Tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs)have received great attention due to their eco-friendly properties and high theoretical efficiencies.However,the fast crystallization feature of tin-based perovskites leads to po...Tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs)have received great attention due to their eco-friendly properties and high theoretical efficiencies.However,the fast crystallization feature of tin-based perovskites leads to poor film quality and limits the corresponding device performance.Herein,a chlorofullerene,C_(60)Cl_(6),with six chlorine attached to the C_(60)cage,is applied to modulate the crystallization process and passivate grain boundary defects of the perovskite film.The chemical interactions between C_(60)Cl_(6)and perovskite components retard the transforming process of precursors to perovskite crystals and obtain a high-quality tin-based perovskite film.It is also revealed that the C_(60)Cl_(6)located at the surfaces and grain boundaries can not only passivate the defects but also offer a role in suturing grain boundaries to suppress the detrimental effects of water and oxygen on perovskite films,especially the oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+).As a result,the C_(60)Cl_(6)-based device yields a remarkably improved device efficiency from 10.03%to 13.30%with enhanced stability.This work provides a new strategy to regulate the film quality and stability of TPSCs using functional fullerene materials.展开更多
To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular ti...To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular tin-based contamination consisting of micro-and macroparticles was deposited on silicon via physical vapor deposition(PVD).The electrodedriven hydrogen plasma at different power levels was systematically diagnosed using a Langmuir probe and a retarding field ion energy analyzer(RFEA).Moreover,the magnitude of the self-biasing voltage was measured at different power levels,and the peak ion energy was corrected for the difference between the RFEA measurements and the self-biasing voltage(E_(RFEA)-eV_(self)).XPS analysis of O 1s and Sn 3d peaks demonstrated the chemical reduction process after 1 W cleaning.Analysis of surface and cross-section morphology revealed that holes emerged on the upper part of the macroparticles while its bottom remained smooth.Hills and folds appeared on the upper part of the microparticles,confirming the top-down cleaning mode with hydrogen plasma.This study provides an in situ electrode-driven hydrogen plasma etching process for tin-based contamination and will provide meaningful guidance for understanding the chemical mechanism of reduction and etching.展开更多
Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)is considered as a promising alternative to the widely used lithium ion batteries in view of the abundant resources and uniform distribution of sodium on the earth.However,due to the lack of ...Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)is considered as a promising alternative to the widely used lithium ion batteries in view of the abundant resources and uniform distribution of sodium on the earth.However,due to the lack of suitable anode and cathode materials,especially the anode materials with excellent performance,its practical application is trapped.In recent years,lots of attentions are devoted to developing new electrode materials with high sodium storage capacity and long life.In a large number of anode material libraries,tin-based materials with alloying reaction mechanism show great potential for application in high-energy SIBs due to their high theoretical specific capacity.In this paper,detailed and comprehensive research progress on tin-based anodes(including tin metal,tin alloy as well as its compounds)in recent years is summarized.Specific efforts to improve the electrochemical properties of tin-based anode materials are discussed.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of these anode materials are also proposed in this review.展开更多
The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235 B steel was analyzed ...The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235 B steel was analyzed by OM,SEM and EDS and the hardness properties of the joint interface layer were tested by MH-5 microhardness tester.the result of research shows that a layer of canine-shaped intermetallic compound with uneven thickness is formed at the interface,and the thickness is 10-20 μm.The interface layer includes two kinds of compound layers,namely the Fe Sn layer near the side of the steel substrate and FeSn layer near the side of the babbit.During the interfacial reaction process,Fe atoms in the steel matrix dissolve into the liquid babbit alloy and form a certain concentration gradient at the interface.The farther from the interface,the lower the Fe atom concentration.The growth of Gibbs free energy of Fe Sn is lower when the temperature is above 780.15 K,and the temperature during the welding process is much higher than 780.15 K,moreover the precipitation temperature of Fe Sn is higher.Therefore,in the subsequent cooling process,Fe Sn is first precipitated from the interface near the side of steel matrix and then FeSn is precipitated from the interface near the side of babbit alloy.Microhardness test showed that the intermetallic compound at the interface layer significantly improved the hardness properties.展开更多
The commercialized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is usually used as hole transport layers(HTLs)in tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs).However,the further development has been re...The commercialized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is usually used as hole transport layers(HTLs)in tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs).However,the further development has been restricted due to the acidity that could damage the stability of TPSCs.Although the PEDOT:PSS solution can be diluted by water to decrease acidity and reduce the cost of device fabrication,the electrical conductivity will decrease obviously in diluted PEDOT:PSS solution.Herein,potassium thiocyanate(KSCN)is selected to regulate the properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs from the diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution by water with a volume ratio of 1:1 to prepare efficient TPSCs.The effect of KSCN addition on the structure and photoelectrical properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs and TPSCs have been systematically studied.At the optimal KSCN concentration,the TPSCs based on KSCN-doped PEDOT:PSS HTLs(KSCN-PSCs)demonstrate the champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 8.39%,while the reference TPSCs only show a champioan PCE of 6.70%.The further analysis demonstrates that the KSCN additive increases the electrical conductivity of HTLs prepared by the diluted PEDOT:PSS solution,improves the microstructure of perovskite film,and inhibits carrier recombination in TPSCs,leading to the reduced hysteresis effect and enhanced PCE in KSCN-PSCs.This work gives a low-cost and practical strategy to develop a high-quality PEDOT:PSS HTLs from diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution for efficient TPSCs.展开更多
The microstructure of the tin-based babbit obtained by the method of tungsten inert gas welding(TIG)arc brazing was studied by optical microscopy(OM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Tribological behavior was investigated by...The microstructure of the tin-based babbit obtained by the method of tungsten inert gas welding(TIG)arc brazing was studied by optical microscopy(OM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Tribological behavior was investigated by high-temperature friction and wear testing machine(HTFWT),laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energydispersive spectrometer(EDS).It can be found that the higher welding current of the melting tin-based babbit makes it possible to form isomer structure with fine crystals of the cubic SnSb compounds and large star Cu6Sn5 compounds so that a higher hardness can be achieved,and a lower wear rate can be obtained over the entire distance of sliding friction.When the applied load is 2 N,the contact surface is oxidized due to the accumulation of friction heat and oxide,which plays a role of lubricated film.Also,the softer Sn-based solid solution forms obvious furrow under abrasive wear,and the harder SbSn and Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds shatter and leave a hole under friction.展开更多
Recently,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),regarded as promising supplements for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),especially in the large-scale energy storage field,are attracting more and more attention.However,the limited suita...Recently,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),regarded as promising supplements for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),especially in the large-scale energy storage field,are attracting more and more attention.However,the limited suitable cathode materials hinder the wide commercialization of SIBs.Given this aspect,in this work,a new layered oxide with 4d metal Tin was synthesized and investigated as cathode material for SIBs.Two optimized sodium-deficient O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2and O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2were selected for comprehensive investigation,both of which exhibited high operating voltage of around 3.45 V with smooth charge/discharge curves.In comparison,O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2shows a higher reversible capacity(65 m A h/g,0.1 C),better rate capability and cycling stability than that of O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2(50 mA h/g,0.1 C),indicating that a small amount of Mn-substitution can improve the electrochemical performance.This work presents a new possibility of discovering potential cathode candidates by exploring the Tin-based layered oxides.展开更多
The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,...The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein,propylamine hydrobromide(PABr)was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films.Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices,they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation.The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm^(-2)by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects.Furthermore,the device’s long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization,and the hysteresis effect is negligible.The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%.展开更多
Lead(Pb)-free Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been favored by the community due to their low toxicity,preferable bandgaps,and great potential to achieve high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Interfac...Lead(Pb)-free Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been favored by the community due to their low toxicity,preferable bandgaps,and great potential to achieve high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Interfaces engineering plays important roles in developing highly efficient Sn-based PSCs via passivation of trap defects,alignment of energy levels,and incorporation of low-dimensional Sn-based perovskites.In this review,we summarize the development of Pb-free Sn-based perovskites and their applications in devices,especially the strategies of improving the interfaces.We also provide perspectives for future research.Our aim is to help the development of new and advanced approaches to achieving high-performance environment-friendly Pb-free Sn-based PSCs.展开更多
As one of the most compelling photovoltaic devices, halide perovskite (PVK) solar cells have achieved a new surprising record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.8%in 2021 [1]. This demonstrates the great potentia...As one of the most compelling photovoltaic devices, halide perovskite (PVK) solar cells have achieved a new surprising record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.8%in 2021 [1]. This demonstrates the great potential of halide PVK solar cells as a highly competitive substitute to replace silicon-based solar cells in the photovoltaic market [2–6].展开更多
In the family of anodes for sodium-ion batteries,alloy-type anodes possess higher theoretical specific capacity than carbon anodes. The theoretical specific capacity of metallic Sn is 847 mAh·g^(-1). However, the...In the family of anodes for sodium-ion batteries,alloy-type anodes possess higher theoretical specific capacity than carbon anodes. The theoretical specific capacity of metallic Sn is 847 mAh·g^(-1). However, the tinbased material undergoes a large volume expansion during the sodium-ion intercalation process, which leads to the crack and pulverization of the electrode, consequently resulting in a significant capacity loss. In this paper, a yolk–shell-structured Sn–Co@void@C composite composed of a Sn–Co alloy core, a carbon shell and void space between the core and shell is designed and synthesized.Compared with the carbon-encapsulated SnCo without void space(Sn–Co@C) and carbon-encapsulated pure Sn core shell with void space(Sn@void@C), this composite exhibits improved reversibility, cyclic performance and rate capability. This work highlights the important roles of Co in the alloy and the void space between the core and the shell. The former can not only buffer the volume expansion of Sn, but also act as an electrical conductor. The void space can further tolerate the volume expansion of the Sn–Co core. Owing to this unique microstructure, the Sn–Co@void@C composite shows an initial reversible capacity of 591.4 mAh·g^(-1), at a current density of50 mA·g^(-1). After 100 charge/discharge cycles at100 mA·g^(-1), the composite still delivers 330 mAh·g^(-1).展开更多
Layered oxides are one of the most prom ising cathode materials for sodium ion batteries (NIBs), however, the relatively low working voltage hinders the increase of energy density thus limiting the application scenari...Layered oxides are one of the most prom ising cathode materials for sodium ion batteries (NIBs), however, the relatively low working voltage hinders the increase of energy density thus limiting the application scenarios of NIBs. Here we prepared and investigated a series of Sn^4+ substituted NaO.67NiO.33M na67-xSnxO2 (x = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.33) and found that Sn-substitution can induce three effects: promoting O3-stack formation, sm oothing the voltage profile and increasing the working voltage to -3.6 V. This study would enrich the knowledge of Sn-substitution and give guide to the better design of high-voltage cathode materials for NIBs.展开更多
Due to their unique photoelectric properties,nontoxic tin-based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near-infrared LEDs.However,the facile oxidation of Sn2+and the rapid crystallization rate of tin-based ...Due to their unique photoelectric properties,nontoxic tin-based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near-infrared LEDs.However,the facile oxidation of Sn2+and the rapid crystallization rate of tin-based perovskites result in suboptimal film quality,leading to inferior efficiencies of tin-based perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pero-LEDs).In this study,we investigate the influence of commonly used solvents on the quality of the CsSnI3 films.Remarkably,DMSO exhibits a stronger interaction with SnI2,forming a stable intermediate phase of SnI2·3DMSO.This intermediate effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+and slows down the crystallization rate,bringing in lower defect state density and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of the pre-pared perovskite films.Consequently,the corresponding Pero-LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 5.6%,among the most effi-cient near-infrared Pero-LEDs.In addition,the device processes ultra-low effi-ciency roll-off and high reproducibility.Our research underscores the crucial role of solvent-perovskite coordination in determining film quality.These find-ings offer valuable guidance for screening solvents to prepare highly efficient and stable tin-based perovskites.展开更多
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR) has been considered as a feasible avenue for simultaneous conversion of renewable energy and CO2. Economic and technical analysis suggests that the production of valuable ...Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR) has been considered as a feasible avenue for simultaneous conversion of renewable energy and CO2. Economic and technical analysis suggests that the production of valuable C1 chemicals such as formic acid and CO is the most economically practicable route for CO2RR. This perspective summarizes the performance of electrodeposited Sn-based catalysts for C1 chemicals production and the relative mechanism of CO2RR. Further fundamental understanding and industrial applications of electrodeposited Sn-based catalysts in CO2 electrolyzer device are also discussed.展开更多
Despite the impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)beyond 25.5%,perovskite solar cells,especially the Sn-based variants,are poorly stable under normal operating conditions compared with the market-dominant silicon...Despite the impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)beyond 25.5%,perovskite solar cells,especially the Sn-based variants,are poorly stable under normal operating conditions compared with the market-dominant silicon solar cells that can last for over 25 years.2D3D hybrid perovskite materials are one of the best options to overcome the instability chal-lenge without compromising efficiency.Indeed,a record performance of 1 year was reported in Pb-based 2D3D planar per-ovskite devices.However,the reaction between 2 and 3D perovskite molecules requires high temperatures(-300°C)and increased reaction time(-24 h)to achieve high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites.Herein,we base on the ability of chlorine to displace iodine from its ionic compounds in solutions to utilize chloride ions as catalysts for speeding up the reaction between iodine-based 2D and 3D perovskite molecules.The approach reduces the reaction time to-20 min and the reaction temperature to-100°C with the formation of high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites,free from pure 2D traces.Integrating the synthesized 2D3D hybrid perovskite material with 50%chlorine doping in a fiber-shaped solar cell architecture yielded the highest reported PCE of 11.96%in Sn-based fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells.The unencapsulated and encapsulated fiber-shaped solar cells could maintain 75%and 95.5%of their original PCE,respectively,after 3 months under room light and relative humidity of 35–40%,revealing the champion stability in Sn-based perovskite solar devices.The solar yarn also demonstrated constant energy output under changing light incident angles(0–180°).展开更多
Tin(Sn^(2+))-based halide perovskites have been developed as the most prom-ising alternatives to their toxic Pb-based counterparts in optoelectronic devices.However,the facile tin vacancy formation and easy oxidizatio...Tin(Sn^(2+))-based halide perovskites have been developed as the most prom-ising alternatives to their toxic Pb-based counterparts in optoelectronic devices.However,the facile tin vacancy formation and easy oxidization characteristics make Sn^(2+)-based perovskites highly p-doped with excessive hole concentrations,which significantly hinder their applications.Herein,we demonstrate a potent hole inhibitor of antimony fluoride(SbF_(3)),which possesses a higher hole-suppression capability than conventional tin fluo-ride(SnF_(2)).A small amount of SbF_(3) allows a wide range of hole-density modulation with no or less SnF_(2) addition,thus mitigating the negative effects of using only SnF_(2).A SnF_(2)/SbF_(3) co-additive approach was further developed to achieve high-performance Sn 2+perovskite thin-film transis-tors operated in the enhancement mode with a five-fold enhancement of the field-effect mobility and improved operational stability compared to using only SnF_(2).We expect that the SbF 3 hole suppressor and co-additive approach can provide opportunities for the development of high-efficiency Sn^(2+)-perovskite optoelectronic devices.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902110,U21A2078,and 22179042)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2020J01064 and 2020J06021)Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University,and the Promotion Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher in Science and Technology Research of Huaqiao University(ZQN-806,ZQNPY607)
文摘Tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs)have received great attention due to their eco-friendly properties and high theoretical efficiencies.However,the fast crystallization feature of tin-based perovskites leads to poor film quality and limits the corresponding device performance.Herein,a chlorofullerene,C_(60)Cl_(6),with six chlorine attached to the C_(60)cage,is applied to modulate the crystallization process and passivate grain boundary defects of the perovskite film.The chemical interactions between C_(60)Cl_(6)and perovskite components retard the transforming process of precursors to perovskite crystals and obtain a high-quality tin-based perovskite film.It is also revealed that the C_(60)Cl_(6)located at the surfaces and grain boundaries can not only passivate the defects but also offer a role in suturing grain boundaries to suppress the detrimental effects of water and oxygen on perovskite films,especially the oxidation of Sn^(2+)to Sn^(4+).As a result,the C_(60)Cl_(6)-based device yields a remarkably improved device efficiency from 10.03%to 13.30%with enhanced stability.This work provides a new strategy to regulate the film quality and stability of TPSCs using functional fullerene materials.
基金funded by the Institutional Research Fund from Sichuan University(No.2020SCUNL211)。
文摘To prolong the service life of optics,the feasibility of in situ cleaning of the multilayer mirror(MLM)of tin and its oxidized contamination was investigated using hydrogen plasma at different power levels.Granular tin-based contamination consisting of micro-and macroparticles was deposited on silicon via physical vapor deposition(PVD).The electrodedriven hydrogen plasma at different power levels was systematically diagnosed using a Langmuir probe and a retarding field ion energy analyzer(RFEA).Moreover,the magnitude of the self-biasing voltage was measured at different power levels,and the peak ion energy was corrected for the difference between the RFEA measurements and the self-biasing voltage(E_(RFEA)-eV_(self)).XPS analysis of O 1s and Sn 3d peaks demonstrated the chemical reduction process after 1 W cleaning.Analysis of surface and cross-section morphology revealed that holes emerged on the upper part of the macroparticles while its bottom remained smooth.Hills and folds appeared on the upper part of the microparticles,confirming the top-down cleaning mode with hydrogen plasma.This study provides an in situ electrode-driven hydrogen plasma etching process for tin-based contamination and will provide meaningful guidance for understanding the chemical mechanism of reduction and etching.
基金financially supported by Beijing Municipal High Level Innovative Team Building Program(Nos.IDHT20170502,IDHT20180504)the 17 Connotation Development-Curriculum and Teaching Material Construction Quality Teaching Resources Project,Beijing University of Technology(No.KC2017BS020)。
文摘Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)is considered as a promising alternative to the widely used lithium ion batteries in view of the abundant resources and uniform distribution of sodium on the earth.However,due to the lack of suitable anode and cathode materials,especially the anode materials with excellent performance,its practical application is trapped.In recent years,lots of attentions are devoted to developing new electrode materials with high sodium storage capacity and long life.In a large number of anode material libraries,tin-based materials with alloying reaction mechanism show great potential for application in high-energy SIBs due to their high theoretical specific capacity.In this paper,detailed and comprehensive research progress on tin-based anodes(including tin metal,tin alloy as well as its compounds)in recent years is summarized.Specific efforts to improve the electrochemical properties of tin-based anode materials are discussed.Moreover,the challenges and prospects of these anode materials are also proposed in this review.
基金supported by the University Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.15KJA460006)
文摘The submerged arc brazing method was used to connect the tin-based babbit alloy with the steel matrix.The microstructure of the submerged arc brazed Babbitt interface layer on the surface of Q235 B steel was analyzed by OM,SEM and EDS and the hardness properties of the joint interface layer were tested by MH-5 microhardness tester.the result of research shows that a layer of canine-shaped intermetallic compound with uneven thickness is formed at the interface,and the thickness is 10-20 μm.The interface layer includes two kinds of compound layers,namely the Fe Sn layer near the side of the steel substrate and FeSn layer near the side of the babbit.During the interfacial reaction process,Fe atoms in the steel matrix dissolve into the liquid babbit alloy and form a certain concentration gradient at the interface.The farther from the interface,the lower the Fe atom concentration.The growth of Gibbs free energy of Fe Sn is lower when the temperature is above 780.15 K,and the temperature during the welding process is much higher than 780.15 K,moreover the precipitation temperature of Fe Sn is higher.Therefore,in the subsequent cooling process,Fe Sn is first precipitated from the interface near the side of steel matrix and then FeSn is precipitated from the interface near the side of babbit alloy.Microhardness test showed that the intermetallic compound at the interface layer significantly improved the hardness properties.
基金sponsored by Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.303523)。
文摘The commercialized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is usually used as hole transport layers(HTLs)in tin-based perovskite solar cells(TPSCs).However,the further development has been restricted due to the acidity that could damage the stability of TPSCs.Although the PEDOT:PSS solution can be diluted by water to decrease acidity and reduce the cost of device fabrication,the electrical conductivity will decrease obviously in diluted PEDOT:PSS solution.Herein,potassium thiocyanate(KSCN)is selected to regulate the properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs from the diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution by water with a volume ratio of 1:1 to prepare efficient TPSCs.The effect of KSCN addition on the structure and photoelectrical properties of PEDOT:PSS HTLs and TPSCs have been systematically studied.At the optimal KSCN concentration,the TPSCs based on KSCN-doped PEDOT:PSS HTLs(KSCN-PSCs)demonstrate the champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 8.39%,while the reference TPSCs only show a champioan PCE of 6.70%.The further analysis demonstrates that the KSCN additive increases the electrical conductivity of HTLs prepared by the diluted PEDOT:PSS solution,improves the microstructure of perovskite film,and inhibits carrier recombination in TPSCs,leading to the reduced hysteresis effect and enhanced PCE in KSCN-PSCs.This work gives a low-cost and practical strategy to develop a high-quality PEDOT:PSS HTLs from diluted PEDOT:PSS aqueous solution for efficient TPSCs.
基金financially supported by the University Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(No.15KJA460006).
文摘The microstructure of the tin-based babbit obtained by the method of tungsten inert gas welding(TIG)arc brazing was studied by optical microscopy(OM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Tribological behavior was investigated by high-temperature friction and wear testing machine(HTFWT),laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energydispersive spectrometer(EDS).It can be found that the higher welding current of the melting tin-based babbit makes it possible to form isomer structure with fine crystals of the cubic SnSb compounds and large star Cu6Sn5 compounds so that a higher hardness can be achieved,and a lower wear rate can be obtained over the entire distance of sliding friction.When the applied load is 2 N,the contact surface is oxidized due to the accumulation of friction heat and oxide,which plays a role of lubricated film.Also,the softer Sn-based solid solution forms obvious furrow under abrasive wear,and the harder SbSn and Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds shatter and leave a hole under friction.
基金supported by funding from the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China ("research on key technology of low-strain layered oxides for long-life sodium-ion batteries", DG71-16-027)
文摘Recently,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),regarded as promising supplements for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),especially in the large-scale energy storage field,are attracting more and more attention.However,the limited suitable cathode materials hinder the wide commercialization of SIBs.Given this aspect,in this work,a new layered oxide with 4d metal Tin was synthesized and investigated as cathode material for SIBs.Two optimized sodium-deficient O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2and O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2were selected for comprehensive investigation,both of which exhibited high operating voltage of around 3.45 V with smooth charge/discharge curves.In comparison,O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.4)Mn_(0.1)Sn_(0.5)O_2shows a higher reversible capacity(65 m A h/g,0.1 C),better rate capability and cycling stability than that of O3-Na_(0.9)Ni_(0.45)Sn_(0.55)O_2(50 mA h/g,0.1 C),indicating that a small amount of Mn-substitution can improve the electrochemical performance.This work presents a new possibility of discovering potential cathode candidates by exploring the Tin-based layered oxides.
基金supported by the Talent Fund of Beijing Jiaotong University (No.2019RC058)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.62205013,62075009,62275013,and 12274020)。
文摘The development of tin-based devices with low toxicity is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite solar cells.However because tin halide is a stronger Lewis acid,its crystallization rate is extremely fast,resulting in the formation of numerous defects that affect the device performance of tin-based perovskite solar cells.Herein,propylamine hydrobromide(PABr)was added to the perovskite precursor solution as an additive to passivate defects and fabricate more uniform and dense perovskite films.Because propylamine cations are too large to enter the perovskite lattices,they only exist at the grain boundary to passivate surface defects and promote crystal growth in a preferred orientation.The PABr additive raises the average short-circuit current density from 19.45 to 25.47 mA·cm^(-2)by reducing carrier recombination induced by defects.Furthermore,the device’s long-term illumination stability is improved after optimization,and the hysteresis effect is negligible.The addition of PABr results in a power conversion efficiency of 9.35%.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(Nos.2017GZ0052,2020YFH0079,and 2020JDJQ0030)National Energy Novel Materials Center Project(No.NENMC-I-1701)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.YJ201722,YJ201955)support by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U1804132)。
文摘Lead(Pb)-free Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been favored by the community due to their low toxicity,preferable bandgaps,and great potential to achieve high power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Interfaces engineering plays important roles in developing highly efficient Sn-based PSCs via passivation of trap defects,alignment of energy levels,and incorporation of low-dimensional Sn-based perovskites.In this review,we summarize the development of Pb-free Sn-based perovskites and their applications in devices,especially the strategies of improving the interfaces.We also provide perspectives for future research.Our aim is to help the development of new and advanced approaches to achieving high-performance environment-friendly Pb-free Sn-based PSCs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFE0208500)the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Mirai program (JPMJMI17EA)。
文摘As one of the most compelling photovoltaic devices, halide perovskite (PVK) solar cells have achieved a new surprising record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.8%in 2021 [1]. This demonstrates the great potential of halide PVK solar cells as a highly competitive substitute to replace silicon-based solar cells in the photovoltaic market [2–6].
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51804089)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(Nos.2017GXNSFBA198141 and 2017GXNSFAA198230)the Foundation of Guilin University of Technology(No.GLUTQD2017005)。
文摘In the family of anodes for sodium-ion batteries,alloy-type anodes possess higher theoretical specific capacity than carbon anodes. The theoretical specific capacity of metallic Sn is 847 mAh·g^(-1). However, the tinbased material undergoes a large volume expansion during the sodium-ion intercalation process, which leads to the crack and pulverization of the electrode, consequently resulting in a significant capacity loss. In this paper, a yolk–shell-structured Sn–Co@void@C composite composed of a Sn–Co alloy core, a carbon shell and void space between the core and shell is designed and synthesized.Compared with the carbon-encapsulated SnCo without void space(Sn–Co@C) and carbon-encapsulated pure Sn core shell with void space(Sn@void@C), this composite exhibits improved reversibility, cyclic performance and rate capability. This work highlights the important roles of Co in the alloy and the void space between the core and the shell. The former can not only buffer the volume expansion of Sn, but also act as an electrical conductor. The void space can further tolerate the volume expansion of the Sn–Co core. Owing to this unique microstructure, the Sn–Co@void@C composite shows an initial reversible capacity of 591.4 mAh·g^(-1), at a current density of50 mA·g^(-1). After 100 charge/discharge cycles at100 mA·g^(-1), the composite still delivers 330 mAh·g^(-1).
基金supported financially by the Funding from the Science and Technology Project of the State Grid Corporation of China (No. DG71-16-027, research on key technology of low-strain layered oxides for long-life Na-ion batteries)
文摘Layered oxides are one of the most prom ising cathode materials for sodium ion batteries (NIBs), however, the relatively low working voltage hinders the increase of energy density thus limiting the application scenarios of NIBs. Here we prepared and investigated a series of Sn^4+ substituted NaO.67NiO.33M na67-xSnxO2 (x = 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.33) and found that Sn-substitution can induce three effects: promoting O3-stack formation, sm oothing the voltage profile and increasing the working voltage to -3.6 V. This study would enrich the knowledge of Sn-substitution and give guide to the better design of high-voltage cathode materials for NIBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1204800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2078,22179042,and 12104170)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J06034)Scientific Research Funds and Subsidized Project for Postgraduate's Innovative Fund in Scientific Research of Huaqiao University。
文摘Due to their unique photoelectric properties,nontoxic tin-based perovskites are emerging candidates for efficient near-infrared LEDs.However,the facile oxidation of Sn2+and the rapid crystallization rate of tin-based perovskites result in suboptimal film quality,leading to inferior efficiencies of tin-based perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pero-LEDs).In this study,we investigate the influence of commonly used solvents on the quality of the CsSnI3 films.Remarkably,DMSO exhibits a stronger interaction with SnI2,forming a stable intermediate phase of SnI2·3DMSO.This intermediate effectively inhibits the oxidation of Sn2+and slows down the crystallization rate,bringing in lower defect state density and higher photoluminescence quantum yield of the pre-pared perovskite films.Consequently,the corresponding Pero-LEDs achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE)of 5.6%,among the most effi-cient near-infrared Pero-LEDs.In addition,the device processes ultra-low effi-ciency roll-off and high reproducibility.Our research underscores the crucial role of solvent-perovskite coordination in determining film quality.These find-ings offer valuable guidance for screening solvents to prepare highly efficient and stable tin-based perovskites.
基金Financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0700102)Dalian Outstanding Young Scientist Foundation(No.2017RJ03)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M630307 and 2019T120220)。
文摘Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR) has been considered as a feasible avenue for simultaneous conversion of renewable energy and CO2. Economic and technical analysis suggests that the production of valuable C1 chemicals such as formic acid and CO is the most economically practicable route for CO2RR. This perspective summarizes the performance of electrodeposited Sn-based catalysts for C1 chemicals production and the relative mechanism of CO2RR. Further fundamental understanding and industrial applications of electrodeposited Sn-based catalysts in CO2 electrolyzer device are also discussed.
基金thank the Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Macao Science and Technology Plan Project(Category C,Grant No.ZGCP)Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(Grant No.15302121)+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975214)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC2000900)Seed Fund of Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems(Grant No.CD45)Start-up Fund of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Grant No.BE1H)Departmental General Research Fund of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Grant No.UAME),and The Hong Kong Ph.D.Fellowship Scheme.
文摘Despite the impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE)beyond 25.5%,perovskite solar cells,especially the Sn-based variants,are poorly stable under normal operating conditions compared with the market-dominant silicon solar cells that can last for over 25 years.2D3D hybrid perovskite materials are one of the best options to overcome the instability chal-lenge without compromising efficiency.Indeed,a record performance of 1 year was reported in Pb-based 2D3D planar per-ovskite devices.However,the reaction between 2 and 3D perovskite molecules requires high temperatures(-300°C)and increased reaction time(-24 h)to achieve high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites.Herein,we base on the ability of chlorine to displace iodine from its ionic compounds in solutions to utilize chloride ions as catalysts for speeding up the reaction between iodine-based 2D and 3D perovskite molecules.The approach reduces the reaction time to-20 min and the reaction temperature to-100°C with the formation of high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites,free from pure 2D traces.Integrating the synthesized 2D3D hybrid perovskite material with 50%chlorine doping in a fiber-shaped solar cell architecture yielded the highest reported PCE of 11.96%in Sn-based fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells.The unencapsulated and encapsulated fiber-shaped solar cells could maintain 75%and 95.5%of their original PCE,respectively,after 3 months under room light and relative humidity of 35–40%,revealing the champion stability in Sn-based perovskite solar devices.The solar yarn also demonstrated constant energy output under changing light incident angles(0–180°).
基金This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation,funded by the Korean government(NRF-2021R1A2C3005401,2020M3F3A2A01085792,2020R1A4A1019455,2020M3D1A 1110548)Samsung Display Corporation.
文摘Tin(Sn^(2+))-based halide perovskites have been developed as the most prom-ising alternatives to their toxic Pb-based counterparts in optoelectronic devices.However,the facile tin vacancy formation and easy oxidization characteristics make Sn^(2+)-based perovskites highly p-doped with excessive hole concentrations,which significantly hinder their applications.Herein,we demonstrate a potent hole inhibitor of antimony fluoride(SbF_(3)),which possesses a higher hole-suppression capability than conventional tin fluo-ride(SnF_(2)).A small amount of SbF_(3) allows a wide range of hole-density modulation with no or less SnF_(2) addition,thus mitigating the negative effects of using only SnF_(2).A SnF_(2)/SbF_(3) co-additive approach was further developed to achieve high-performance Sn 2+perovskite thin-film transis-tors operated in the enhancement mode with a five-fold enhancement of the field-effect mobility and improved operational stability compared to using only SnF_(2).We expect that the SbF 3 hole suppressor and co-additive approach can provide opportunities for the development of high-efficiency Sn^(2+)-perovskite optoelectronic devices.
