This paper proposes a novel three-directional functionally graded(3D FG)vibration energy harvesting model based on a bimorph pipe structure.A rectangular pipe has material properties that vary continuously along the a...This paper proposes a novel three-directional functionally graded(3D FG)vibration energy harvesting model based on a bimorph pipe structure.A rectangular pipe has material properties that vary continuously along the axial,width,and height directions,and a steady fluid flows inside the pipe.Two piezoelectric layers are attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the pipe,and are connected in series with a load resistance.The output electricity is predicted theoretically and validated by finite element(FE) simulation.The complex mechanisms regulating the energy harvesting performance are investigated,focusing particularly on the effects of 3D FG material(FGM) parameters,load resistance,fluid-structure interaction(FSI),and geometry.Numerical results indicate that among several material gradient parameters,the axial gradient index has the most significant impact.Increasing the axial and height gradient indices can markedly enhance the energy harvesting performance.The optimal resistances differ between the first two modes.Overall,the maximum power is generated at lower resistances.The FSI effect can also improve the energy harvesting performance;however,higher flow velocities may destabilize the system,causing failure of harvesting energy.This research is capable of providing new insights into the design of a pipe energy harvester in engineering applications.展开更多
The natural dynamic characteristics of a circular cylindrical tube made of three-directional(3 D)functional graded material(FGM)based on the Timoshenko beam theory are investigated.Hamilton’s principle is utilized to...The natural dynamic characteristics of a circular cylindrical tube made of three-directional(3 D)functional graded material(FGM)based on the Timoshenko beam theory are investigated.Hamilton’s principle is utilized to derive the novel motion equations of the tube,considering the interactions among the longitudinal,transverse,and rotation deformations.By dint of the differential quadrature method(DQM),the governing equations are discretized to conduct the analysis of natural dynamic characteristics.The Ritz method,in conjunction with the finite element method(FEM),is introduced to verify the present results.It is found that the asymmetric modes in the tube are controlled by the 3 D FGM,which exhibit more complicated shapes compared with the unidirectional(1 D)and bi-directional(2 D)FGM cases.Numerical examples illustrate the effects of the axial,radial,and circumferential FGM indexes as well as the supported edges on the natural dynamic characteristics in detail.It is notable that the obtained results are beneficial for accurate design of smart structures composed from multi-directional FGM.展开更多
A fault is a geological structure characterized by significant displacement of rock masses along a fault plane within the Earth's crust.The Yunnan Tabaiyi Tunnel intersects multiple fault zones,making tunnel const...A fault is a geological structure characterized by significant displacement of rock masses along a fault plane within the Earth's crust.The Yunnan Tabaiyi Tunnel intersects multiple fault zones,making tunnel construction in fault-prone areas particularly vulnerable to the effects of fault activity due to the complexities of the surrounding geological environment.To investigate the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel structures under varying surrounding rock conditions,a three-dimensional large-scale shaking table physical model test was conducted.This study also aimed to explore the damage mechanisms associated with the Tabaiyi Tunnel under seismic loading.The results demonstrate that poor quality surrounding rock enhances the seismic response of the tunnel.This effect is primarily attributed to the distribution characteristics of acceleration,dynamic strain,and dynamic soil pressure.A comparison between unidirectional and multi-directional(including vertical)seismic motions reveals that vertical seismic motion has a more significant impact on specific tunnel locations.Specifically,the maximum tensile stress is observed at the arch shoulder,with values ranging from 60 to 100 k Pa.Moreover,NPR(Non-Prestressed Reinforced)anchor cables exhibit a substantial constant resistance effect under low-amplitude seismic waves.However,when the input earthquake amplitude reaches 0.8g,local sliding occurs at the arch shoulder region of the NPR anchor cable.These findings underscore the importance of focusing on seismic mitigation measures in fault zones and reinforcing critical areas,such as the arch shoulders,in practical engineering applications.展开更多
Stiffness degradation will occur due to the generation of accumulated pore pressure in saturated soft clays under cyclic loading. The soil static-dynamic multi-purpose triaxial and torsional shear apparatus in Dalian ...Stiffness degradation will occur due to the generation of accumulated pore pressure in saturated soft clays under cyclic loading. The soil static-dynamic multi-purpose triaxial and torsional shear apparatus in Dalian University of Technology was employed to perform different types of test on the saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze Estuary. Undisturbed samples of the clay were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consolidation parameters. Investigated were the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress, initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and continuous rotation of principal stress axes on the stiffness degradation. It is found that the degradation index decreases （or degradation degree increases） significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress is less evident and this trend is more clearly reflected by the results of the cyclic torsional shear tests than those of the cyclic coupling shear tests. At the same cycle number, the degradation index obtained from the cyclic torsional shear test is higher than that from the cyclic coupling shear test. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stress directions during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of the soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.Based on a series of experiments, a mathematical model for stiffness degradation is proposed and the relevant parameters are determined.展开更多
This paper proposes a physics-informed neural network(PINN)framework to analyze the nonlinear buckling behavior of a three-dimensional(3D)FG porous,slender beam resting on a Winkler-Pasternak foundation.PINNs need muc...This paper proposes a physics-informed neural network(PINN)framework to analyze the nonlinear buckling behavior of a three-dimensional(3D)FG porous,slender beam resting on a Winkler-Pasternak foundation.PINNs need much less training data to obtain high accuracy using a straightforward network.The powerful tool used in this work can handle any class of PDEs.We use the deep learning platform TensorFlow and DeepXDE library to design our network.In this study,the PINNs framework takes information from the governing differential equations of the beam system and the data from boundary conditions and outputs the critical nonlinear buckling load.The mathematical model is developed using Hamilton’s principle,considering geometry’s nonlinearity.The accuracy of the modeling framework is carefully examined by applying it to various boundary condition cases as well as the physical parameters such as 3D FG indexes on the nonlinear mechanical behaviors.Finally,the PINNs results are validated with those extracted from the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM).It is found that the proposed PINN framework can characterize the nonlinear buckling behavior of 3D FG porous,slender beams with satisfactory accuracy.Furthermore,PINN is presented to accurately predict the nonlinear buckling behavior of the beam up to 71 times faster than the numerical method.展开更多
A new Rogosinski-type kernel function is constructed using kernel function of partial sums Sn（f; t） of generalized Fourier series on a parallel hexagon domain Ω associating with threedirection partition. We prove t...A new Rogosinski-type kernel function is constructed using kernel function of partial sums Sn（f; t） of generalized Fourier series on a parallel hexagon domain Ω associating with threedirection partition. We prove that an operator Wn（f; t） with the new kernel function converges uniformly to any continuous function f（t） ∈ Cn（Ω） （the space of all continuous functions with period Ω） on Ω. Moreover, the convergence order of the operator is presented for the smooth approached function.展开更多
There exists a critical cyclic stress ratio when sand or clay is subjected to cyclic loading. It is an index dis-tinguishing stable state or failure state. The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional ...There exists a critical cyclic stress ratio when sand or clay is subjected to cyclic loading. It is an index dis-tinguishing stable state or failure state. The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus de-veloped by Dalian University of Technology in China was employed to perform different types of tests on saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze estuary. Undisturbed samples were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consoli-dation parameters. The effects of initial orientation angle of major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress,initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and stress mode of cyclic shear on the critical cyclic stress ratio wereinvestigated. It is found that the critical cyclic stress ratio decreases significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientationangle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate prin-cipal stress is less evident. Under the same consolidation condition, the critical cyclic stress ratio from the cyclic cou-pling shear test is lower than that from the cyclic torsional shear test, indicating that the stress mode of cyclic shear has an obvious effect on the critical cyclic stress ratio. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stressdirections during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12372025 and 12072311)。
文摘This paper proposes a novel three-directional functionally graded(3D FG)vibration energy harvesting model based on a bimorph pipe structure.A rectangular pipe has material properties that vary continuously along the axial,width,and height directions,and a steady fluid flows inside the pipe.Two piezoelectric layers are attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the pipe,and are connected in series with a load resistance.The output electricity is predicted theoretically and validated by finite element(FE) simulation.The complex mechanisms regulating the energy harvesting performance are investigated,focusing particularly on the effects of 3D FG material(FGM) parameters,load resistance,fluid-structure interaction(FSI),and geometry.Numerical results indicate that among several material gradient parameters,the axial gradient index has the most significant impact.Increasing the axial and height gradient indices can markedly enhance the energy harvesting performance.The optimal resistances differ between the first two modes.Overall,the maximum power is generated at lower resistances.The FSI effect can also improve the energy harvesting performance;however,higher flow velocities may destabilize the system,causing failure of harvesting energy.This research is capable of providing new insights into the design of a pipe energy harvester in engineering applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11902001 and12072221)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M641643)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.1908085QA13 and 1808085ME128)。
文摘The natural dynamic characteristics of a circular cylindrical tube made of three-directional(3 D)functional graded material(FGM)based on the Timoshenko beam theory are investigated.Hamilton’s principle is utilized to derive the novel motion equations of the tube,considering the interactions among the longitudinal,transverse,and rotation deformations.By dint of the differential quadrature method(DQM),the governing equations are discretized to conduct the analysis of natural dynamic characteristics.The Ritz method,in conjunction with the finite element method(FEM),is introduced to verify the present results.It is found that the asymmetric modes in the tube are controlled by the 3 D FGM,which exhibit more complicated shapes compared with the unidirectional(1 D)and bi-directional(2 D)FGM cases.Numerical examples illustrate the effects of the axial,radial,and circumferential FGM indexes as well as the supported edges on the natural dynamic characteristics in detail.It is notable that the obtained results are beneficial for accurate design of smart structures composed from multi-directional FGM.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42377195)。
文摘A fault is a geological structure characterized by significant displacement of rock masses along a fault plane within the Earth's crust.The Yunnan Tabaiyi Tunnel intersects multiple fault zones,making tunnel construction in fault-prone areas particularly vulnerable to the effects of fault activity due to the complexities of the surrounding geological environment.To investigate the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel structures under varying surrounding rock conditions,a three-dimensional large-scale shaking table physical model test was conducted.This study also aimed to explore the damage mechanisms associated with the Tabaiyi Tunnel under seismic loading.The results demonstrate that poor quality surrounding rock enhances the seismic response of the tunnel.This effect is primarily attributed to the distribution characteristics of acceleration,dynamic strain,and dynamic soil pressure.A comparison between unidirectional and multi-directional(including vertical)seismic motions reveals that vertical seismic motion has a more significant impact on specific tunnel locations.Specifically,the maximum tensile stress is observed at the arch shoulder,with values ranging from 60 to 100 k Pa.Moreover,NPR(Non-Prestressed Reinforced)anchor cables exhibit a substantial constant resistance effect under low-amplitude seismic waves.However,when the input earthquake amplitude reaches 0.8g,local sliding occurs at the arch shoulder region of the NPR anchor cable.These findings underscore the importance of focusing on seismic mitigation measures in fault zones and reinforcing critical areas,such as the arch shoulders,in practical engineering applications.
基金supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50579006,50639010 and 50909014)
文摘Stiffness degradation will occur due to the generation of accumulated pore pressure in saturated soft clays under cyclic loading. The soil static-dynamic multi-purpose triaxial and torsional shear apparatus in Dalian University of Technology was employed to perform different types of test on the saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze Estuary. Undisturbed samples of the clay were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consolidation parameters. Investigated were the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress, initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and continuous rotation of principal stress axes on the stiffness degradation. It is found that the degradation index decreases （or degradation degree increases） significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientation angle of the major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress is less evident and this trend is more clearly reflected by the results of the cyclic torsional shear tests than those of the cyclic coupling shear tests. At the same cycle number, the degradation index obtained from the cyclic torsional shear test is higher than that from the cyclic coupling shear test. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stress directions during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of the soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.Based on a series of experiments, a mathematical model for stiffness degradation is proposed and the relevant parameters are determined.
文摘This paper proposes a physics-informed neural network(PINN)framework to analyze the nonlinear buckling behavior of a three-dimensional(3D)FG porous,slender beam resting on a Winkler-Pasternak foundation.PINNs need much less training data to obtain high accuracy using a straightforward network.The powerful tool used in this work can handle any class of PDEs.We use the deep learning platform TensorFlow and DeepXDE library to design our network.In this study,the PINNs framework takes information from the governing differential equations of the beam system and the data from boundary conditions and outputs the critical nonlinear buckling load.The mathematical model is developed using Hamilton’s principle,considering geometry’s nonlinearity.The accuracy of the modeling framework is carefully examined by applying it to various boundary condition cases as well as the physical parameters such as 3D FG indexes on the nonlinear mechanical behaviors.Finally,the PINNs results are validated with those extracted from the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM).It is found that the proposed PINN framework can characterize the nonlinear buckling behavior of 3D FG porous,slender beams with satisfactory accuracy.Furthermore,PINN is presented to accurately predict the nonlinear buckling behavior of the beam up to 71 times faster than the numerical method.
基金The NSF (60773098,60673021) of Chinathe Natural Science Youth Foundation(20060107) of Northeast Normal University
文摘A new Rogosinski-type kernel function is constructed using kernel function of partial sums Sn（f; t） of generalized Fourier series on a parallel hexagon domain Ω associating with threedirection partition. We prove that an operator Wn（f; t） with the new kernel function converges uniformly to any continuous function f（t） ∈ Cn（Ω） （the space of all continuous functions with period Ω） on Ω. Moreover, the convergence order of the operator is presented for the smooth approached function.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50639010, 50779003 and 50909014)
文摘There exists a critical cyclic stress ratio when sand or clay is subjected to cyclic loading. It is an index dis-tinguishing stable state or failure state. The soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus de-veloped by Dalian University of Technology in China was employed to perform different types of tests on saturated soft marine clay in the Yangtze estuary. Undisturbed samples were subjected to undrained cyclic vertical and torsional coupling shear and cyclic torsional shear after three-directional anisotropic consolidation with different initial consoli-dation parameters. The effects of initial orientation angle of major principal stress, initial ratio of deviatoric stress,initial coefficient of intermediate principal stress and stress mode of cyclic shear on the critical cyclic stress ratio wereinvestigated. It is found that the critical cyclic stress ratio decreases significantly with increasing initial orientation angle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress. Compared with the effects of the initial orientationangle of major principal stress and initial ratio of deviatoric stress, the effect of initial coefficient of intermediate prin-cipal stress is less evident. Under the same consolidation condition, the critical cyclic stress ratio from the cyclic cou-pling shear test is lower than that from the cyclic torsional shear test, indicating that the stress mode of cyclic shear has an obvious effect on the critical cyclic stress ratio. The main reason is that the continuous rotation in principal stressdirections during cyclic coupling shear damages the original structure of soil more than the cyclic torsional shear does.
