The trust in distributed environment is uncertain, which is variation for various factors. This paper introduces TDTM, a model for time-based dynamic trust. Every entity in the distribute environment is endowed with a...The trust in distributed environment is uncertain, which is variation for various factors. This paper introduces TDTM, a model for time-based dynamic trust. Every entity in the distribute environment is endowed with a trust-vector, which figures the trust intensity between this entity and the others. The trust intensity is dynamic due to the time and the inter-operation between two entities, a method is proposed to quantify this change based on the mind of ant colony algorithm and then an algorithm for the transfer of trust relation is also proposed. Furthermore, this paper analyses the influence to the trust intensity among all entities that is aroused by the change of trust intensity between the two entities, and presents an algorithm to resolve the problem. Finally, we show the process of the trusts＇ change that is aroused by the time＇s lapse and the inter-operation through an instance.展开更多
The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch ...The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch forecast,and fisheries management. A catch curve-based method for estimating time-based Z and its change trend from catch per unit effort(CPUE) data of multiple cohorts is developed. Unlike the traditional catch-curve method,the method developed here does not need the assumption of constant Z throughout the time,but the Z values in n continuous years are assumed constant,and then the Z values in different n continuous years are estimated using the age-based CPUE data within these years. The results of the simulation analyses show that the trends of the estimated time-based Z are consistent with the trends of the true Z,and the estimated rates of change from this approach are close to the true change rates(the relative differences between the change rates of the estimated Z and the true Z are smaller than 10%). Variations of both Z and recruitment can affect the estimates of Z value and the trend of Z. The most appropriate value of n can be different given the effects of different factors. Therefore,the appropriate value of n for different fisheries should be determined through a simulation analysis as we demonstrated in this study. Further analyses suggested that selectivity and age estimation are also two factors that can affect the estimated Z values if there is error in either of them,but the estimated change rates of Z are still close to the true change rates. We also applied this approach to the Atlantic cod(G adus morhua) fishery of eastern Newfoundland and Labrador from 1983 to 1997,and obtained reasonable estimates of time-based Z.展开更多
The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban...The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban design Literature. Pedestrians often misperceive the required time to pass a certain distance. A wide range of factors affects one＇s perception of time in urban environments. These factors include individua（ factors （e.g., gender, age, and psychoLogicaL state）, social and cu（tural contexts, purpose and motivation for being in the space, and knowledge of the given area. This study aims to create an applied checklist that can be used by urban designers in analyzing the effects of individual experience on subjective duration. This checklist wilt enable urban designers to perform a phenomenotogicat assessment of time perception and compare this perception in different urban spaces, thereby improving pedestrians＇ experiences of time through a purposeful design. A combination of exploratory and descriptive anaLyticaL research is used as methodology due to the complexity of time perception.展开更多
Filtration efficiency of portable air cleaner(PAC)is affected by resident perceptions and adherences to when and how to operate the PAC.Incorporating PAC with smart control and sensor technology holds the promise to e...Filtration efficiency of portable air cleaner(PAC)is affected by resident perceptions and adherences to when and how to operate the PAC.Incorporating PAC with smart control and sensor technology holds the promise to effectively reduce indoor air pollutants.This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a PAC at removing indoor fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5))exposure under two automated operation settings:(1)a time-based mode in which the operation time is determined based on perceived time periods of indoor pollution by residents;(2)a sensor-based mode in which an air sensor monitor is used to determine the PAC based on the actual PM_(2.5) level against the indoor air quality guideline.The study was conducted in a residential room for 55 days with a rolling setting on PAC(no filtration,sensor-based,time-based fil-trations)and a continuous measurement of PM_(2.5).We found that the PAC operated with sensor-based mode removed PM_(2.5) concentrations by 47%and prolonged clean air(<35 μg/m^(3))period by 23%compared to the purifications with time-based mode which reduced PM_(2.5) by 29%and increased clean air period by 13%.The sensor-based filtration identified indoor pollution episodes that are hardly detected by personal perceptions.Our study findings support an automated sensor-based approach to optimize the use of PAC for effectively reducing indoor PM_(2.5) exposure.展开更多
In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosoc...In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosocial motivational conditions.Children’s social development is very rapid,and they have relatively stable prosocial motivation during school age.Few studies have paid attention to this issue.This study focuses on three aspects of this issue:(1)the impact of prosocial motivation on the TBPM of school-age children,(2)whether there are sex differences in this effect,and,for the first time,(3)the processing mechanism by which prosocial motivation affects TBPM in school-age children in the framework of the motivation cognitive model.A total of 112 elementary school students,aged between 8 and 12,participated in the experiment,using a 2(group:prosocial motivation,control)×2(sex:boy,girl)between-subjects design.The results showed that prosocial motivation can significantly reduce children’s time difference of TBPM.However,we found no sex differences in the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM in the above two indicators.With regard to the processing mechanism,we found that the prosocial motivation group paid more attention to external time information throughout the experiment.However,their internal attention and the effectiveness of attention did not improve.These results partially support the motivation cognitive model.Overall,this study found that prosocial motivation relies mainly on external attention to improve the TBPM performance of school-age children.展开更多
Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete...Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete established tasks before the deadline.Type B individuals have fewer time constraints and usually procrastinate until the deadline to complete the task.Compared with Type B individuals,Type A individuals may perform better in TBPM due to their advantages in time cognition and attitude.This study explores the differences in the TBPM ability between Type A individuals and Type B individuals under different time monitoring conditions.In Experiment 1,there was no limit to how many times participants could check the time.The results showed that the performance of TBPM between Type A individuals and Type B individuals was not different.In Experiment 2,participants could only check the time once during each TBPM task.The results showed that,compared to Type B individuals,Type A individuals performed better in TBPM,with higher time monitoring frequency and slower response speed to the ongoing tasks.These findings suggest that the performance of Type A individuals in TBPM has an advantage only under the restricted time monitoring condition.This advantage is then mainly due to the increase in the attention consumption of Type A individuals in both internal and external attention.展开更多
Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that in...Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that influences prospective memory,namely prosocial motivation.According to the motivational cognitive model,prosocial motivation promotes TBPM by paying more attention or adopting more effective strategies.This study explored the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM under different time-monitoring conditions within the motivational cognitive model framework.One hundred and thirty-one university students participated in this experiment that adopted a 2(groups:control,prosocial motivation)×2(viewing time conditions:limited,unlimited)between-subjects design.The results revealed that the prosocial motivation group had better TBPM performance than the control group under both limited and unlimited viewing time conditions.At the same time,compared with the control group,the prosocial motivation group consumed more internal attention and utilized more strategies under both viewing time conditions,and their external attention was more effective.In addition,the external attention of the prosocial motivation group was higher only when time-monitoring was unlimited.The results of this study further extend knowledge of the motivational cognitive model and expand its scope of application,which has theoretical significance.展开更多
This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to t...This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to the aggregation of the decision variables of all the agents.By using the gradient descent method,the distributed average tracking(DAT)technique and the time-base generator(TBG)technique,a distributed continuous-time aggregative optimization algorithm is proposed.Subsequently,the optimality of the system's equilibrium point is analyzed,and the convergence of the closed-loop system is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through case studies on multirobot systems and power generation systems.展开更多
Addressing the limitations of inadequate stochastic disturbance characterization during wind turbine degradation processes that result in constrained modeling accuracy,replacement-based maintenance practices that devi...Addressing the limitations of inadequate stochastic disturbance characterization during wind turbine degradation processes that result in constrained modeling accuracy,replacement-based maintenance practices that deviate from actual operational conditions,and static maintenance strategies that fail to adapt to accelerated deterioration trends leading to suboptimal remaining useful life utilization,this study proposes a Time-Based Incomplete Maintenance(TBIM)strategy incorporating reliability constraints through stochastic differential equations(SDE).By quantifying stochastic interference via Brownian motion terms and characterizing nonlinear degradation features through state influence rate functions,a high-precision SDE degradation model is constructed,achieving 16%residual reduction compared to conventional ordinary differential equation(ODE)methods.The introduction of age reduction factors and failure rate growth factors establishes an incomplete maintenance mechanism that transcends traditional“as-good-as-new”assumptions,with the TBIM model demonstrating an additional 8.5%residual reduction relative to baseline SDE approaches.A dynamic maintenance interval optimization model driven by dual parameters—preventive maintenance threshold R_(p) and replacement threshold R_(r)—is designed to achieve synergistic optimization of equipment reliability and maintenance economics.Experimental validation demonstrates that the optimized TBIM extends equipment lifespan by 4.4%and reducesmaintenance costs by 4.16%at R_(p)=0.80,while achieving 17.2%lifespan enhancement and 14.6%cost reduction at R_(p)=0.90.This methodology provides a solution for wind turbine preventive maintenance that integrates condition sensitivity with strategic foresight.展开更多
在受端交流侧发生故障时,现有依赖耗能装置的基于模块化多电平换流器的多端柔性直流(modular multilevel converter based multi-terminal direct current,MMC-MTDC)输电系统,其盈余功率处理方案存在经济性差和能量浪费等问题。为充分发...在受端交流侧发生故障时,现有依赖耗能装置的基于模块化多电平换流器的多端柔性直流(modular multilevel converter based multi-terminal direct current,MMC-MTDC)输电系统,其盈余功率处理方案存在经济性差和能量浪费等问题。为充分发挥MMC-MTDC系统自有盈余功率消纳能力,减少对耗能装置的依赖,文中提出一种基于主从能量控制的多站极间交互消纳策略。首先,建立相应的MMC-MTDC控制模型,并对其通过能量控制实现盈余功率消纳的可行性进行分析。随后,引入MMC三维度模型,实现换流站各极能量解耦控制,并通过构建的MMC-MTDC系统简化模型,对各类型换流站开展主动能量控制设计。在此基础上,类比主从控制思想,构建适用于不同受端站极交流故障及两类盈余功率情况的主从能量时序控制逻辑,以实现各站极之间的能量裕度协调利用。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建MMC-MTDC系统仿真模型进行实验验证。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略能够在不依赖耗能装置的前提下,有效协调多站极之间的能量控制,适应多种盈余功率故障情况,成功实现故障穿越。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (60403027) Natural Science Foundation of HubeiProvince (2005ABA258) Open Foundation of State Key Labora-tory of Software Engineering (SKLSE05-07)
文摘The trust in distributed environment is uncertain, which is variation for various factors. This paper introduces TDTM, a model for time-based dynamic trust. Every entity in the distribute environment is endowed with a trust-vector, which figures the trust intensity between this entity and the others. The trust intensity is dynamic due to the time and the inter-operation between two entities, a method is proposed to quantify this change based on the mind of ant colony algorithm and then an algorithm for the transfer of trust relation is also proposed. Furthermore, this paper analyses the influence to the trust intensity among all entities that is aroused by the change of trust intensity between the two entities, and presents an algorithm to resolve the problem. Finally, we show the process of the trusts＇ change that is aroused by the time＇s lapse and the inter-operation through an instance.
基金Supported by the USDA Cooperative State Research,Education and Extension Service,Hatch Project(No.0210510)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.31270527,40801225)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LY13D010005)the Young Academic Leaders Climbing Program of Zhejiang Province(No.pd2013222)
文摘The instantaneous total mortality rate(Z) of a fish population is one of the important parameters in fisheries stock assessment. The estimation of Z is crucial to fish population dynamics analysis,abundance and catch forecast,and fisheries management. A catch curve-based method for estimating time-based Z and its change trend from catch per unit effort(CPUE) data of multiple cohorts is developed. Unlike the traditional catch-curve method,the method developed here does not need the assumption of constant Z throughout the time,but the Z values in n continuous years are assumed constant,and then the Z values in different n continuous years are estimated using the age-based CPUE data within these years. The results of the simulation analyses show that the trends of the estimated time-based Z are consistent with the trends of the true Z,and the estimated rates of change from this approach are close to the true change rates(the relative differences between the change rates of the estimated Z and the true Z are smaller than 10%). Variations of both Z and recruitment can affect the estimates of Z value and the trend of Z. The most appropriate value of n can be different given the effects of different factors. Therefore,the appropriate value of n for different fisheries should be determined through a simulation analysis as we demonstrated in this study. Further analyses suggested that selectivity and age estimation are also two factors that can affect the estimated Z values if there is error in either of them,but the estimated change rates of Z are still close to the true change rates. We also applied this approach to the Atlantic cod(G adus morhua) fishery of eastern Newfoundland and Labrador from 1983 to 1997,and obtained reasonable estimates of time-based Z.
文摘The perception of a 3D space, in which movement takes place, is subjectively based on experience. The pedestrians＇ perception of subjective duration is one of the related issues that receive tittle attention in urban design Literature. Pedestrians often misperceive the required time to pass a certain distance. A wide range of factors affects one＇s perception of time in urban environments. These factors include individua（ factors （e.g., gender, age, and psychoLogicaL state）, social and cu（tural contexts, purpose and motivation for being in the space, and knowledge of the given area. This study aims to create an applied checklist that can be used by urban designers in analyzing the effects of individual experience on subjective duration. This checklist wilt enable urban designers to perform a phenomenotogicat assessment of time perception and compare this perception in different urban spaces, thereby improving pedestrians＇ experiences of time through a purposeful design. A combination of exploratory and descriptive anaLyticaL research is used as methodology due to the complexity of time perception.
基金supported by the start-up funding of University at Buffalo.
文摘Filtration efficiency of portable air cleaner(PAC)is affected by resident perceptions and adherences to when and how to operate the PAC.Incorporating PAC with smart control and sensor technology holds the promise to effectively reduce indoor air pollutants.This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of a PAC at removing indoor fine particulate matters(PM_(2.5))exposure under two automated operation settings:(1)a time-based mode in which the operation time is determined based on perceived time periods of indoor pollution by residents;(2)a sensor-based mode in which an air sensor monitor is used to determine the PAC based on the actual PM_(2.5) level against the indoor air quality guideline.The study was conducted in a residential room for 55 days with a rolling setting on PAC(no filtration,sensor-based,time-based fil-trations)and a continuous measurement of PM_(2.5).We found that the PAC operated with sensor-based mode removed PM_(2.5) concentrations by 47%and prolonged clean air(<35 μg/m^(3))period by 23%compared to the purifications with time-based mode which reduced PM_(2.5) by 29%and increased clean air period by 13%.The sensor-based filtration identified indoor pollution episodes that are hardly detected by personal perceptions.Our study findings support an automated sensor-based approach to optimize the use of PAC for effectively reducing indoor PM_(2.5) exposure.
基金General Project of Humanities and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:2023-ZZJH-307Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Henan Province,Grant/Award Number:2022CJY045Scientific research laboratory(platform)open project for undergraduates of Henan University,Grant/Award Number:20221404070。
文摘In real life,we are often motivated to plan things to be performed at specific times in the future.Some of these intended actions help other individuals,and thus involve time-based prospective memory(TBPM)under prosocial motivational conditions.Children’s social development is very rapid,and they have relatively stable prosocial motivation during school age.Few studies have paid attention to this issue.This study focuses on three aspects of this issue:(1)the impact of prosocial motivation on the TBPM of school-age children,(2)whether there are sex differences in this effect,and,for the first time,(3)the processing mechanism by which prosocial motivation affects TBPM in school-age children in the framework of the motivation cognitive model.A total of 112 elementary school students,aged between 8 and 12,participated in the experiment,using a 2(group:prosocial motivation,control)×2(sex:boy,girl)between-subjects design.The results showed that prosocial motivation can significantly reduce children’s time difference of TBPM.However,we found no sex differences in the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM in the above two indicators.With regard to the processing mechanism,we found that the prosocial motivation group paid more attention to external time information throughout the experiment.However,their internal attention and the effectiveness of attention did not improve.These results partially support the motivation cognitive model.Overall,this study found that prosocial motivation relies mainly on external attention to improve the TBPM performance of school-age children.
基金Henan Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project,Grant/Award Number:2020BJY010Post-funded Project of National Social Science Fund,Grant/Award Number:20FJKB005。
文摘Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is affected by many factors,which include Type A and Type B personality types.Type A individuals have a strong desire to complete tasks and a strong sense of time-urgency to complete established tasks before the deadline.Type B individuals have fewer time constraints and usually procrastinate until the deadline to complete the task.Compared with Type B individuals,Type A individuals may perform better in TBPM due to their advantages in time cognition and attitude.This study explores the differences in the TBPM ability between Type A individuals and Type B individuals under different time monitoring conditions.In Experiment 1,there was no limit to how many times participants could check the time.The results showed that the performance of TBPM between Type A individuals and Type B individuals was not different.In Experiment 2,participants could only check the time once during each TBPM task.The results showed that,compared to Type B individuals,Type A individuals performed better in TBPM,with higher time monitoring frequency and slower response speed to the ongoing tasks.These findings suggest that the performance of Type A individuals in TBPM has an advantage only under the restricted time monitoring condition.This advantage is then mainly due to the increase in the attention consumption of Type A individuals in both internal and external attention.
基金Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Henan Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2022CJY045,2022CJY047。
文摘Time-based prospective memory(TBPM)is the ability to remember to do a planned task at the right time.In social interactions,people are often motivated to do things for others,which reflects an important factor that influences prospective memory,namely prosocial motivation.According to the motivational cognitive model,prosocial motivation promotes TBPM by paying more attention or adopting more effective strategies.This study explored the effect of prosocial motivation on TBPM under different time-monitoring conditions within the motivational cognitive model framework.One hundred and thirty-one university students participated in this experiment that adopted a 2(groups:control,prosocial motivation)×2(viewing time conditions:limited,unlimited)between-subjects design.The results revealed that the prosocial motivation group had better TBPM performance than the control group under both limited and unlimited viewing time conditions.At the same time,compared with the control group,the prosocial motivation group consumed more internal attention and utilized more strategies under both viewing time conditions,and their external attention was more effective.In addition,the external attention of the prosocial motivation group was higher only when time-monitoring was unlimited.The results of this study further extend knowledge of the motivational cognitive model and expand its scope of application,which has theoretical significance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFE0213100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62422315,62573348)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-YBMS-667)the“Shuang Yi Liu”Construction Foundation(25GH02010366)。
文摘This paper investigates the distributed continuoustime aggregative optimization problem for second-order multiagent systems,where the local cost function is not only related to its own decision variables,but also to the aggregation of the decision variables of all the agents.By using the gradient descent method,the distributed average tracking(DAT)technique and the time-base generator(TBG)technique,a distributed continuous-time aggregative optimization algorithm is proposed.Subsequently,the optimality of the system's equilibrium point is analyzed,and the convergence of the closed-loop system is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through case studies on multirobot systems and power generation systems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52467008)Gansu Provincial Depatment of Education Youth Doctoral Suppo Project(2024QB-051).
文摘Addressing the limitations of inadequate stochastic disturbance characterization during wind turbine degradation processes that result in constrained modeling accuracy,replacement-based maintenance practices that deviate from actual operational conditions,and static maintenance strategies that fail to adapt to accelerated deterioration trends leading to suboptimal remaining useful life utilization,this study proposes a Time-Based Incomplete Maintenance(TBIM)strategy incorporating reliability constraints through stochastic differential equations(SDE).By quantifying stochastic interference via Brownian motion terms and characterizing nonlinear degradation features through state influence rate functions,a high-precision SDE degradation model is constructed,achieving 16%residual reduction compared to conventional ordinary differential equation(ODE)methods.The introduction of age reduction factors and failure rate growth factors establishes an incomplete maintenance mechanism that transcends traditional“as-good-as-new”assumptions,with the TBIM model demonstrating an additional 8.5%residual reduction relative to baseline SDE approaches.A dynamic maintenance interval optimization model driven by dual parameters—preventive maintenance threshold R_(p) and replacement threshold R_(r)—is designed to achieve synergistic optimization of equipment reliability and maintenance economics.Experimental validation demonstrates that the optimized TBIM extends equipment lifespan by 4.4%and reducesmaintenance costs by 4.16%at R_(p)=0.80,while achieving 17.2%lifespan enhancement and 14.6%cost reduction at R_(p)=0.90.This methodology provides a solution for wind turbine preventive maintenance that integrates condition sensitivity with strategic foresight.
文摘在受端交流侧发生故障时,现有依赖耗能装置的基于模块化多电平换流器的多端柔性直流(modular multilevel converter based multi-terminal direct current,MMC-MTDC)输电系统,其盈余功率处理方案存在经济性差和能量浪费等问题。为充分发挥MMC-MTDC系统自有盈余功率消纳能力,减少对耗能装置的依赖,文中提出一种基于主从能量控制的多站极间交互消纳策略。首先,建立相应的MMC-MTDC控制模型,并对其通过能量控制实现盈余功率消纳的可行性进行分析。随后,引入MMC三维度模型,实现换流站各极能量解耦控制,并通过构建的MMC-MTDC系统简化模型,对各类型换流站开展主动能量控制设计。在此基础上,类比主从控制思想,构建适用于不同受端站极交流故障及两类盈余功率情况的主从能量时序控制逻辑,以实现各站极之间的能量裕度协调利用。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台搭建MMC-MTDC系统仿真模型进行实验验证。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略能够在不依赖耗能装置的前提下,有效协调多站极之间的能量控制,适应多种盈余功率故障情况,成功实现故障穿越。
