The medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Ticks cause great economic losses to livestock, and adversely affect livestock hos...The medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Ticks cause great economic losses to livestock, and adversely affect livestock hosts in several ways. Loss of blood is a direct effect of ticks acting as potential vector for haemo-protozoa and helminth parasites. Blood sucking by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight and anemia among domestic animals, while their bites also reduce the quality of hides. However, major losses caused by ticks are due to their ability to transmit protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of live-stock, which are of great economic importance world-wide. There are quite a few methods for controlling ticks, but every method has certain shortcomings. The present review is focused on ticks importance and their control.展开更多
Present review article explains tick-borne diseases,transmission,host immune responses,diagnosis and control in relation to climatic variations.Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which suck large volumes of blood f...Present review article explains tick-borne diseases,transmission,host immune responses,diagnosis and control in relation to climatic variations.Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which suck large volumes of blood from livestock and humans.They release large numbers of protozoans,bacteria,rickettsia and viral pathogens during blood feeding and transmit disease pathogens through saliva.Due to heavy blood sucking by ticks animals face significant blood and weight loss that affect their overall health.Due to more severe illness,high economic losses were noted in livestock.This article highlights medically important tick borne diseases in man and livestock,its pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment methods.The present article emphasizes invasion of hosts,host-pathogen interactions,tick saliva toxin induced host immune responses and biological effects.This article highlighted various tick control methods i.e.physical killing,acaricidal,biological,hormonal,genetic and immunological methods such as administration of protective antibody and vaccines for disease control in human being and his livestock.The authors suggest non-chemical environmentally safe methods for successful control of tick borne diseases to kill cattle,bird and canine invading ticks.展开更多
Avian Spirochaetosis is an acute endemic tick-borne disease of birds, caused by Borrelia anserins, a species of Borrelia bacteria. In this paper, we present a compartmental mathematical model of the disease for the bi...Avian Spirochaetosis is an acute endemic tick-borne disease of birds, caused by Borrelia anserins, a species of Borrelia bacteria. In this paper, we present a compartmental mathematical model of the disease for the bird population and Tick population. The disease steady-state and the conditions for reaching a stable disease-free steady state are determined. The analysis by Lyapunov method shows both local and global stability. Further investigation involves the introduction of controls to the model;the existence and uniqueness of optimal control are established. Finally, the effect of the controls is investigated using numerical solutions.展开更多
We explored a compartment“susceptible-infected-recovered”model to prioritize and test the effectiveness of dog-and tick-based interventions against Rocky Mountain spotted fever and its tick vector Rhipicephalus sang...We explored a compartment“susceptible-infected-recovered”model to prioritize and test the effectiveness of dog-and tick-based interventions against Rocky Mountain spotted fever and its tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.In the face of increasingly urban epidemics of RMSF with high case fatality,particularly targeting marginalized communities,wrap-around campaigns(comprising all or some of canine culling,fertility control,and restraint to property;on-dog and environmental acaricide;and education and awareness programs for public health workers and at-risk residents)are unsustainably resource-intensive and may lack efficacy in managing the very hard to control tick.Our model allows us to strategize interventions and develop an optimized campaign against RMSF,using parameters associated with the epidemic in Ensenada,Baja California as an example.Combining usage of acaricides on dogs and the environment optimized success as measured by up to 10 years of no new canine cases,a proxy for human cases,as well as reduced tick burden.Success was greater when the campaign was begun in winter or spring and achieved at least 60%coverage.This combination was considerably more successful than either dog or environmental acaricide alone,culling of dogs which was only successful with 100%of dogs removed,and spay/neuter campaigns which did not reduce tick burdens.However,spay/neuter of outside dogs as an adjunct to the acaricide campaign helped stabilize the canine population and encouraged herd immunity.Although parameterized for Ensenada,the model can easily be run for other communities where data on canine tick burden and tick life history traits are available,in order to tailor intervention details such as optimal timing,coverage,and re-application frequency even when public health resources are limited.展开更多
基金Project (No. 2005C12015) supported by the Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘The medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Ticks cause great economic losses to livestock, and adversely affect livestock hosts in several ways. Loss of blood is a direct effect of ticks acting as potential vector for haemo-protozoa and helminth parasites. Blood sucking by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight and anemia among domestic animals, while their bites also reduce the quality of hides. However, major losses caused by ticks are due to their ability to transmit protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of live-stock, which are of great economic importance world-wide. There are quite a few methods for controlling ticks, but every method has certain shortcomings. The present review is focused on ticks importance and their control.
文摘Present review article explains tick-borne diseases,transmission,host immune responses,diagnosis and control in relation to climatic variations.Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which suck large volumes of blood from livestock and humans.They release large numbers of protozoans,bacteria,rickettsia and viral pathogens during blood feeding and transmit disease pathogens through saliva.Due to heavy blood sucking by ticks animals face significant blood and weight loss that affect their overall health.Due to more severe illness,high economic losses were noted in livestock.This article highlights medically important tick borne diseases in man and livestock,its pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment methods.The present article emphasizes invasion of hosts,host-pathogen interactions,tick saliva toxin induced host immune responses and biological effects.This article highlighted various tick control methods i.e.physical killing,acaricidal,biological,hormonal,genetic and immunological methods such as administration of protective antibody and vaccines for disease control in human being and his livestock.The authors suggest non-chemical environmentally safe methods for successful control of tick borne diseases to kill cattle,bird and canine invading ticks.
文摘Avian Spirochaetosis is an acute endemic tick-borne disease of birds, caused by Borrelia anserins, a species of Borrelia bacteria. In this paper, we present a compartmental mathematical model of the disease for the bird population and Tick population. The disease steady-state and the conditions for reaching a stable disease-free steady state are determined. The analysis by Lyapunov method shows both local and global stability. Further investigation involves the introduction of controls to the model;the existence and uniqueness of optimal control are established. Finally, the effect of the controls is investigated using numerical solutions.
基金funded by the School of Veterinary Medicine University of California,Davis and the Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases by the CDC(Cooperative Agreement 1U01CK000649).
文摘We explored a compartment“susceptible-infected-recovered”model to prioritize and test the effectiveness of dog-and tick-based interventions against Rocky Mountain spotted fever and its tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.In the face of increasingly urban epidemics of RMSF with high case fatality,particularly targeting marginalized communities,wrap-around campaigns(comprising all or some of canine culling,fertility control,and restraint to property;on-dog and environmental acaricide;and education and awareness programs for public health workers and at-risk residents)are unsustainably resource-intensive and may lack efficacy in managing the very hard to control tick.Our model allows us to strategize interventions and develop an optimized campaign against RMSF,using parameters associated with the epidemic in Ensenada,Baja California as an example.Combining usage of acaricides on dogs and the environment optimized success as measured by up to 10 years of no new canine cases,a proxy for human cases,as well as reduced tick burden.Success was greater when the campaign was begun in winter or spring and achieved at least 60%coverage.This combination was considerably more successful than either dog or environmental acaricide alone,culling of dogs which was only successful with 100%of dogs removed,and spay/neuter campaigns which did not reduce tick burdens.However,spay/neuter of outside dogs as an adjunct to the acaricide campaign helped stabilize the canine population and encouraged herd immunity.Although parameterized for Ensenada,the model can easily be run for other communities where data on canine tick burden and tick life history traits are available,in order to tailor intervention details such as optimal timing,coverage,and re-application frequency even when public health resources are limited.
