through Cervus 3.0 software and maximum likelihood approach.Results:Forty-nine offspring(15.08%)from 20 nests(45.45%)were the results of extra-pair fertilization out of a total of 325 offspring in 44 nests.The average extra-pair offspring ratio was 33.54%,with a set varying from 11.11 to 71.43%.Nine extra-pair fathers had been successfully identified,four of whom were the close neighbors of the focus nest while the nests of the remaining five were relatively far.No significant difference was found in the genetic similarity between the social and extra-pair mates of the female,nor in the heterozygosis among the maternal half-siblings.Conclusions:In general,our study proved that the extra-pair paternity in Marsh Tits and its extra-pair mating is independent of the genetic compatibility hypothesis.This complements the understudied bird's extra-pair paternity in Asian area and contributes to the comprehensive insight of birds'extra-pair paternity behaviors.
