The China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System（CIDARS） was successfully implemented and became operational nationwide in 2008. The CIDARS plays an important role in and has been integrated into the...The China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System（CIDARS） was successfully implemented and became operational nationwide in 2008. The CIDARS plays an important role in and has been integrated into the routine outbreak monitoring efforts of the Center for Disease Control（CDC） at all levels in China. In the CIDARS, thresholds are determined using the ？Mean＋2SD？ in the early stage which have limitations. This study compared the performance of optimized thresholds defined using the ？Mean ＋2SD？ method to the performance of 5 novel algorithms to select optimal ？Outbreak Gold Standard（OGS）？ and corresponding thresholds for outbreak detection. Data for infectious disease were organized by calendar week and year. The ？Mean＋2 SD？, C1, C2, moving average（MA）, seasonal model（SM）, and cumulative sum（CUSUM） algorithms were applied. Outbreak signals for the predicted value（Px） were calculated using a percentile-based moving window. When the outbreak signals generated by an algorithm were in line with a Px generated outbreak signal for each week, this Px was then defined as the optimized threshold for that algorithm. In this study, six infectious diseases were selected and classified into TYPE A（chickenpox and mumps）, TYPE B（influenza and rubella） and TYPE C [hand foot and mouth disease（HFMD） and scarlet fever]. Optimized thresholds for chickenpox（P_（55））, mumps（P_（50））, influenza（P_（40）, P_（55）, and P_（75））, rubella（P_（45） and P_（75））, HFMD（P_（65） and P_（70））, and scarlet fever（P_（75） and P_（80）） were identified. The C1, C2, CUSUM, SM, and MA algorithms were appropriate for TYPE A. All 6 algorithms were appropriate for TYPE B. C1 and CUSUM algorithms were appropriate for TYPE C. It is critical to incorporate more flexible algorithms as OGS into the CIDRAS and to identify the proper OGS and corresponding recommended optimized threshold by different infectious disease types.展开更多
Introduction: Working in a noisy environment is a risk for employee hearing health. Standard threshold shift (STS) can be used as a screening method to detect early indications of hearing deterioration. Objective: To ...Introduction: Working in a noisy environment is a risk for employee hearing health. Standard threshold shift (STS) can be used as a screening method to detect early indications of hearing deterioration. Objective: To investigate health effects related to STS in motor compressor workers. Methods: A cross sectional study of 464 motor compressor workers was conducted including hearing health examination by audiometer, and noise level in the workplace was monitored. Workers who reported having hobbies relating to noise, e.g. gun shooting, or a personal history of disease relating to the ear were excluded. The relationship between health effects and workers with STS was studied. Results: There were more men 81.90% (aged range 31-40 years old) than women working for the company. The average continuous noise level in the workplace was 84.14 ± 5.21 dB(A). The study showed that working at the factory for more than 14 years (OR= 3.84, 95%CI 1.54-9.56) and being exposed to noise at least 8 hours a day (OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.02-4.40) effected to STS. Workers with STS showed significant communication difficulties (OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.03-3.49) and stress/nausea more than workers without STS (OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 0.90-2.65) although not statistically significant. Conclusions: Workers exposed to continuous noise in the motor compressor industry are at risk of STS. Duration of exposure to noise is a key factor in respect of harm to hearing health. STS could be used as a tool to screen workers who have hearing health problems.展开更多
随着高比例新能源的接入,互联电力系统不同控制区间的电源结构差异日益增大,有些控制区新能源装机增加、常规机组减少导致调频需求增加但控制能力下降。传统联络线功率频率偏差控制(tie-line power and frequency bias control,TBC)模...随着高比例新能源的接入,互联电力系统不同控制区间的电源结构差异日益增大,有些控制区新能源装机增加、常规机组减少导致调频需求增加但控制能力下降。传统联络线功率频率偏差控制(tie-line power and frequency bias control,TBC)模式下的控制性能评价标准(control performance standard,CPS)标准,通过频率偏差系数来确定各控制区的考核阈值,却未考虑各控制区客观电源结构的影响,在高比例新能源电力系统中的不适应性日益凸显。首先分析了现有CPS标准的前提条件与内涵,揭示了CPS标准在高比例新能源电力系统中的不适应性,进而提出了控制区固有区域控制偏差(area control area,ACE)标准差的概念,利用固有ACE标准差确定考核阈值,提出了CPS标准的改进方法,并与原有CPS标准进行了对比。最后通过算例分析,验证了所提出改进标准比原有CPS标准更加公平合理。展开更多
In the rapid development course of laser technology and modern optics, optical metrology continuously gains importance for the quality management in the industrial production environment and also for research in optic...In the rapid development course of laser technology and modern optics, optical metrology continuously gains importance for the quality management in the industrial production environment and also for research in optical coatings. Besides absorption and scatter losses, the spectral characteristics and laser induced damage thresholds are considered as common quality factors for coated optical components and often define the optimization targets for new products and applications. Also, these quality parameters are the basis for the comparison of commercial optics and can be found in the product catalogues of most manufacturers of optical components. As a consequence, standardization of characterisation procedures for these fundamental properties evolved to a crucial point for the optics industry. During the last decade, adapted standard measurement techniques have been elaborated and discussed by representatives from many industrial companies and research institutes within working groups of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). In this contribution, the current state of standardized characterisation techniques for optical coatings is summarised. Selected standards for the measurement of absorption (ISO 11551), scattering (ISO 13696) and laser induced damage thresholds (ISO 11254, Parts 1 and 2) will be described and discussed in view of their applicability and reproducibility. The report will be concluded by an outlook on the current projects and future tasks of standardization in optics characterisation.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education,Fudan University,China(No.GW2015-1)
文摘The China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System（CIDARS） was successfully implemented and became operational nationwide in 2008. The CIDARS plays an important role in and has been integrated into the routine outbreak monitoring efforts of the Center for Disease Control（CDC） at all levels in China. In the CIDARS, thresholds are determined using the ？Mean＋2SD？ in the early stage which have limitations. This study compared the performance of optimized thresholds defined using the ？Mean ＋2SD？ method to the performance of 5 novel algorithms to select optimal ？Outbreak Gold Standard（OGS）？ and corresponding thresholds for outbreak detection. Data for infectious disease were organized by calendar week and year. The ？Mean＋2 SD？, C1, C2, moving average（MA）, seasonal model（SM）, and cumulative sum（CUSUM） algorithms were applied. Outbreak signals for the predicted value（Px） were calculated using a percentile-based moving window. When the outbreak signals generated by an algorithm were in line with a Px generated outbreak signal for each week, this Px was then defined as the optimized threshold for that algorithm. In this study, six infectious diseases were selected and classified into TYPE A（chickenpox and mumps）, TYPE B（influenza and rubella） and TYPE C [hand foot and mouth disease（HFMD） and scarlet fever]. Optimized thresholds for chickenpox（P_（55））, mumps（P_（50））, influenza（P_（40）, P_（55）, and P_（75））, rubella（P_（45） and P_（75））, HFMD（P_（65） and P_（70））, and scarlet fever（P_（75） and P_（80）） were identified. The C1, C2, CUSUM, SM, and MA algorithms were appropriate for TYPE A. All 6 algorithms were appropriate for TYPE B. C1 and CUSUM algorithms were appropriate for TYPE C. It is critical to incorporate more flexible algorithms as OGS into the CIDRAS and to identify the proper OGS and corresponding recommended optimized threshold by different infectious disease types.
文摘Introduction: Working in a noisy environment is a risk for employee hearing health. Standard threshold shift (STS) can be used as a screening method to detect early indications of hearing deterioration. Objective: To investigate health effects related to STS in motor compressor workers. Methods: A cross sectional study of 464 motor compressor workers was conducted including hearing health examination by audiometer, and noise level in the workplace was monitored. Workers who reported having hobbies relating to noise, e.g. gun shooting, or a personal history of disease relating to the ear were excluded. The relationship between health effects and workers with STS was studied. Results: There were more men 81.90% (aged range 31-40 years old) than women working for the company. The average continuous noise level in the workplace was 84.14 ± 5.21 dB(A). The study showed that working at the factory for more than 14 years (OR= 3.84, 95%CI 1.54-9.56) and being exposed to noise at least 8 hours a day (OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.02-4.40) effected to STS. Workers with STS showed significant communication difficulties (OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.03-3.49) and stress/nausea more than workers without STS (OR = 1.54, 95%CI = 0.90-2.65) although not statistically significant. Conclusions: Workers exposed to continuous noise in the motor compressor industry are at risk of STS. Duration of exposure to noise is a key factor in respect of harm to hearing health. STS could be used as a tool to screen workers who have hearing health problems.
文摘随着高比例新能源的接入,互联电力系统不同控制区间的电源结构差异日益增大,有些控制区新能源装机增加、常规机组减少导致调频需求增加但控制能力下降。传统联络线功率频率偏差控制(tie-line power and frequency bias control,TBC)模式下的控制性能评价标准(control performance standard,CPS)标准,通过频率偏差系数来确定各控制区的考核阈值,却未考虑各控制区客观电源结构的影响,在高比例新能源电力系统中的不适应性日益凸显。首先分析了现有CPS标准的前提条件与内涵,揭示了CPS标准在高比例新能源电力系统中的不适应性,进而提出了控制区固有区域控制偏差(area control area,ACE)标准差的概念,利用固有ACE标准差确定考核阈值,提出了CPS标准的改进方法,并与原有CPS标准进行了对比。最后通过算例分析,验证了所提出改进标准比原有CPS标准更加公平合理。
文摘In the rapid development course of laser technology and modern optics, optical metrology continuously gains importance for the quality management in the industrial production environment and also for research in optical coatings. Besides absorption and scatter losses, the spectral characteristics and laser induced damage thresholds are considered as common quality factors for coated optical components and often define the optimization targets for new products and applications. Also, these quality parameters are the basis for the comparison of commercial optics and can be found in the product catalogues of most manufacturers of optical components. As a consequence, standardization of characterisation procedures for these fundamental properties evolved to a crucial point for the optics industry. During the last decade, adapted standard measurement techniques have been elaborated and discussed by representatives from many industrial companies and research institutes within working groups of the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). In this contribution, the current state of standardized characterisation techniques for optical coatings is summarised. Selected standards for the measurement of absorption (ISO 11551), scattering (ISO 13696) and laser induced damage thresholds (ISO 11254, Parts 1 and 2) will be described and discussed in view of their applicability and reproducibility. The report will be concluded by an outlook on the current projects and future tasks of standardization in optics characterisation.
