Tin phosphide(Sn_(4)P_(3))is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its relatively large theoretical capacity,appropriate Na^(+) alloying potential,and good cyclic stability.Herein,the Sn_(4)P_...Tin phosphide(Sn_(4)P_(3))is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its relatively large theoretical capacity,appropriate Na^(+) alloying potential,and good cyclic stability.Herein,the Sn_(4)P_(3) embedded into a carbon matrix with good rate performance and long cycle life is reported.The Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite exhibits excellent rate performance(540 mAh g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1))and the highest reversible capacity(844 mAh g^(-1) at 0.5 A ^(g-1))among Sn4P3-based anodes reported so far.Its reversible capacity is as high as 705 mAh g^(-1) even after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1).Besides,its initial Coulomb efficiency can reach 85.6%,with the average Coulomb efficiency exceeding 99.75%from the 3rd to 100th cycles.Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) is firstly used as a cathode when Sn_(4)P_(3) acts as anode,and the Na-Sn_(4)P_(3)-C//Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) full cell shows excellent electrochemical performance.These results demonstrate that the Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite prepared in this work displays high-rate capability and superior cyclic performance,and thus is a potential anode for sodium ion batteries.展开更多
The optimization of anode materials such as Sn,P and Sn4P3 in terms of capacity and cyclability is crucial to improve the overall performance of sodium-ion batteries.However,the delicate fabrication of these materials...The optimization of anode materials such as Sn,P and Sn4P3 in terms of capacity and cyclability is crucial to improve the overall performance of sodium-ion batteries.However,the delicate fabrication of these materials,including the balanced crystalline/amorphous domains,reasonable particle size and distribution,complementary components exhibiting synergetic reactions,among others,still greatly retards the realization of maximum performance.Herein,a series of Sn/P-based composite materials with a plum pudding configuration were fabricated to achieve controlled crystalline/amorphous structures as well as optimized size and distribution in a carbon framework.By using a facile and low-cost ball milling method,the structural transformation of Sn4P3 into phase-separated crystalline Sn and amorphous P in a carbonaceous framework can be finely controlled,producing a series of binary(Sn4 P3/C),quaternary(Sn4P3/Sn/P/C) and ternary(Sn/P/C) composites.Due to the complementary components,crystalline/amorphous adjustment,crystallite sizes and well-integrated interfaces,the quaternary Sn4P3/Sn/P/C composite showed the best electrochemical performance,with a noticeable long-cycle performance of 382 mA hg-1 and 86% capacity retention for nearly 300 cycles.Different from binary and ternary composites,the discharge of quaternary composite generates no noticeable signals of Na15Sn4 and Na3 P in the ex-situ X-ray diffraction patterns,suggesting the crystallite growth of sodiation products can be depressed.Moreover,Sn4 P3 in the quaternary composite can be partially regenerated in the desodiation reaction,implying the significant short-range interaction and thus better synergetic reactions between Sn and P components.The results demonstrate that the design and organization of crystalline/amorphous structures can serve as an efficient strategy to develop novel electrode materials for sodium ion batteries.展开更多
Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its uni...Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its unique three-dimensional crystallographic layered structure.In this work,we report the in situ growth of ultrafine SnP nanocrystals within Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene interlayers.The MXene framework is used as a conductive matrix to provide high ionic/electrical transfer paths and reduce the Na^(+)diffusion barrier in the electrode.In situ and ex situ measurements reveal that the synergy between small SnP crystal domains and the confinement provided by the MXene host prevents mechanical disintegration and major phase separation during the sodiation and desodiation cycles.The resultant electrode exhibits fast Na^(+)storage kinetics and excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles.A full cell assembled with this new SnP-based anode and a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode delivers a high energy density of 265.4 Wh kg^(-1)and a power density of 3252.4 W kg^(-1),outperforming most sodium-ion batteries reported to date.展开更多
Flexible inorganic double helical semiconductors similar to DNA have fueled the demand for efficient materials with innovative structures and excellent properties.The recent discovery of tin phosphide iodide(SnIP),the...Flexible inorganic double helical semiconductors similar to DNA have fueled the demand for efficient materials with innovative structures and excellent properties.The recent discovery of tin phosphide iodide(SnIP),the first carbon-free double helical semiconductor at an atomic level,has opened new avenues of research for semiconducting devices such as thermoelectric and sensor devices,solar cells,and photocatalysis.It has drawn significant academic attention due to its high structural flexibility,band gap in the visible spectrum range,and non-toxic elements.Herein,the recent progress in developing SnIP,including its prestigious structure,versatile and intriguing properties,and synthesis,is summarized.Other analogues of SnIP and SnIP-based hybrid materials and their applications in photocatalysis are also discussed.Finally,the review concludes with a critical summary and future aspects of this new inorganic semiconductor.展开更多
As the first carbon-free double helical semiconductor at an atomic scale,tin phosphide iodide(SnIP)has garnered growing interest due to its high structural flexibility,band gap in the visible spectrum range,and non-to...As the first carbon-free double helical semiconductor at an atomic scale,tin phosphide iodide(SnIP)has garnered growing interest due to its high structural flexibility,band gap in the visible spectrum range,and non-toxicity.Herein,we report the chemical vapor transport synthesis of SnIP nanowires(NWs).The photocatalytic activity of SnIP NWs was evaluated through the degradation of two representative toxic dyes,methylene blue(MB)and malachite green(MG),under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).These NWs exhibited notable photocatalytic efficiency,achieving degradation rates over 97%for MB and 95%for MG within 100 min of visible light exposure.The degradation data align well with a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics model for both dyes,with rate constants of 0.0347 and 0.0295 min^(−1).Furthermore,the synthesized catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability and recyclability,maintaining its efficient performance till six duplicate operations cycles.Scavenger testing indicated that holes and OH radicals were the main active species driving the dye’s photodegradation.The unusual photocatalytic efficiency can be attributed to their favorable band gap within the visible spectrum range and unique onedimensional structure.The results demonstrate that the SnIP NWs offer a promising choice for eco-friendly dye photodegradation.展开更多
基金supported by the Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries,MEXT,Japan(Grant Number JPMXP0112101003).
文摘Tin phosphide(Sn_(4)P_(3))is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its relatively large theoretical capacity,appropriate Na^(+) alloying potential,and good cyclic stability.Herein,the Sn_(4)P_(3) embedded into a carbon matrix with good rate performance and long cycle life is reported.The Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite exhibits excellent rate performance(540 mAh g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1))and the highest reversible capacity(844 mAh g^(-1) at 0.5 A ^(g-1))among Sn4P3-based anodes reported so far.Its reversible capacity is as high as 705 mAh g^(-1) even after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1).Besides,its initial Coulomb efficiency can reach 85.6%,with the average Coulomb efficiency exceeding 99.75%from the 3rd to 100th cycles.Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) is firstly used as a cathode when Sn_(4)P_(3) acts as anode,and the Na-Sn_(4)P_(3)-C//Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) full cell shows excellent electrochemical performance.These results demonstrate that the Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite prepared in this work displays high-rate capability and superior cyclic performance,and thus is a potential anode for sodium ion batteries.
基金This project is supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 51622202,21603009 and21875007)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB0104302)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(B)(KZ201910005002)the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Program(2016B010114001)。
文摘The optimization of anode materials such as Sn,P and Sn4P3 in terms of capacity and cyclability is crucial to improve the overall performance of sodium-ion batteries.However,the delicate fabrication of these materials,including the balanced crystalline/amorphous domains,reasonable particle size and distribution,complementary components exhibiting synergetic reactions,among others,still greatly retards the realization of maximum performance.Herein,a series of Sn/P-based composite materials with a plum pudding configuration were fabricated to achieve controlled crystalline/amorphous structures as well as optimized size and distribution in a carbon framework.By using a facile and low-cost ball milling method,the structural transformation of Sn4P3 into phase-separated crystalline Sn and amorphous P in a carbonaceous framework can be finely controlled,producing a series of binary(Sn4 P3/C),quaternary(Sn4P3/Sn/P/C) and ternary(Sn/P/C) composites.Due to the complementary components,crystalline/amorphous adjustment,crystallite sizes and well-integrated interfaces,the quaternary Sn4P3/Sn/P/C composite showed the best electrochemical performance,with a noticeable long-cycle performance of 382 mA hg-1 and 86% capacity retention for nearly 300 cycles.Different from binary and ternary composites,the discharge of quaternary composite generates no noticeable signals of Na15Sn4 and Na3 P in the ex-situ X-ray diffraction patterns,suggesting the crystallite growth of sodiation products can be depressed.Moreover,Sn4 P3 in the quaternary composite can be partially regenerated in the desodiation reaction,implying the significant short-range interaction and thus better synergetic reactions between Sn and P components.The results demonstrate that the design and organization of crystalline/amorphous structures can serve as an efficient strategy to develop novel electrode materials for sodium ion batteries.
基金The authors gratefully thank the Australian Research Council through its Discovery,DECRA,Future Fellowship,Laureate Fellowship and Linkage Programs of DP180103430,DE180100749,LP160100905,FT200100279,LP170100392 and FL190100139.
文摘Phase separation in conversion/alloying-based anodes easily causes crystal disintegration and leads to bad cycling performance.Tin monophosphide(SnP)is an excellent anode material for sodium ion battery due to its unique three-dimensional crystallographic layered structure.In this work,we report the in situ growth of ultrafine SnP nanocrystals within Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene interlayers.The MXene framework is used as a conductive matrix to provide high ionic/electrical transfer paths and reduce the Na^(+)diffusion barrier in the electrode.In situ and ex situ measurements reveal that the synergy between small SnP crystal domains and the confinement provided by the MXene host prevents mechanical disintegration and major phase separation during the sodiation and desodiation cycles.The resultant electrode exhibits fast Na^(+)storage kinetics and excellent cycling stability for over 1000 cycles.A full cell assembled with this new SnP-based anode and a Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)cathode delivers a high energy density of 265.4 Wh kg^(-1)and a power density of 3252.4 W kg^(-1),outperforming most sodium-ion batteries reported to date.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072198).
文摘Flexible inorganic double helical semiconductors similar to DNA have fueled the demand for efficient materials with innovative structures and excellent properties.The recent discovery of tin phosphide iodide(SnIP),the first carbon-free double helical semiconductor at an atomic level,has opened new avenues of research for semiconducting devices such as thermoelectric and sensor devices,solar cells,and photocatalysis.It has drawn significant academic attention due to its high structural flexibility,band gap in the visible spectrum range,and non-toxic elements.Herein,the recent progress in developing SnIP,including its prestigious structure,versatile and intriguing properties,and synthesis,is summarized.Other analogues of SnIP and SnIP-based hybrid materials and their applications in photocatalysis are also discussed.Finally,the review concludes with a critical summary and future aspects of this new inorganic semiconductor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072198)。
文摘As the first carbon-free double helical semiconductor at an atomic scale,tin phosphide iodide(SnIP)has garnered growing interest due to its high structural flexibility,band gap in the visible spectrum range,and non-toxicity.Herein,we report the chemical vapor transport synthesis of SnIP nanowires(NWs).The photocatalytic activity of SnIP NWs was evaluated through the degradation of two representative toxic dyes,methylene blue(MB)and malachite green(MG),under visible light irradiation(λ>400 nm).These NWs exhibited notable photocatalytic efficiency,achieving degradation rates over 97%for MB and 95%for MG within 100 min of visible light exposure.The degradation data align well with a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics model for both dyes,with rate constants of 0.0347 and 0.0295 min^(−1).Furthermore,the synthesized catalyst demonstrated exceptional stability and recyclability,maintaining its efficient performance till six duplicate operations cycles.Scavenger testing indicated that holes and OH radicals were the main active species driving the dye’s photodegradation.The unusual photocatalytic efficiency can be attributed to their favorable band gap within the visible spectrum range and unique onedimensional structure.The results demonstrate that the SnIP NWs offer a promising choice for eco-friendly dye photodegradation.
