Studying the relationship between ionic interactions and salt solubility in seawater has implications for seawater desalination and mineral extraction.In this paper,a new method of expressing ion-to-ion interaction is...Studying the relationship between ionic interactions and salt solubility in seawater has implications for seawater desalination and mineral extraction.In this paper,a new method of expressing ion-to-ion interaction is proposed by using molecular dynamics simulation,and the relationship between ion-to-ion interaction and salt solubility in a simulated seawater water-salt system is investigated.By analyzing the variation of distance and contact time between ions in an electrolyte solution,from both spatial and temporal perspectives,new parameters were proposed to describe the interaction between ions:interaction distance(ID),and interaction time ratio(ITR).The best correlation between characteristic time ratio and solubility was found for a molar ratio of salt-to-water of 10:100 with a correlation coefficient of 0.96.For the same salt,a positive correlation was found between CTR and the molar ratio of salt and water.For type 1-1,type 2-1,type 1-2,and type 2-2 salts,the correlation coefficients between CTR and solubility were 0.93,0.96,0.92,and 0.98 for a salt-to-water molar ratio of 10:100,respectively.The solubility of multiple salts was predicted by simulations and compared with experimental values,yielding an average relative deviation of 12.4%.The new ion-interaction parameters offer significant advantages in describing strongly correlated and strongly hydrated electrolyte solutions.展开更多
SI:Agentic AI for 6G Networks.Introduction.6G networks are poised to provide full coverage across air,land,and sea,deliver terabit-per-second data rates,and achieve microsecond-level latency.They promise comprehensive...SI:Agentic AI for 6G Networks.Introduction.6G networks are poised to provide full coverage across air,land,and sea,deliver terabit-per-second data rates,and achieve microsecond-level latency.They promise comprehensive upgrades across industries through embedded intelligence,ushering in an era of intelligent interconnection of all things.However,managing real-time interactions among devices,infrastructure,and services in 6G networks is much more complex than in previous generations.Massive data streams from terrestrial nodes(e.g.,edge devices,sensors,distributed computing)and non-terrestrial nodes(LEO/MEO/GEO satellites)demand more intelligent and efficient processing.展开更多
The cause of substorm onset is not yet understood. Chen CX(2016) proposed an entropy switch model, in which substorm onset results from the development of interchange instability. In this study, we sought observationa...The cause of substorm onset is not yet understood. Chen CX(2016) proposed an entropy switch model, in which substorm onset results from the development of interchange instability. In this study, we sought observational evidence for this model by using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms(THEMIS) data. We examined two events, one with and the other without a streamer before substorm onset. In contrast to the stable magnetosphere, where the total magnetic field strength is a decreasing function and entropy is an increasing function of the downtail distance, in both events the total magnetic field strength and entropy were reversed before substorm onset. After onset, the total magnetic field strength, entropy, and other plasma quantities fluctuated. In addition, a statistical study was performed. By confining the events with THEMIS satellites located in the downtail region between ~8 and ~12 Earth radii, and 3 hours before and after midnight, we found the occurrence rate of the total magnetic field strength reversal to be 69% and the occurrence rate of entropy reversal to be 77% of the total 205 events.展开更多
We consider a very general interacting branching process which includes most of the important interacting branching models considered so far. After obtaining some key preliminary results, we first obtain some elegant ...We consider a very general interacting branching process which includes most of the important interacting branching models considered so far. After obtaining some key preliminary results, we first obtain some elegant conditions regarding regularity and uniqueness, Then the extinction vector is obtained which is very easy to be calculated. The mean extinction time and the conditional mean extinction time are revealed.The mean explosion time and the total mean life time of th, processes are also investigated and resolved.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21776264).
文摘Studying the relationship between ionic interactions and salt solubility in seawater has implications for seawater desalination and mineral extraction.In this paper,a new method of expressing ion-to-ion interaction is proposed by using molecular dynamics simulation,and the relationship between ion-to-ion interaction and salt solubility in a simulated seawater water-salt system is investigated.By analyzing the variation of distance and contact time between ions in an electrolyte solution,from both spatial and temporal perspectives,new parameters were proposed to describe the interaction between ions:interaction distance(ID),and interaction time ratio(ITR).The best correlation between characteristic time ratio and solubility was found for a molar ratio of salt-to-water of 10:100 with a correlation coefficient of 0.96.For the same salt,a positive correlation was found between CTR and the molar ratio of salt and water.For type 1-1,type 2-1,type 1-2,and type 2-2 salts,the correlation coefficients between CTR and solubility were 0.93,0.96,0.92,and 0.98 for a salt-to-water molar ratio of 10:100,respectively.The solubility of multiple salts was predicted by simulations and compared with experimental values,yielding an average relative deviation of 12.4%.The new ion-interaction parameters offer significant advantages in describing strongly correlated and strongly hydrated electrolyte solutions.
文摘SI:Agentic AI for 6G Networks.Introduction.6G networks are poised to provide full coverage across air,land,and sea,deliver terabit-per-second data rates,and achieve microsecond-level latency.They promise comprehensive upgrades across industries through embedded intelligence,ushering in an era of intelligent interconnection of all things.However,managing real-time interactions among devices,infrastructure,and services in 6G networks is much more complex than in previous generations.Massive data streams from terrestrial nodes(e.g.,edge devices,sensors,distributed computing)and non-terrestrial nodes(LEO/MEO/GEO satellites)demand more intelligent and efficient processing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.NSFC41974204)。
文摘The cause of substorm onset is not yet understood. Chen CX(2016) proposed an entropy switch model, in which substorm onset results from the development of interchange instability. In this study, we sought observational evidence for this model by using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms(THEMIS) data. We examined two events, one with and the other without a streamer before substorm onset. In contrast to the stable magnetosphere, where the total magnetic field strength is a decreasing function and entropy is an increasing function of the downtail distance, in both events the total magnetic field strength and entropy were reversed before substorm onset. After onset, the total magnetic field strength, entropy, and other plasma quantities fluctuated. In addition, a statistical study was performed. By confining the events with THEMIS satellites located in the downtail region between ~8 and ~12 Earth radii, and 3 hours before and after midnight, we found the occurrence rate of the total magnetic field strength reversal to be 69% and the occurrence rate of entropy reversal to be 77% of the total 205 events.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 11371374 and 11571372)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No 20110162110060)
文摘We consider a very general interacting branching process which includes most of the important interacting branching models considered so far. After obtaining some key preliminary results, we first obtain some elegant conditions regarding regularity and uniqueness, Then the extinction vector is obtained which is very easy to be calculated. The mean extinction time and the conditional mean extinction time are revealed.The mean explosion time and the total mean life time of th, processes are also investigated and resolved.
