The plastic work-heat conversion coefficient is one key parameter for studying the work-heat conversion under dynamic deformation of materials. To explore this coefficient of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy under dynamic com...The plastic work-heat conversion coefficient is one key parameter for studying the work-heat conversion under dynamic deformation of materials. To explore this coefficient of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy under dynamic compression, dynamic compression experiments using the Hopkinson bar under four groups of strain rates were conducted, and the temperature signals were measured by constructing a transient infrared temperature measurement system. According to stress versus strain data as well as the corresponding temperature data obtained through the experiments, the influences of the strain and the strain rate on the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat were analyzed.The experimental results show that the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy is not a constant at the range of 0.85–1 and is closely related to the strain and the strain rate. The change of internal structure of material under high strain rate reduces its energy storage capacity, and makes almost all plastic work convert into heat.展开更多
Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005...Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of lran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 ±0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17. 5 ± 0. 1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The variations observed in the conversion coefficients and their dissimilarity among different regions of Iran may be due to a variety of fundamental factors of which literacy and culture are of important factors.展开更多
The basic theory of the purchasing power at par refers to the rate of one country＇s currency to U.S. dollar while purchasing ＂a basket＂ goods and services in the same quantity and quality respectively in this count...The basic theory of the purchasing power at par refers to the rate of one country＇s currency to U.S. dollar while purchasing ＂a basket＂ goods and services in the same quantity and quality respectively in this country and U.S.A. This paper gives out calculation method of purchasing power conversion coefficient at par and how to calculate the non-base year purchasing power at par.展开更多
In this article, we first introduce g-expectation via the solution of backward stochastic differential equation（BSDE in short） with non-Lipschitz coefficient, and give the properties of g-expectation, then we establ...In this article, we first introduce g-expectation via the solution of backward stochastic differential equation（BSDE in short） with non-Lipschitz coefficient, and give the properties of g-expectation, then we establish a general converse comparison theorem for backward stochastic differential equation with non-Lipschitz coefficient.展开更多
With the aim to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer, an analysis model of energy conversion efficiency is established based on the elastic mechanics theory and piezoe...With the aim to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer, an analysis model of energy conversion efficiency is established based on the elastic mechanics theory and piezoelectricity theory. It can be found that the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer mainly depends on its shape parameters and ma- terial properties from the analysis model. Simulation results show that there is an optimal length ratio to generate maximum en- ergy conversion efficiency and the optimal length ratios and energy conversion efficiencies of beryllium bronze substrate trans- ducer and steel substrate transducer are （0.65, 2.21%） and （0.65, 1.64%） respectively. The optimal thickness ratios and energy conversion efficieneies of beryllium bronze substrate transducer and steel substrate transducer are （1.16, 2.56%） and （1.49, 1.57%） respectively. With the increase of width ratio and initial curvature radius, both the energy conversion efficiencies de- crease. Moreover, beryllium bronze flexible substrate transducer is superior to the steel flexible substrate transducer.展开更多
Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel cells. This regulation is expressed as that total power produced by fuel cells is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the \{...Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel cells. This regulation is expressed as that total power produced by fuel cells is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the \{equilibrium\} potential and work potential. With this regulation we deduced fuel cell performance equation which can describe the potential vs.the current performance curves, namely, polarization curves of fuel cells with three power source parameters: equilibrium potential E_0; internal resistance R; and power conversion coefficient K. The concept of the power conversion coefficient is a new criterion to evaluate and compare the characteristics and capacity of different fuel cells. The calculated values obtained with this equation agree with practical performance of different types of fuel cells.展开更多
The quantum state transfer from subharmonic frequency to harmonic frequency based on asymmetrically pumped second harmonic generation in a cavity is investigated theoretically. The performance of noise-free frequency ...The quantum state transfer from subharmonic frequency to harmonic frequency based on asymmetrically pumped second harmonic generation in a cavity is investigated theoretically. The performance of noise-free frequency up- conversion is evaluated by the signal transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency, in which both the quadrature fluctuation and the average photon number are taken into consideration. It is shown that the quantum property can be preserved during frequency up-conversion via operating the cavity far below the threshold. The dependences of the transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency on pump parameter, analysing frequency, and cavity extra loss are also discussed.展开更多
The linear mode conversion of electromagnetic waves in the hot, unmagnetized inhomogeneous plasma is studied numerically for different density profiles, and the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the incident...The linear mode conversion of electromagnetic waves in the hot, unmagnetized inhomogeneous plasma is studied numerically for different density profiles, and the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the incident angles and the wave frequencies are obtained for different electrons＇ temperature. The results show that the shapes of the density profiles and the electron＇s temperature create a certain effect on the coefficients of absorption, which reaches its peak value （about 50%） for appropriate parameters. Effective absorption occurs in a limited range of parameter q.展开更多
The air infiltration of buildings is closely related to its indoor and outdoor environment and energy consumption.However,measuring air infiltration of a building under natural conditions is time-consuming,easily affe...The air infiltration of buildings is closely related to its indoor and outdoor environment and energy consumption.However,measuring air infiltration of a building under natural conditions is time-consuming,easily affected and expensive,so it’s often inferred based on building airtightness in practical engineering.Empirical models can nevertheless make a rapid prediction without building parameters,which are widely applied in practical engineering.At present,most of the existing empirical models take residential buildings as objects,therefore they are difficult to be applied to public buildings.Hence,it is imperative to build an empirical model applicable to public buildings.In this study,the conversion coefficients between the airtightness(air change rate under the pressure difference of 50Pa)and the air infiltration rates under natural conditions of four typical zones of public buildings were analyzed.Firstly,the airtightness of four zones of public buildings in the cold region of China was measured.Secondly,their air infiltration rates under 1800 combined conditions of wind pressure and stack effect pressure were simulated based on the airtightness measured results.Finally,calculation and statistical analysis of the conversion coefficient were carried out based on the measured and simulated results,and the recommended value of conversion coefficient was proposed.Analysis results show that the CC of each zone is significantly affected by outdoor meteorological conditions and varies in a wide range(1#zone:3.21 to 188.44).It is advised to ignore the extreme data and take the mean value of the CC corresponding to 95%of the data volume as the recommended value(22.2).This study can provide theoretical basis for the formulation of standards for the performance evaluation of building airtightness.展开更多
In this work, lead-free Na0.4Bi0.5 TiO3-K0.1Bi0.5TiO3 (NKBT) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and their structural, ferroelectric and dielectric properties were systematically st...In this work, lead-free Na0.4Bi0.5 TiO3-K0.1Bi0.5TiO3 (NKBT) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and their structural, ferroelectric and dielectric properties were systematically studied. NKBT sintered at 1150℃ for 4 h exhibited highly dense (96% - 98% of the theoretical density) and uniform grains of size 1.1 μm. The coexistence of tetragonal (P4bm) and rhombohedral (R3c) phases due to the presence of morphotrophic phase boundary for the chosen composition has been confirmed by the Rietveld refinement studies. Enhanced ferroelectric properties such as remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (EC) are found to be 37 μC/cm2 and 30 kV/cm, respectively. The optimized synthesis procedure for NKBT ceramics resulted in enhanced strain (%) and converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33*) of 0.3 % and 554 pm/V which is attributed to smaller grain size and switching of non 180o domains. NKBT ceramics with such excellent piezoelectric properties can be considered as a promising candidate for actuator applications.展开更多
18Cr Ni Mo7-6作为海上风电机组、重型矿山装备、大型舰船、高铁等高端重载装备的主力齿轮材料,其弯曲疲劳性能是限制装备可靠性、疲劳寿命、功率密度进一步发展的重要瓶颈。然而磨削、喷丸等加工工艺对齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的具体影响尚不...18Cr Ni Mo7-6作为海上风电机组、重型矿山装备、大型舰船、高铁等高端重载装备的主力齿轮材料,其弯曲疲劳性能是限制装备可靠性、疲劳寿命、功率密度进一步发展的重要瓶颈。然而磨削、喷丸等加工工艺对齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的具体影响尚不清楚,不同可靠度的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限之间转化的问题也未见讨论,显著制约了高性能齿轮的精益设计。本文系统开展了渗碳磨削、离子注入、微粒喷丸、滚磨光整、常规喷丸、齿面+端面喷丸以及二次喷丸等系列工艺的18Cr Ni Mo7-6齿轮弯曲疲劳试验,获取有效弯曲疲劳试验点700余个,试验时长超过7000 h,并提出适用于该材料牌号的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限预测公式。结果表明,齿轮弯曲疲劳极限主要和加工工艺、模数大小、企业具体工艺环境等有关;在所研究的工艺和模数范围内,18Cr Ni Mo7-6齿轮弯曲疲劳极限范围为482~762MPa;50%可靠度与99%可靠度弯曲疲劳极限转换系数范围为0.841~0.965,推荐值为0.929;考虑表面完整性的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限预测公式的预测误差绝对值的均值为6.19%,满足工程设计需求,为高功率密度齿轮传动研发提供了研究方法与数据支撑。展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grants 11132011 and 11472288)
文摘The plastic work-heat conversion coefficient is one key parameter for studying the work-heat conversion under dynamic deformation of materials. To explore this coefficient of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy under dynamic compression, dynamic compression experiments using the Hopkinson bar under four groups of strain rates were conducted, and the temperature signals were measured by constructing a transient infrared temperature measurement system. According to stress versus strain data as well as the corresponding temperature data obtained through the experiments, the influences of the strain and the strain rate on the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat were analyzed.The experimental results show that the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy is not a constant at the range of 0.85–1 and is closely related to the strain and the strain rate. The change of internal structure of material under high strain rate reduces its energy storage capacity, and makes almost all plastic work convert into heat.
文摘Objective To calculate couple-year of protection （CYP） by conversion coefficient （F） of tubectomy and vasectomy in urban and rural regions of Iran. Methods A total of 103 450 married women aged 10-49 years in 2005 across urban and rural regions of lran were sampled by multi stage cluster sampling. The data were collected by household survey and direct interview and analyzed by STATA8.0 software and survey analysis commands. Results Mean age of the women at the time of tubectomy estimated 31.9 years and conversion coefficient of tubectomy was 17.1 ±0.1. Mean age of women at the time of her husband vasectomy estimated 31.48 years and its conversion coefficient was 17. 5 ± 0. 1. Cluster analysis defined different regions of Iran on the basis of evaluated conversion coefficients of tubectomy and vasectomy which both of them presented seven clusters. Literacy of women and total coverage of family planning in a region had a direct relationship with this conversion coefficient （P〈0.05）. Conclusion The variations observed in the conversion coefficients and their dissimilarity among different regions of Iran may be due to a variety of fundamental factors of which literacy and culture are of important factors.
文摘The basic theory of the purchasing power at par refers to the rate of one country＇s currency to U.S. dollar while purchasing ＂a basket＂ goods and services in the same quantity and quality respectively in this country and U.S.A. This paper gives out calculation method of purchasing power conversion coefficient at par and how to calculate the non-base year purchasing power at par.
基金Foundation item： Supported by the＇Natured Science Foundation of the Edudation Department of Jiangsu Province（06KJD110092）
文摘In this article, we first introduce g-expectation via the solution of backward stochastic differential equation（BSDE in short） with non-Lipschitz coefficient, and give the properties of g-expectation, then we establish a general converse comparison theorem for backward stochastic differential equation with non-Lipschitz coefficient.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (10972 102)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (200802870007)Technology Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province (BE2009163)
文摘With the aim to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer, an analysis model of energy conversion efficiency is established based on the elastic mechanics theory and piezoelectricity theory. It can be found that the energy conversion efficiency of the rainbow shape piezoelectric transducer mainly depends on its shape parameters and ma- terial properties from the analysis model. Simulation results show that there is an optimal length ratio to generate maximum en- ergy conversion efficiency and the optimal length ratios and energy conversion efficiencies of beryllium bronze substrate trans- ducer and steel substrate transducer are （0.65, 2.21%） and （0.65, 1.64%） respectively. The optimal thickness ratios and energy conversion efficieneies of beryllium bronze substrate transducer and steel substrate transducer are （1.16, 2.56%） and （1.49, 1.57%） respectively. With the increase of width ratio and initial curvature radius, both the energy conversion efficiencies de- crease. Moreover, beryllium bronze flexible substrate transducer is superior to the steel flexible substrate transducer.
基金Supported by EPSRC Funds(No.GR/ R5 0 4 17) and an EPSRC/ HEFCF J.I.F Award(No.JIF4 NESCEQ )
文摘Here we report a regulation about power conversion in fuel cells. This regulation is expressed as that total power produced by fuel cells is always proportional to the square of the potential difference between the \{equilibrium\} potential and work potential. With this regulation we deduced fuel cell performance equation which can describe the potential vs.the current performance curves, namely, polarization curves of fuel cells with three power source parameters: equilibrium potential E_0; internal resistance R; and power conversion coefficient K. The concept of the power conversion coefficient is a new criterion to evaluate and compare the characteristics and capacity of different fuel cells. The calculated values obtained with this equation agree with practical performance of different types of fuel cells.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10974126)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2010CB923102)
文摘The quantum state transfer from subharmonic frequency to harmonic frequency based on asymmetrically pumped second harmonic generation in a cavity is investigated theoretically. The performance of noise-free frequency up- conversion is evaluated by the signal transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency, in which both the quadrature fluctuation and the average photon number are taken into consideration. It is shown that the quantum property can be preserved during frequency up-conversion via operating the cavity far below the threshold. The dependences of the transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency on pump parameter, analysing frequency, and cavity extra loss are also discussed.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40336052, 10375063)
文摘The linear mode conversion of electromagnetic waves in the hot, unmagnetized inhomogeneous plasma is studied numerically for different density profiles, and the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the incident angles and the wave frequencies are obtained for different electrons＇ temperature. The results show that the shapes of the density profiles and the electron＇s temperature create a certain effect on the coefficients of absorption, which reaches its peak value （about 50%） for appropriate parameters. Effective absorption occurs in a limited range of parameter q.
基金The authors are indebted to the Natural Science Foundation of Shan-dong Province Youth Project(Grant no.ZR2020QE224).
文摘The air infiltration of buildings is closely related to its indoor and outdoor environment and energy consumption.However,measuring air infiltration of a building under natural conditions is time-consuming,easily affected and expensive,so it’s often inferred based on building airtightness in practical engineering.Empirical models can nevertheless make a rapid prediction without building parameters,which are widely applied in practical engineering.At present,most of the existing empirical models take residential buildings as objects,therefore they are difficult to be applied to public buildings.Hence,it is imperative to build an empirical model applicable to public buildings.In this study,the conversion coefficients between the airtightness(air change rate under the pressure difference of 50Pa)and the air infiltration rates under natural conditions of four typical zones of public buildings were analyzed.Firstly,the airtightness of four zones of public buildings in the cold region of China was measured.Secondly,their air infiltration rates under 1800 combined conditions of wind pressure and stack effect pressure were simulated based on the airtightness measured results.Finally,calculation and statistical analysis of the conversion coefficient were carried out based on the measured and simulated results,and the recommended value of conversion coefficient was proposed.Analysis results show that the CC of each zone is significantly affected by outdoor meteorological conditions and varies in a wide range(1#zone:3.21 to 188.44).It is advised to ignore the extreme data and take the mean value of the CC corresponding to 95%of the data volume as the recommended value(22.2).This study can provide theoretical basis for the formulation of standards for the performance evaluation of building airtightness.
文摘In this work, lead-free Na0.4Bi0.5 TiO3-K0.1Bi0.5TiO3 (NKBT) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and their structural, ferroelectric and dielectric properties were systematically studied. NKBT sintered at 1150℃ for 4 h exhibited highly dense (96% - 98% of the theoretical density) and uniform grains of size 1.1 μm. The coexistence of tetragonal (P4bm) and rhombohedral (R3c) phases due to the presence of morphotrophic phase boundary for the chosen composition has been confirmed by the Rietveld refinement studies. Enhanced ferroelectric properties such as remnant polarization (Pr) and coercive field (EC) are found to be 37 μC/cm2 and 30 kV/cm, respectively. The optimized synthesis procedure for NKBT ceramics resulted in enhanced strain (%) and converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33*) of 0.3 % and 554 pm/V which is attributed to smaller grain size and switching of non 180o domains. NKBT ceramics with such excellent piezoelectric properties can be considered as a promising candidate for actuator applications.
文摘18Cr Ni Mo7-6作为海上风电机组、重型矿山装备、大型舰船、高铁等高端重载装备的主力齿轮材料,其弯曲疲劳性能是限制装备可靠性、疲劳寿命、功率密度进一步发展的重要瓶颈。然而磨削、喷丸等加工工艺对齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的具体影响尚不清楚,不同可靠度的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限之间转化的问题也未见讨论,显著制约了高性能齿轮的精益设计。本文系统开展了渗碳磨削、离子注入、微粒喷丸、滚磨光整、常规喷丸、齿面+端面喷丸以及二次喷丸等系列工艺的18Cr Ni Mo7-6齿轮弯曲疲劳试验,获取有效弯曲疲劳试验点700余个,试验时长超过7000 h,并提出适用于该材料牌号的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限预测公式。结果表明,齿轮弯曲疲劳极限主要和加工工艺、模数大小、企业具体工艺环境等有关;在所研究的工艺和模数范围内,18Cr Ni Mo7-6齿轮弯曲疲劳极限范围为482~762MPa;50%可靠度与99%可靠度弯曲疲劳极限转换系数范围为0.841~0.965,推荐值为0.929;考虑表面完整性的齿轮弯曲疲劳极限预测公式的预测误差绝对值的均值为6.19%,满足工程设计需求,为高功率密度齿轮传动研发提供了研究方法与数据支撑。
