Abstract Objective： To evaluate the diagnostic value of two-phase multidetector-row spiral CT threedimensional reconstruction technique in TNM staging of gastric cancer. Methods： In 29 patients with gastric carcinom...Abstract Objective： To evaluate the diagnostic value of two-phase multidetector-row spiral CT threedimensional reconstruction technique in TNM staging of gastric cancer. Methods： In 29 patients with gastric carcinoma pathologically conformed, plan scans were done firstly. Two-phase spiral CT was performed within one breathhold each. Distension of the stomach was achieved by intravenous application of anisodamine and effervescent granules. After bolus injection of contrast medium, scanning was performed in the arterial and venous phase, and the source images were thin reconstructed. The stomach to three-dimension analysis was constructed by volume rendering （VR） multiplanaz volume reconstruction （MPVR）, shaded surface display （SSD） and CT virtual gastroscopy （CTVG） technique. In combination with the sources images, gastric tumour invasion and lymph node metastasis was assessed, and TNM staging was performed. Results： In 29 cases of gastric carcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity of two-phase multidetector-row spiral CT three-dimensional reconstruction technique in T1, T2, T3 and Ta staging, the sensitivity and specificity was 50% and 50%, 87.5% and 77.8%, 83.3% and 76.9% and 100% and 80% respectively. For the N staging, the sensitivity and specificity in No, N1, and N2 N3 was 83.3% and 71.4%, 87.5% and 77.8% and 81.8% and 75% respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity for M1 staging was 100%. Conclusion： The reconstruction technique in combination with 16-slices spiral-CT can perform TNM staging well and effectively guide the choice of the surgical procedures for gastric cancer.展开更多
Sometimes endometrial polyps,submucosal myomas,and endometrial cancer show similar findings under ultrasonography.The aim of this study was to assess the antidiastole value of blood flow parameters using three-dimensi...Sometimes endometrial polyps,submucosal myomas,and endometrial cancer show similar findings under ultrasonography.The aim of this study was to assess the antidiastole value of blood flow parameters using three-dimensional(3D)power Doppler ultrasonography angiography(PDA)between endometrial cancer and uterine parenchyma lumps.The data of the blood flow indices in 3D-PDA including the vascularization index(VI),flow index(FI),and vascularization flow index(VFI)in 40 patients with endometrial cancer and 41 patients with uterine parenchyma lumps(endometrial polyps and submucosal myomas)were retrospectively analysed and compared utilizing Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis(VOCAL)software.The results showed that all the blood flow parameters(VI,FI,VFI)were significantly higher in women with endometrial cancer than in those with uterine parenchyma lumps(P<0.001).The area under the curve of ROC of VI,FI,and VFI was 0.98,0.84,and 0.97,respectively.Thus,the best predictor of endometrial carcinoma was VI with a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 91.0%.The optimal cutoff value of VI was 4.06%.Our data demonstrated that all of the blood flow signal parameters(including VI,FI,and VFI)in 3D power Doppler ultrasonography had significant antidiastole values between endometrial cancer and uterine parenchyma lumps to assist clinicians in properly diagnosing patients.展开更多
Fracture surface contour study is one of the important requirements for characterization and evaluation of the microstructure of rocks.Based on the improved cube covering method and the 3D contour digital reconstructi...Fracture surface contour study is one of the important requirements for characterization and evaluation of the microstructure of rocks.Based on the improved cube covering method and the 3D contour digital reconstruction model,this study proposes a quantitative microstructure characterization method combining the roughness evaluation index and the 3D fractal dimension to study the change rule of the fracture surface morphology after blasting.This method was applied and validated in the study of the fracture microstructure of the rock after blasting.The results show that the fracture morphology characteristics of the 3D contour digital reconstruction model have good correlation with the changes of the blasting action.The undulation rate of the three-dimensional surface profile of the rock is more prone to dramatic rise and dramatic fall morphology.In terms of tilting trend,the tilting direction also shows gradual disorder,with the tilting angle increasing correspondingly.All the roughness evaluation indexes of the rock fissure surface after blasting show a linear and gradually increasing trend as the distance to the bursting center increases;the difference between the two-dimensional roughness evaluation indexes and the three-dimensional ones of the same micro-area rock samples also becomes increasingly larger,among which the three-dimensional fissure roughness coefficient JRC and the surface roughness ratio Rs display better correlation.Compared with the linear fitting formula of the power function relationship,the three-dimensional fractal dimension of the postblast fissure surface is fitted with the values of JRC and Rs,which renders higher correlation coefficients,and the degree of linear fitting of JRC to the three-dimensional fractal dimension is higher.The fractal characteristics of the blast-affected region form a unity with the three-dimensional roughness evaluation of the fissure surface.展开更多
Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises f...Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises from its ability to reconstruct the coronal plane of the uterus, which allows further delineation of many gynecological disorders. 3D imaging of the uterus is now the preferred imaging modality for assessing congenital uterine anomalies and intrauterine device localization. Newer indications include the diagnosis of adenomyosis. It can also add invaluable information to delineate other endometrial and myometrial pathology such as fibroids and endometrial polyps.展开更多
BACKGROUND Numerous variables are linked to the success of vaginal delivery,including the subpubic arch angle(SPAA)during labor,the importance of which has not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To examine the SPAA distrib...BACKGROUND Numerous variables are linked to the success of vaginal delivery,including the subpubic arch angle(SPAA)during labor,the importance of which has not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To examine the SPAA distributional characteristics and to ascertain SPAA’s ability to predict the type and duration of labor.METHODS We determined the SPAA and analyzed the corresponding data.We also evaluated the relationship between the SPAA and the mode of delivery and the duration of labor by regression.The present study comprised a total of 301 pregnant women who had given birth at Beijing Tiantan Hospital of the Capital Medical University between January and December of 2021.RESULTS Our analysis of 301 pregnant women revealed that the SPAA measured using three-dimensional trans-perineal ultrasound had a minimum angle of 81°and a maximum angle of 122.2°.The angle in the normal vaginal delivery group was greater than that in the labor cesarean group(P=0.000).The SPAA was a highly significant positive predictor of normal vaginal delivery(P=0.000)with an area under the curve of 0.782(P=0.000;95%CI:0.717-0.848).We found the length of the second stage of labor to be positively influenced by the SPAA using linear regression analysis(P=0.045).CONCLUSION The SPAA was a highly significant positive predictor of normal vaginal delivery.The length of the second stage of labor and normal vaginal birth were predicted by SPAA.展开更多
Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography（S-3DE） is a novel displaying technol-ogy based on real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE）. Our study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of S-3D...Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography（S-3DE） is a novel displaying technol-ogy based on real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE）. Our study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of S-3DE in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect （ASD） and its use in the guidance for transcatheter ASD occlusion. Twelve patients with secundum ASD underwent RT-3DE examination and 9 of the 12 were subjected to transcatheter closure of ASD. Stereoscopic vision was generated with a high-performance volume renderer with red-green stereoscopic glasses. S-3DE was compared with standard RT-3D display for the assessment of the shape, size, and the surrounding tis-sues of ASD and for the guidance of ASD occlusion. The appearance rate of coronary sinus and the mean formation time of the IVC, SVC were compared. Our results showed that S-3DE could measure the diameter of ASD accurately and there was no significant difference in the measurements between S-3DE and standard 3D display （2.89±0.73 cm vs 2.85±0.72 cm, P〉0.05; r=0.96, P〈0.05）. The appearance of coronary sinus for S-3DE was higher as compared with the standard 3D display （93.3% vs 100%）. The mean time of the IVC, SVC for S-3DE monitor was slightly shorter than that of the standard 3D display （11.0±3.8 s vs 10.3±3.6 s, P〉0.05）. The mean completion time of interven-tional procedure was shortened with S-3DE display as compared with standard 3D display （17.3±3.1 min vs 23.0±3.9 min, P〈0.05）. Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography could improve the visualization of three-dimensional echocardiography, facilitate the identification of the adjacent structures, decrease the time required for interventional manipulation. It may be a feasible, safe, and efficient tool for guiding transcatheter septal occlusion or the surgical interventions.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endocardial fibroelastosis(EFE)is a rare heart disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium caused by massive proliferation of collagenous and elastic tissue,usually leading to impaired cardiac fu...BACKGROUND Endocardial fibroelastosis(EFE)is a rare heart disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium caused by massive proliferation of collagenous and elastic tissue,usually leading to impaired cardiac function.Multimodality cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation of EFE with thrombi is even rarer.CASE SUMMARY We report a rare case of EFE associated with multiple cardiovascular thrombi.Three-dimensional(3D)and contrast echocardiography(CE)were used to assess ventricular thrombi.Anticoagulant therapy was administered to eliminate the thrombi.The peripheral contrast-enhanced thrombi with the highest risk were dissolved with anticoagulant therapy at the time of reexamination,which was consistent with the presumption of fresh loose thrombi.CONCLUSION This new echocardiography technique has a great advantage in the diagnosis and treatment of EFE.On the basis of conventional echocardiography,3D echocardiography is used to display the position,shape,and narrow base of the thrombus.CE does not only help to confirm the diagnosis of thrombus,but also determines its risk.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 616 cases were diagnosed as suspected in...Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 616 cases were diagnosed as suspected intracranial aneurysms in 3D CTA system. Computed tomographic scans and CTA studies were展开更多
The software for oil-gas transport and accumulation is to describe the history of oil-gas transport and accumulation in basin evolution. It is of great value in rational evaluation of prospecting and exploiting oil-ga...The software for oil-gas transport and accumulation is to describe the history of oil-gas transport and accumulation in basin evolution. It is of great value in rational evaluation of prospecting and exploiting oil-gas resources. The mathematical model can be discribed as a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations with moving boundary value problem. For a generic case of the three-demensional bounded region, bi this thesis, the effects of gravitation、buoyancy and capillary pressure are considered, we put forward a kind of characteristic finite difference schemes and make use thick and thin grids to form a complete set, and of calculus of vaviations, the change of variable, the theory of prior estimates and techniques, Optimal order estimates in l^2 norm are derived for the error in approximate assumption, Thus we have completely solved the well-known theoretical problem proposed by J. Douglas, Jr.展开更多
Background Sinus venosus atrial septal defect（SVASD） is a rare atrial septal defect. The right-sided pulmonary veins may drain into the right atrium directly or via vena cava. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardi...Background Sinus venosus atrial septal defect（SVASD） is a rare atrial septal defect. The right-sided pulmonary veins may drain into the right atrium directly or via vena cava. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography（2D-TTE） is certainly the initial choice of evaluation of SVASD but is unable to show its spatial relation to the surrounding structures and the configuration of the veins accurately. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography（RT3D-TEE） for detecting SVASD and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection（PAPVC）. Methods2D-TTE and RT3D-TEE were performed in 25 patients with the SVASD before surgical repair. Records of these patients were compared with surgical assessments. Results Twenty-three of the 25 patients with SVASD were detected by 2D-TTE. All the 23 patents were associated with PAPVC. Two of the 25 patients with SVASD were misdiagnosed as the secundum atrial septal defect by 2D-TTE. SVASD was demonstrated in all the 25 cases by RT3D-TEE, and 25 patents were associated with PAPVC. Conclusions RT3D-TEE is highly accurate, scientific method for displaying the location, size, shape of the defect and its spatial relation to the surrounding structures, and provides additional value to the surgeon and physicians for better understanding of spatial intracardiac morphology and making more accurate diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the value of two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(2D-STI)and three-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(3D-STI)in evaluating myocardial function in children with Kawasaki disease.Met...Objective:To investigate the value of two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(2D-STI)and three-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(3D-STI)in evaluating myocardial function in children with Kawasaki disease.Methods 92 children with Kawasaki disease admitted to our hospital from February 2017 to February 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.50 children who underwent 3D-STI examination were taken as observation group and 42 children who underwent 2D-STI examination were taken as control group.The left ventricular systolic function index,storage time and analysis time of the image,the diameter of coronary artery,the strain difference of left ventricular basal segment,middle segment,apical segment and whole segment were observed.Results The levels of left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV),left ventricular myocardial mass(LVMI)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no statistical difference in left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)between the two groups(P>0.05).The storage time and analysis time of the image in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The left coronary artery(LCA)and right coronary artery(RCA)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference between left anterior descending(LAD)in the two groups(P>0.05).The longitudinal peak systolic strain(LS),circumferential peak systolic strain(CS)and radial peak systolic strain(RS)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The global longitudinal peak strain(GLS),global circumferential peak strain(GCS)and global radial peak strain(GRS)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).LS and CS in the middle segment of the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions Compared with 2D-STI,3D-STI can objectively and accurately reflect the myocardial function of children with Kawasaki disease.展开更多
Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients w...Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis in the hospital between February 2014 and January 2017 were collected as observation group, and 100 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. The femoral head of the two groups was analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model, and the femoral head BMD levels and serum bone metabolism index contents were measured. Pearson test was used to evaluate the evaluation value of femoral head three-dimensional finite element model for osteoporosis. Results: The cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of observation group were lower than those of normal control group, and femoral neck BMD value of observation group was lower than that of normal control group;serum bone metabolism index BGP content was lower than that of normal control group while NBAP, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 contents were higher than those of normal control group. Pearson test showed that the cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of patients with osteoporosis were directly correlated with BMD value and bone metabolism index contents. Conclusion: The three-dimensional finite element model analysis resultsof patients with osteoporosis can objectively reflect the femoral headBMD value and bone metabolism activity, and is a reliable way to evaluate the risk of long-term fractures.展开更多
Weak solution （or generalized solution） for the boundary-value problems of partial differential equations of elasticity of 3D （three-dimensional） quasicrystals is given, in which the matrix expression is used. In ...Weak solution （or generalized solution） for the boundary-value problems of partial differential equations of elasticity of 3D （three-dimensional） quasicrystals is given, in which the matrix expression is used. In terms of Korn inequality and theory of function space, we prove the uniqueness of the weak solution. This gives an extension of existence theorem of solution for classical elasticity to that of quasicrystals, and develops the weak solution theory of elasticity of 2D quasicrystals given by the second author of the paper and his students.展开更多
This article explores the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on the development of the Suzhou tea industry,focusing on the diversified estimation of the value of output per acre and sales mode.It introdu...This article explores the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on the development of the Suzhou tea industry,focusing on the diversified estimation of the value of output per acre and sales mode.It introduces the history and traditional cultivation practices of tea in Suzhou,as well as the current challenges and problems faced by the industry.An in-depth analysis was conducted on the overview and improvement plans of the three-dimensional cultivation mode,covering relevant technical methods.Based on this analysis,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation on the value of output per acre was studied and predicted.Its potential and advantages were explored and compared with the effectiveness of traditional cultivation models.Additionally,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on sales was analyzed,examining its market adaptability and competitiveness,as well as its advantages in expanding sales channels and market coverage.The study also focused on the promoting effect of diversified sales models on the Suzhou tea industry,including direct consumption market development,tea processing product development and promotion,and the integration of tea culture and the tourism industry.To ensure sustainable development,the article evaluates the environmental impact,economic feasibility,social benefits,and farmer benefits of the three-dimensional cultivation model.Finally,the prospects for the development of the Suzhou tea industry were discussed,and the positioning and response strategies of the threedimensional cultivation model were proposed.展开更多
Objective To investigate diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography(3D-Hy Co Sy) in assessing tubal patency with chromolaporoscopy. Methods A total of 157 infertile women...Objective To investigate diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography(3D-Hy Co Sy) in assessing tubal patency with chromolaporoscopy. Methods A total of 157 infertile women underwent 3D-Hy Co Sy to evaluate tubal patency. Among these patients, 39 patients were also examined by chromolaporoscopy. The concordance of the two clinical assessment methods was analyzed by the Kappa coefficient test. Results Among the 306 oviducts examined by 3D-Hy Co Sy, 99(32.4%) were patent, 126(41.2%) partially obstructed, and 81(26.5%) completely obstructed. Diagnostic results with 3D-Hy Co Sy were not statistically different from those obtained in the 39 women(78 oviducts) who also underwent chromolaporoscopy, and the two methods showed a high concordance(κ=0.747, P=0.000). The 3D-Hy Co Sy procedure had a sensitivity of 84.8%(28/33), a specificity of 96.2%(25/26), and positive and negative predictive values of 93.3%(28/30) and 86.2%(25/29) respectively. Conclusion Transvaginal 3D-Hy Co Sy can accurately reveal the spatial path and morphology of the oviduct and is a safe and effective method to evaluate tubal patency.展开更多
Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional(3D) dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage.Methods:Twenty adul...Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional(3D) dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage.Methods:Twenty adult patients with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion had the four first premolars extracted.Miniscrews were placed to provide maximum anchorage for upper incisor retraction and intrusion.A computed tomography(CT) scan was performed after placement of the miniscrews and treatment.The 3D reconstructions of pre-and post-CT data were used to assess the dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone.Results:The amounts of upper incisor retraction at the edge and apex were(7.64±1.68) and(3.91±2.10) mm,respectively,and(1.34±0.74) mm of upper central incisor intrusion.Upper alveolar bone height losses at labial alveolar ridge crest(LAC) and palatal alveolar ridge crest(PAC) were 0.543 and 2.612 mm,respectively,and the percentages were(6.49±3.54)% and(27.42±9.77)%,respectively.The shape deformations of LAC-labial cortex bending point(LBP) and PAC-palatal cortex bending point(PBP) were(15.37±5.20)° and(6.43±3.27)°,respectively.Conclusions:Thus,for adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion,mechanobiological response of anterior alveolus should be taken into account during incisor retraction and intrusion.Pursuit of maximum anchorage might lead to upper anterior alveolar bone loss.展开更多
The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to inv...The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significan...Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.展开更多
With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focu...With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focused on the planar area(two-dimensional(2D)) expansion. Few studies have been conducted from a 3D perspective. In this paper, the 3D urban expansion of the Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China from 2003 to 2012 was evaluated based on Geographical Information System(GIS) tools and high-resolution remote sensing images. Four indices, namely weighted average height of buildings, volume of buildings, 3D expansion intensity and 3D fractal dimension are used to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The weighted average height of buildings and the volume of buildings are used to illustrate the temporal change of the 3D urban morphology, while the other two indices are used to calculate the expansion intensity and the fractal dimension of the 3D urban morphology. The results show that the spatial distribution of the high-rise buildings in Yangzhou has significantly spread and the utilization of the 3D space of Yangzhou has become more efficient and intensive. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.展开更多
Antibacterial adhesives are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and incorporate quaternary ammonium methacrylates into adhesives, and investigate the alk...Antibacterial adhesives are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and incorporate quaternary ammonium methacrylates into adhesives, and investigate the alkyl chain length effects on three-dimensional biofilms adherent on adhesives for the first time. Six quaternary ammonium methacrylates with chain lengths of 3, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 18 were synthesized and incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. Streptococcus mutans bacteria were cultured on resin to form biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure biofilm thickness, live/dead volumes and live-bacteria percentage vs. distance from resin surface. Biofilm thickness was the greatest for Scotchbond control; it decreased with increasing chain length, reaching a minimum at chain length 16. Live-biofilm volume had a similar trend. Dead-biofilm volume increased with increasing chain length. The adhesive with chain length 9 had 37% live bacteria near resin surface, but close to 100% live bacteria in the biofilm top section. For chain length 16, there were nearly 0% live bacteria throughout the three-dimensional biofilm. In conclusion, strong antibacterial activity was achieved by adding quaternary ammonium into adhesive, with biofilm thickness and live-biofilm volume decreasing as chain length was increased from 3 to 16. Antibacterial adhesives typically only inhibited bacteria close to its surface; however, adhesive with chain length 16 had mostly dead bacteria in the entire three-dimensional biofilm. Antibacterial adhesive with chain length 16 is promising to inhibit biofilms at the margins and combat secondary caries.展开更多
基金This project was supported by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2002AB130)
文摘Abstract Objective： To evaluate the diagnostic value of two-phase multidetector-row spiral CT threedimensional reconstruction technique in TNM staging of gastric cancer. Methods： In 29 patients with gastric carcinoma pathologically conformed, plan scans were done firstly. Two-phase spiral CT was performed within one breathhold each. Distension of the stomach was achieved by intravenous application of anisodamine and effervescent granules. After bolus injection of contrast medium, scanning was performed in the arterial and venous phase, and the source images were thin reconstructed. The stomach to three-dimension analysis was constructed by volume rendering （VR） multiplanaz volume reconstruction （MPVR）, shaded surface display （SSD） and CT virtual gastroscopy （CTVG） technique. In combination with the sources images, gastric tumour invasion and lymph node metastasis was assessed, and TNM staging was performed. Results： In 29 cases of gastric carcinoma, the sensitivity and specificity of two-phase multidetector-row spiral CT three-dimensional reconstruction technique in T1, T2, T3 and Ta staging, the sensitivity and specificity was 50% and 50%, 87.5% and 77.8%, 83.3% and 76.9% and 100% and 80% respectively. For the N staging, the sensitivity and specificity in No, N1, and N2 N3 was 83.3% and 71.4%, 87.5% and 77.8% and 81.8% and 75% respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity for M1 staging was 100%. Conclusion： The reconstruction technique in combination with 16-slices spiral-CT can perform TNM staging well and effectively guide the choice of the surgical procedures for gastric cancer.
基金This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81501530)Hubei Province Health and Family Planning Scientific Research Project(No.WJ2019M130).
文摘Sometimes endometrial polyps,submucosal myomas,and endometrial cancer show similar findings under ultrasonography.The aim of this study was to assess the antidiastole value of blood flow parameters using three-dimensional(3D)power Doppler ultrasonography angiography(PDA)between endometrial cancer and uterine parenchyma lumps.The data of the blood flow indices in 3D-PDA including the vascularization index(VI),flow index(FI),and vascularization flow index(VFI)in 40 patients with endometrial cancer and 41 patients with uterine parenchyma lumps(endometrial polyps and submucosal myomas)were retrospectively analysed and compared utilizing Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis(VOCAL)software.The results showed that all the blood flow parameters(VI,FI,VFI)were significantly higher in women with endometrial cancer than in those with uterine parenchyma lumps(P<0.001).The area under the curve of ROC of VI,FI,and VFI was 0.98,0.84,and 0.97,respectively.Thus,the best predictor of endometrial carcinoma was VI with a sensitivity of 97.0% and a specificity of 91.0%.The optimal cutoff value of VI was 4.06%.Our data demonstrated that all of the blood flow signal parameters(including VI,FI,and VFI)in 3D power Doppler ultrasonography had significant antidiastole values between endometrial cancer and uterine parenchyma lumps to assist clinicians in properly diagnosing patients.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFC2902103National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51934001Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:2023JCCXLJ02。
文摘Fracture surface contour study is one of the important requirements for characterization and evaluation of the microstructure of rocks.Based on the improved cube covering method and the 3D contour digital reconstruction model,this study proposes a quantitative microstructure characterization method combining the roughness evaluation index and the 3D fractal dimension to study the change rule of the fracture surface morphology after blasting.This method was applied and validated in the study of the fracture microstructure of the rock after blasting.The results show that the fracture morphology characteristics of the 3D contour digital reconstruction model have good correlation with the changes of the blasting action.The undulation rate of the three-dimensional surface profile of the rock is more prone to dramatic rise and dramatic fall morphology.In terms of tilting trend,the tilting direction also shows gradual disorder,with the tilting angle increasing correspondingly.All the roughness evaluation indexes of the rock fissure surface after blasting show a linear and gradually increasing trend as the distance to the bursting center increases;the difference between the two-dimensional roughness evaluation indexes and the three-dimensional ones of the same micro-area rock samples also becomes increasingly larger,among which the three-dimensional fissure roughness coefficient JRC and the surface roughness ratio Rs display better correlation.Compared with the linear fitting formula of the power function relationship,the three-dimensional fractal dimension of the postblast fissure surface is fitted with the values of JRC and Rs,which renders higher correlation coefficients,and the degree of linear fitting of JRC to the three-dimensional fractal dimension is higher.The fractal characteristics of the blast-affected region form a unity with the three-dimensional roughness evaluation of the fissure surface.
文摘Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises from its ability to reconstruct the coronal plane of the uterus, which allows further delineation of many gynecological disorders. 3D imaging of the uterus is now the preferred imaging modality for assessing congenital uterine anomalies and intrauterine device localization. Newer indications include the diagnosis of adenomyosis. It can also add invaluable information to delineate other endometrial and myometrial pathology such as fibroids and endometrial polyps.
文摘BACKGROUND Numerous variables are linked to the success of vaginal delivery,including the subpubic arch angle(SPAA)during labor,the importance of which has not yet been fully elucidated.AIM To examine the SPAA distributional characteristics and to ascertain SPAA’s ability to predict the type and duration of labor.METHODS We determined the SPAA and analyzed the corresponding data.We also evaluated the relationship between the SPAA and the mode of delivery and the duration of labor by regression.The present study comprised a total of 301 pregnant women who had given birth at Beijing Tiantan Hospital of the Capital Medical University between January and December of 2021.RESULTS Our analysis of 301 pregnant women revealed that the SPAA measured using three-dimensional trans-perineal ultrasound had a minimum angle of 81°and a maximum angle of 122.2°.The angle in the normal vaginal delivery group was greater than that in the labor cesarean group(P=0.000).The SPAA was a highly significant positive predictor of normal vaginal delivery(P=0.000)with an area under the curve of 0.782(P=0.000;95%CI:0.717-0.848).We found the length of the second stage of labor to be positively influenced by the SPAA using linear regression analysis(P=0.045).CONCLUSION The SPAA was a highly significant positive predictor of normal vaginal delivery.The length of the second stage of labor and normal vaginal birth were predicted by SPAA.
文摘Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography（S-3DE） is a novel displaying technol-ogy based on real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography （RT-3DE）. Our study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of S-3DE in the diagnosis of atrial septal defect （ASD） and its use in the guidance for transcatheter ASD occlusion. Twelve patients with secundum ASD underwent RT-3DE examination and 9 of the 12 were subjected to transcatheter closure of ASD. Stereoscopic vision was generated with a high-performance volume renderer with red-green stereoscopic glasses. S-3DE was compared with standard RT-3D display for the assessment of the shape, size, and the surrounding tis-sues of ASD and for the guidance of ASD occlusion. The appearance rate of coronary sinus and the mean formation time of the IVC, SVC were compared. Our results showed that S-3DE could measure the diameter of ASD accurately and there was no significant difference in the measurements between S-3DE and standard 3D display （2.89±0.73 cm vs 2.85±0.72 cm, P〉0.05; r=0.96, P〈0.05）. The appearance of coronary sinus for S-3DE was higher as compared with the standard 3D display （93.3% vs 100%）. The mean time of the IVC, SVC for S-3DE monitor was slightly shorter than that of the standard 3D display （11.0±3.8 s vs 10.3±3.6 s, P〉0.05）. The mean completion time of interven-tional procedure was shortened with S-3DE display as compared with standard 3D display （17.3±3.1 min vs 23.0±3.9 min, P〈0.05）. Stereoscopic three-dimensional echocardiography could improve the visualization of three-dimensional echocardiography, facilitate the identification of the adjacent structures, decrease the time required for interventional manipulation. It may be a feasible, safe, and efficient tool for guiding transcatheter septal occlusion or the surgical interventions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81571686.
文摘BACKGROUND Endocardial fibroelastosis(EFE)is a rare heart disease characterized by thickening of the endocardium caused by massive proliferation of collagenous and elastic tissue,usually leading to impaired cardiac function.Multimodality cardiovascular imaging for the evaluation of EFE with thrombi is even rarer.CASE SUMMARY We report a rare case of EFE associated with multiple cardiovascular thrombi.Three-dimensional(3D)and contrast echocardiography(CE)were used to assess ventricular thrombi.Anticoagulant therapy was administered to eliminate the thrombi.The peripheral contrast-enhanced thrombi with the highest risk were dissolved with anticoagulant therapy at the time of reexamination,which was consistent with the presumption of fresh loose thrombi.CONCLUSION This new echocardiography technique has a great advantage in the diagnosis and treatment of EFE.On the basis of conventional echocardiography,3D echocardiography is used to display the position,shape,and narrow base of the thrombus.CE does not only help to confirm the diagnosis of thrombus,but also determines its risk.
文摘Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 616 cases were diagnosed as suspected intracranial aneurysms in 3D CTA system. Computed tomographic scans and CTA studies were
基金Project supported by the National Scaling Program,the National Eighth-Five-Year Tackling Key Problem Programthe Doctoral Program Foundation of the National Education Commission
文摘The software for oil-gas transport and accumulation is to describe the history of oil-gas transport and accumulation in basin evolution. It is of great value in rational evaluation of prospecting and exploiting oil-gas resources. The mathematical model can be discribed as a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations with moving boundary value problem. For a generic case of the three-demensional bounded region, bi this thesis, the effects of gravitation、buoyancy and capillary pressure are considered, we put forward a kind of characteristic finite difference schemes and make use thick and thin grids to form a complete set, and of calculus of vaviations, the change of variable, the theory of prior estimates and techniques, Optimal order estimates in l^2 norm are derived for the error in approximate assumption, Thus we have completely solved the well-known theoretical problem proposed by J. Douglas, Jr.
文摘Background Sinus venosus atrial septal defect（SVASD） is a rare atrial septal defect. The right-sided pulmonary veins may drain into the right atrium directly or via vena cava. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography（2D-TTE） is certainly the initial choice of evaluation of SVASD but is unable to show its spatial relation to the surrounding structures and the configuration of the veins accurately. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography（RT3D-TEE） for detecting SVASD and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection（PAPVC）. Methods2D-TTE and RT3D-TEE were performed in 25 patients with the SVASD before surgical repair. Records of these patients were compared with surgical assessments. Results Twenty-three of the 25 patients with SVASD were detected by 2D-TTE. All the 23 patents were associated with PAPVC. Two of the 25 patients with SVASD were misdiagnosed as the secundum atrial septal defect by 2D-TTE. SVASD was demonstrated in all the 25 cases by RT3D-TEE, and 25 patents were associated with PAPVC. Conclusions RT3D-TEE is highly accurate, scientific method for displaying the location, size, shape of the defect and its spatial relation to the surrounding structures, and provides additional value to the surgeon and physicians for better understanding of spatial intracardiac morphology and making more accurate diagnosis and treatment.
基金Shaanxi key research and development plan(No.2019SF-211).
文摘Objective:To investigate the value of two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(2D-STI)and three-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking(3D-STI)in evaluating myocardial function in children with Kawasaki disease.Methods 92 children with Kawasaki disease admitted to our hospital from February 2017 to February 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.50 children who underwent 3D-STI examination were taken as observation group and 42 children who underwent 2D-STI examination were taken as control group.The left ventricular systolic function index,storage time and analysis time of the image,the diameter of coronary artery,the strain difference of left ventricular basal segment,middle segment,apical segment and whole segment were observed.Results The levels of left ventricular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV),left ventricular end-systolic volume(LVESV),left ventricular myocardial mass(LVMI)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no statistical difference in left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)between the two groups(P>0.05).The storage time and analysis time of the image in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The left coronary artery(LCA)and right coronary artery(RCA)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).There was no statistical difference between left anterior descending(LAD)in the two groups(P>0.05).The longitudinal peak systolic strain(LS),circumferential peak systolic strain(CS)and radial peak systolic strain(RS)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The global longitudinal peak strain(GLS),global circumferential peak strain(GCS)and global radial peak strain(GRS)in the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).LS and CS in the middle segment of the observation group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions Compared with 2D-STI,3D-STI can objectively and accurately reflect the myocardial function of children with Kawasaki disease.
基金National Science Foundation of China No:81301292.
文摘Objective: To study the evaluation value of three-dimensional finite element model analysis for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism activity in patients with osteoporosis. Methods: A total of 218 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis in the hospital between February 2014 and January 2017 were collected as observation group, and 100 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in the hospital during the same period were selected as normal control group. The femoral head of the two groups was analyzed by three-dimensional finite element model, and the femoral head BMD levels and serum bone metabolism index contents were measured. Pearson test was used to evaluate the evaluation value of femoral head three-dimensional finite element model for osteoporosis. Results: The cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of observation group were lower than those of normal control group, and femoral neck BMD value of observation group was lower than that of normal control group;serum bone metabolism index BGP content was lower than that of normal control group while NBAP, TRACP-5b and CTX-1 contents were higher than those of normal control group. Pearson test showed that the cancellous bone and cortical bone Von Mises stress value of patients with osteoporosis were directly correlated with BMD value and bone metabolism index contents. Conclusion: The three-dimensional finite element model analysis resultsof patients with osteoporosis can objectively reflect the femoral headBMD value and bone metabolism activity, and is a reliable way to evaluate the risk of long-term fractures.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10372016 and 10672022)
文摘Weak solution （or generalized solution） for the boundary-value problems of partial differential equations of elasticity of 3D （three-dimensional） quasicrystals is given, in which the matrix expression is used. In terms of Korn inequality and theory of function space, we prove the uniqueness of the weak solution. This gives an extension of existence theorem of solution for classical elasticity to that of quasicrystals, and develops the weak solution theory of elasticity of 2D quasicrystals given by the second author of the paper and his students.
基金Suzhou Agricultural Vocational and Technical College Young Teachers Research Ability Enhancement Program“Research and Screening of Bacteria for Fermented Beverages of Vice Tea and Loquat Flower”(Project No.QN[2022]01)。
文摘This article explores the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on the development of the Suzhou tea industry,focusing on the diversified estimation of the value of output per acre and sales mode.It introduces the history and traditional cultivation practices of tea in Suzhou,as well as the current challenges and problems faced by the industry.An in-depth analysis was conducted on the overview and improvement plans of the three-dimensional cultivation mode,covering relevant technical methods.Based on this analysis,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation on the value of output per acre was studied and predicted.Its potential and advantages were explored and compared with the effectiveness of traditional cultivation models.Additionally,the impact of the three-dimensional cultivation mode on sales was analyzed,examining its market adaptability and competitiveness,as well as its advantages in expanding sales channels and market coverage.The study also focused on the promoting effect of diversified sales models on the Suzhou tea industry,including direct consumption market development,tea processing product development and promotion,and the integration of tea culture and the tourism industry.To ensure sustainable development,the article evaluates the environmental impact,economic feasibility,social benefits,and farmer benefits of the three-dimensional cultivation model.Finally,the prospects for the development of the Suzhou tea industry were discussed,and the positioning and response strategies of the threedimensional cultivation model were proposed.
基金Supported by the Health Department of Guangdong Province(B2011259)
文摘Objective To investigate diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal three-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography(3D-Hy Co Sy) in assessing tubal patency with chromolaporoscopy. Methods A total of 157 infertile women underwent 3D-Hy Co Sy to evaluate tubal patency. Among these patients, 39 patients were also examined by chromolaporoscopy. The concordance of the two clinical assessment methods was analyzed by the Kappa coefficient test. Results Among the 306 oviducts examined by 3D-Hy Co Sy, 99(32.4%) were patent, 126(41.2%) partially obstructed, and 81(26.5%) completely obstructed. Diagnostic results with 3D-Hy Co Sy were not statistically different from those obtained in the 39 women(78 oviducts) who also underwent chromolaporoscopy, and the two methods showed a high concordance(κ=0.747, P=0.000). The 3D-Hy Co Sy procedure had a sensitivity of 84.8%(28/33), a specificity of 96.2%(25/26), and positive and negative predictive values of 93.3%(28/30) and 86.2%(25/29) respectively. Conclusion Transvaginal 3D-Hy Co Sy can accurately reveal the spatial path and morphology of the oviduct and is a safe and effective method to evaluate tubal patency.
基金Project supported by the Shandong Science and Technology Planning Project Contract Research (Nos. 2008GG30002019 and 2008GG 30001001) of Chinathe Shandong University Dental School Project Research (Nos. P2009009,P2009010,and P2010010),China
文摘Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional(3D) dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage.Methods:Twenty adult patients with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion had the four first premolars extracted.Miniscrews were placed to provide maximum anchorage for upper incisor retraction and intrusion.A computed tomography(CT) scan was performed after placement of the miniscrews and treatment.The 3D reconstructions of pre-and post-CT data were used to assess the dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone.Results:The amounts of upper incisor retraction at the edge and apex were(7.64±1.68) and(3.91±2.10) mm,respectively,and(1.34±0.74) mm of upper central incisor intrusion.Upper alveolar bone height losses at labial alveolar ridge crest(LAC) and palatal alveolar ridge crest(PAC) were 0.543 and 2.612 mm,respectively,and the percentages were(6.49±3.54)% and(27.42±9.77)%,respectively.The shape deformations of LAC-labial cortex bending point(LBP) and PAC-palatal cortex bending point(PBP) were(15.37±5.20)° and(6.43±3.27)°,respectively.Conclusions:Thus,for adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion,mechanobiological response of anterior alveolus should be taken into account during incisor retraction and intrusion.Pursuit of maximum anchorage might lead to upper anterior alveolar bone loss.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931293)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42271275).
文摘The rapid population and land urbanization not only promoted economic development but also affected the ecosystem service value(ESV).In the context of new-type urbanization and green development,it’s essential to investigate the impacts of urbanization on ESV in China.However,a comprehensive and dynamic framework to reveal the relationship between ESV and urbanization processes is lacking.This study adopted multi-source datasets to portray China’s urbanization process by integrating population,land,and economic urbanization,eval-uated the ESV changes of 10 categories by gross ecosystem product(GEP)methods,and explored ESV changes within different urbanization scales and speeds.The results showed rapid urbanization in the population,land,and economic dimensions in China,with a faster process of economic urbanization.The ESV also exhibited an increasing trend,with higher levels in the southeastern coastal regions and lower levels in the northwestern regions.Urbanization had positive impacts on ESV across various research units,but the ESV exhibited heteroge-neous changes across different urbanization scales,speeds,and their interactive effects.The response of ESV to dynamic urbanization processes was influenced by socio-economic,ecological,and policy factors;it is essential to combine targeted measures with general ecological product value realization methods in each unit to maximize social-economic-ecological benefits.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(42225107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001326,42371414,42171409,and 42271419)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(2022A1515012207)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning(202201011539)。
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.
基金Under the auspices of Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.13&ZD13027)National Science&Technology Pillar Program During 12th Five-year Plan Period(No.2012BAJ22B03-04)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41401164)
文摘With rapid urban development in China in the last two decades, the three-dimensional(3D) characteristic has been the main feature of urban morphology. However, the vast majority of researches of urban growth have focused on the planar area(two-dimensional(2D)) expansion. Few studies have been conducted from a 3D perspective. In this paper, the 3D urban expansion of the Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China from 2003 to 2012 was evaluated based on Geographical Information System(GIS) tools and high-resolution remote sensing images. Four indices, namely weighted average height of buildings, volume of buildings, 3D expansion intensity and 3D fractal dimension are used to quantify the 3D urban expansion. The weighted average height of buildings and the volume of buildings are used to illustrate the temporal change of the 3D urban morphology, while the other two indices are used to calculate the expansion intensity and the fractal dimension of the 3D urban morphology. The results show that the spatial distribution of the high-rise buildings in Yangzhou has significantly spread and the utilization of the 3D space of Yangzhou has become more efficient and intensive. The methods proposed in this paper laid a foundation for a wide range of study of 3D urban morphology changes.
基金supported by NIH R01 DE17974West China School of Stomatologya Seed Grant from Department of Endodontics,Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry,University of Maryland
文摘Antibacterial adhesives are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and incorporate quaternary ammonium methacrylates into adhesives, and investigate the alkyl chain length effects on three-dimensional biofilms adherent on adhesives for the first time. Six quaternary ammonium methacrylates with chain lengths of 3, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 18 were synthesized and incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. Streptococcus mutans bacteria were cultured on resin to form biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure biofilm thickness, live/dead volumes and live-bacteria percentage vs. distance from resin surface. Biofilm thickness was the greatest for Scotchbond control; it decreased with increasing chain length, reaching a minimum at chain length 16. Live-biofilm volume had a similar trend. Dead-biofilm volume increased with increasing chain length. The adhesive with chain length 9 had 37% live bacteria near resin surface, but close to 100% live bacteria in the biofilm top section. For chain length 16, there were nearly 0% live bacteria throughout the three-dimensional biofilm. In conclusion, strong antibacterial activity was achieved by adding quaternary ammonium into adhesive, with biofilm thickness and live-biofilm volume decreasing as chain length was increased from 3 to 16. Antibacterial adhesives typically only inhibited bacteria close to its surface; however, adhesive with chain length 16 had mostly dead bacteria in the entire three-dimensional biofilm. Antibacterial adhesive with chain length 16 is promising to inhibit biofilms at the margins and combat secondary caries.
