This paper selects the widely used New Practical Chinese Readers,a comprehensive teaching material for Chinese as a foreign language,analyzing its content selection,presentation format,and organizational characteristi...This paper selects the widely used New Practical Chinese Readers,a comprehensive teaching material for Chinese as a foreign language,analyzing its content selection,presentation format,and organizational characteristics.By reviewing the inclusion of Chinese opera cultural elements in this material,the study identifies existing issues and provides recommendations for improvement.Introducing opera culture into Chinese language teaching materials can align with global cultural exchanges,helping more people learn about traditional Chinese culture and enhancing China’s international influence.展开更多
Based on the theory of stance in interactive linguistics and the corpus of Bridging Cultures,this paper studies the stance-taking of advanced oral English.By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative researc...Based on the theory of stance in interactive linguistics and the corpus of Bridging Cultures,this paper studies the stance-taking of advanced oral English.By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research to sort out and analyze the advanced oral corpus,the research finding suggests that people mainly use adjectives to express positive and negative stances,followed by nouns and verbs.Among the many grammatical constructions to express stances,“sub+is+adj”is the dominant structure,followed by“adv+adj”.It mainly presents four kinds of stance-taking in advanced oral English based on Bridging Cultures teaching materials:(1)positively evaluation stance-taking;(2)positive attitude stance-taking;(3)negative evaluation stance-taking;and(4)negative attitude stance-taking.展开更多
Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core...Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core curriculum of culinary majors,which is rich in ideological and political elements.In this study,taking livestock and poultry raw materials as an example,the teaching design of integrating curriculum ideological and political education into culinary raw materials were investigated by sorting out its teaching contents and excavating its ideological and political elements.Taking livestock and poultry raw materials in Teochew Cuisine Raw Materials as an example,the teaching design of curriculum ideological and political education was conducted,aiming to provide some reference and guidance for curriculum ideological and political education of the curriculum.展开更多
Integrating curriculum ideology and politics into the construction of professional teaching materials is the main support for the reform and development of education and teaching,and the main starting point for ideolo...Integrating curriculum ideology and politics into the construction of professional teaching materials is the main support for the reform and development of education and teaching,and the main starting point for ideological and political work throughout the entire process of education and teaching.This article makes constructive thinking and conclusions on how to make the ideological and political education concept run through the talent training system,and how to integrate the ideological and political content of the curriculum into the construction content of translation textbooks in an all-round way.展开更多
The ability to evaluate teaching materials effectively is a very important professional activity for all EFL teachers,CFL teachers as well.It is essential to fully understand a book's content and style,as well as ...The ability to evaluate teaching materials effectively is a very important professional activity for all EFL teachers,CFL teachers as well.It is essential to fully understand a book's content and style,as well as its strengths and weaknesses,so that the book can be adapted to suit factors such as course aims,student needs and teacher beliefs.This paper deals with the evaluation of a TCFT(Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language) textbook,New Practical Chinese Reader(NPCR) based on McDonough and Shaw Model and Evaluation Criteria for NPCR.展开更多
Damage indices are effective in quantifying structural seismic damage.Numerous response-based damage indices have been developed and validated through the hysteretic response of various experimental specimens.However,...Damage indices are effective in quantifying structural seismic damage.Numerous response-based damage indices have been developed and validated through the hysteretic response of various experimental specimens.However,the accuracy of these indices for evaluating damage of RC columns is challenged by fluctuating axial load and irregular horizontal loading paths from 3-D earthquake excitations.This study introduces D_(iem),a material-based damage model for RC columns under random bidirectional loads and variable axial forces.Section damage indices of the plastic hinge are calculated by integrating the damage indices of concrete and steel fiber elements,considering their distance to the centroid axis.The P-Δeffect index is defined,and the component failure index is calculated using a combination of these indices.A hysteretic simulation and D_(iem)damage analysis program for cantilever RC columns is developed using Fortran.Three RC columns tested under bidirectional hysteretic loading are simulated to calibrate the program.Parameter analysis of 1,638 RC columns is conducted to verify D_(iem)’s applicability.The results demonstrated that D_(iem)’s failure assessment aligns with the 80%residual criterion.D_(iem)analysis of a real seismic damaged RC column shows satisfactory agreement with post-earthquake damage assessment and illustrates significant damage differences between columns with and without axial load fluctuation.展开更多
Teaching materials are quite important for teachers and students.Students only pay attention to interesting materials which can be counted good.Teachers should adapt the materials if they want to make the learning rea...Teaching materials are quite important for teachers and students.Students only pay attention to interesting materials which can be counted good.Teachers should adapt the materials if they want to make the learning really take place and make their teaching more effective.The teaching materials in Unit 7 Weather in 21st Century Practical College English Viewing,Listening&Speaking I can be counted good.But it is not good enough and needs adapting to make it better.展开更多
Business English is a branch of ESP(English for specific Purpose),which determines its vocational and professional orient and its focus on learning for reality,work and professions,so applying real and authentic conte...Business English is a branch of ESP(English for specific Purpose),which determines its vocational and professional orient and its focus on learning for reality,work and professions,so applying real and authentic content in Business English teaching is suggested to be helpful both in theory and in practice.However,compared with other L2 skills teaching,to some points,listening input turns out to be problematic and uncertain in terms of utilization and selection of authentic listening materials currently.This article tries to present the problems and analyze to what extent these problems can be tackled by suggesting some appropriate listening materials.展开更多
This study investigates the relationship between the teaching materials and motivation in second language acquisition.An evaluation of teaching materials based on Dornyei's motivation construct has been employed.T...This study investigates the relationship between the teaching materials and motivation in second language acquisition.An evaluation of teaching materials based on Dornyei's motivation construct has been employed.The results indicate students and teacher are basically satisfied with the textbook.Many factors,which affect student' s motivation towards teaching materials,are perceived.展开更多
The three-dimensional teaching mode is an integrated teaching mode,which integrates teaching design,teaching methods,teaching resources and student learning.In the English classroom,the three-dimensional teaching mode...The three-dimensional teaching mode is an integrated teaching mode,which integrates teaching design,teaching methods,teaching resources and student learning.In the English classroom,the three-dimensional teaching mode is used to make the English learning class full of vitality and to improve the effect of English classroom teaching.展开更多
Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulf...Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries.Owing to possessing excellent porosities as well as abundant hydroxyl groups in the pore walls,COF-301 can not only trap lithium polysulfides(PSs)via physical adsorption inside the pores,but also capture PSs by chemical interactions to relieve the shuttle effect.Interestingly,it is the first time that 3D-COFs were utilized as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries as well as hydroxyl groups were introduced into COFs for improving the battery performance.As a result,COF-301@S as cathode material could reserve the capacity of 411.6 mA·h·g^-1 after 500 cycles with only 0.081%fading per cycle at 0.5 C,exhibiting better battery performance compared with COF-300@S.This study not only expands the applications of 3D-COFs but also provides a new route for designing lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
Although research on teaching materials use has important implications for materials development,little literature examines how teachers actually use materials in the classroom.The present study,taking the theoretical...Although research on teaching materials use has important implications for materials development,little literature examines how teachers actually use materials in the classroom.The present study,taking the theoretical framework for using and evaluating Production-Oriented Approach(POA)teaching materials(Wen,2017),explores the procedure and the rationale of an experienced Chinese university EFL teacher’s use of POA teaching materials.Multiple methods were employed in data collection,including classroom observations,teacher interviews,the teacher’s lesson plans,and PowerPoints,as well as students’written and oral products.Data analysis showed that the teacher followed a three-phase process of materials use.Before class,teaching objectives were set,materials were selected,adapted,and then transformed into teaching activities.During class,the teaching activities were implemented with the materials.After class,the effectiveness of using the materials was assessed.The study revealed that the teacher played an active role in practicing the essential POA principles of“productive-objectives-determined”and“input-in-service-to-output”in the entire process of material use.展开更多
Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11 thCentral Committee of the Communist Party of China( CPC),with the promotion and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the pace of TCM nursing work has been acceler...Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11 thCentral Committee of the Communist Party of China( CPC),with the promotion and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the pace of TCM nursing work has been accelerated in nationwide,and a group of integrated Chinese and western medicine nurses have been cultivated preliminarily. However,professional nurses of integrated Chinese and western medicine are still deficient extremely. The target of talent cultivation,based on the theory of "focusing on humanism,expanding diathesis,and enhancing practice to highlight the accommodation and integration of nurses of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine",is to cultivate competent,practical and interdisciplinary senior nursing talents with strong professional basis,skilled operations,rich humanistic literacy,and sharp innovative spirit who not only master modern nursing knowledge and skills,but also can perform comprehensive nursing under the guidance of TCM theory of holistic concept and syndrome differentiation and nursing. This study,through investigating and analyzing the settings of3-year nursing professional courses in about 20 senior medical colleges,including senior nursing education of TCM,reformed the development of professional nursing courses of integrated Chinese and western medicine and the establishment of educational materials according to the course settings and educational work modes,so as to analyze the current status of nursing education of integrated Chinese and western medicine,determine course targets,and establish course system and educational work modes.展开更多
The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion e...The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion emissions were observed under the excitation of 980 nm at room temperature. It was found that the ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity increased with increasing of concentration of the Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions in the three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials. When the concentration of Yb3＋ was 10 mol%, pure red upconversion emission was obtained. The varied mechanism of ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity was discussed with the concentration of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions.展开更多
By analyzing the dilemma encountered in practical teaching of new media advertising course in the digital economy era, this paper explores the teaching path of new media advertising course based on “three-dimensional...By analyzing the dilemma encountered in practical teaching of new media advertising course in the digital economy era, this paper explores the teaching path of new media advertising course based on “three-dimensional” practical teaching system, and believes that it is necessary to accurately determine talent training objectives, and construct the three dimensions of practical teaching, practical ability, and new media entrepreneurship and employment. Finally, the teaching countermeasures of practical teaching system based on three dimensions are put forward.展开更多
As classroom interaction forms the basis of any interactive language classroom,it is thus very important and valuable for language teacher to investigate.And This article attempts to account for how the teaching mater...As classroom interaction forms the basis of any interactive language classroom,it is thus very important and valuable for language teacher to investigate.And This article attempts to account for how the teaching materials facilitate classroom interaction.展开更多
Teaching materials play a very significant role in English teaching and learning. They serve to exemplify and embody the goal and content of a certain curricula and also act as major tools for teachers and students to...Teaching materials play a very significant role in English teaching and learning. They serve to exemplify and embody the goal and content of a certain curricula and also act as major tools for teachers and students to carry out all kinds of activities.展开更多
Purpose: This study aimed to develop teaching materials to prevent the dangers of ablution and bathing infants, based on the dangerous experiences of mothers and family members, and examine their appropriateness. Meth...Purpose: This study aimed to develop teaching materials to prevent the dangers of ablution and bathing infants, based on the dangerous experiences of mothers and family members, and examine their appropriateness. Methods: A total of 20 midwives and public health nurses were selected as participants. Teaching materials and anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed, and the participants were asked to view the teaching materials and fill in the questionnaires. Retrieval was done by mail. The teaching materials included digital content, such as videos, sounds, and characters, which incorporated dangerous situations, preventions, and innovations in ablution and bathing procedures. The analysis was conducted by simple tabulation for each survey item. The free description was coded to preserve anonymity. This study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Board of the authors’ affiliated university. Results: The teaching materials were found to be appropriate in terms of suitability to purpose, degree of difficulty of content, ease of viewing the videos, validity of time, appropriateness of expression, and usability. Conclusions: Ablution teaching materials that are used at the present time do not focus on dangers, and to date, no resources on bathing have been used as teaching materials. The created teaching materials in this study can be viewed multiple times, and mothers and family members who are unfamiliar with ablution and bathing can acquire knowledge regarding dangers and danger prevention. The addition of specific preventive measures and countermeasures for the occurrence of danger, along with practice, would result in the development of further appropriate teaching materials to reduce danger and alleviate anxiety.展开更多
基金Zhejiang Federation of Humanities and Social Sciences Circles“Investigating the Effect of ChatGPT on L2 Education”(24NDQN206YBM)。
文摘This paper selects the widely used New Practical Chinese Readers,a comprehensive teaching material for Chinese as a foreign language,analyzing its content selection,presentation format,and organizational characteristics.By reviewing the inclusion of Chinese opera cultural elements in this material,the study identifies existing issues and provides recommendations for improvement.Introducing opera culture into Chinese language teaching materials can align with global cultural exchanges,helping more people learn about traditional Chinese culture and enhancing China’s international influence.
文摘Based on the theory of stance in interactive linguistics and the corpus of Bridging Cultures,this paper studies the stance-taking of advanced oral English.By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research to sort out and analyze the advanced oral corpus,the research finding suggests that people mainly use adjectives to express positive and negative stances,followed by nouns and verbs.Among the many grammatical constructions to express stances,“sub+is+adj”is the dominant structure,followed by“adv+adj”.It mainly presents four kinds of stance-taking in advanced oral English based on Bridging Cultures teaching materials:(1)positively evaluation stance-taking;(2)positive attitude stance-taking;(3)negative evaluation stance-taking;and(4)negative attitude stance-taking.
基金Supported by 2021 Continuing Education Teaching Reform and Research Practice Project of Continuing Education Quality Improvement Project in Guangdong Province(JXJYGC2021KY0667)2021 Online and Offline Mixed First-class Undergraduate Curriculum"Culinary Raw Materials"of Hanshan Normal University.
文摘Comprehensively promoting curriculum ideological and political education is a strategic measure to implement the fundamental task of establishing moral integrity and educating people.Culinary raw materials is the core curriculum of culinary majors,which is rich in ideological and political elements.In this study,taking livestock and poultry raw materials as an example,the teaching design of integrating curriculum ideological and political education into culinary raw materials were investigated by sorting out its teaching contents and excavating its ideological and political elements.Taking livestock and poultry raw materials in Teochew Cuisine Raw Materials as an example,the teaching design of curriculum ideological and political education was conducted,aiming to provide some reference and guidance for curriculum ideological and political education of the curriculum.
文摘Integrating curriculum ideology and politics into the construction of professional teaching materials is the main support for the reform and development of education and teaching,and the main starting point for ideological and political work throughout the entire process of education and teaching.This article makes constructive thinking and conclusions on how to make the ideological and political education concept run through the talent training system,and how to integrate the ideological and political content of the curriculum into the construction content of translation textbooks in an all-round way.
文摘The ability to evaluate teaching materials effectively is a very important professional activity for all EFL teachers,CFL teachers as well.It is essential to fully understand a book's content and style,as well as its strengths and weaknesses,so that the book can be adapted to suit factors such as course aims,student needs and teacher beliefs.This paper deals with the evaluation of a TCFT(Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language) textbook,New Practical Chinese Reader(NPCR) based on McDonough and Shaw Model and Evaluation Criteria for NPCR.
基金Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration under Grant No.2019B12National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund under Grant No.51108433National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51778186。
文摘Damage indices are effective in quantifying structural seismic damage.Numerous response-based damage indices have been developed and validated through the hysteretic response of various experimental specimens.However,the accuracy of these indices for evaluating damage of RC columns is challenged by fluctuating axial load and irregular horizontal loading paths from 3-D earthquake excitations.This study introduces D_(iem),a material-based damage model for RC columns under random bidirectional loads and variable axial forces.Section damage indices of the plastic hinge are calculated by integrating the damage indices of concrete and steel fiber elements,considering their distance to the centroid axis.The P-Δeffect index is defined,and the component failure index is calculated using a combination of these indices.A hysteretic simulation and D_(iem)damage analysis program for cantilever RC columns is developed using Fortran.Three RC columns tested under bidirectional hysteretic loading are simulated to calibrate the program.Parameter analysis of 1,638 RC columns is conducted to verify D_(iem)’s applicability.The results demonstrated that D_(iem)’s failure assessment aligns with the 80%residual criterion.D_(iem)analysis of a real seismic damaged RC column shows satisfactory agreement with post-earthquake damage assessment and illustrates significant damage differences between columns with and without axial load fluctuation.
文摘Teaching materials are quite important for teachers and students.Students only pay attention to interesting materials which can be counted good.Teachers should adapt the materials if they want to make the learning really take place and make their teaching more effective.The teaching materials in Unit 7 Weather in 21st Century Practical College English Viewing,Listening&Speaking I can be counted good.But it is not good enough and needs adapting to make it better.
文摘Business English is a branch of ESP(English for specific Purpose),which determines its vocational and professional orient and its focus on learning for reality,work and professions,so applying real and authentic content in Business English teaching is suggested to be helpful both in theory and in practice.However,compared with other L2 skills teaching,to some points,listening input turns out to be problematic and uncertain in terms of utilization and selection of authentic listening materials currently.This article tries to present the problems and analyze to what extent these problems can be tackled by suggesting some appropriate listening materials.
文摘This study investigates the relationship between the teaching materials and motivation in second language acquisition.An evaluation of teaching materials based on Dornyei's motivation construct has been employed.The results indicate students and teacher are basically satisfied with the textbook.Many factors,which affect student' s motivation towards teaching materials,are perceived.
文摘The three-dimensional teaching mode is an integrated teaching mode,which integrates teaching design,teaching methods,teaching resources and student learning.In the English classroom,the three-dimensional teaching mode is used to make the English learning class full of vitality and to improve the effect of English classroom teaching.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21674026,21574032,51573125,51573147,51803149,51973155,and 51633007(the State Key Program))the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion(No.GZ1286)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.121D11KYSB20170031).
文摘Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries.Owing to possessing excellent porosities as well as abundant hydroxyl groups in the pore walls,COF-301 can not only trap lithium polysulfides(PSs)via physical adsorption inside the pores,but also capture PSs by chemical interactions to relieve the shuttle effect.Interestingly,it is the first time that 3D-COFs were utilized as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries as well as hydroxyl groups were introduced into COFs for improving the battery performance.As a result,COF-301@S as cathode material could reserve the capacity of 411.6 mA·h·g^-1 after 500 cycles with only 0.081%fading per cycle at 0.5 C,exhibiting better battery performance compared with COF-300@S.This study not only expands the applications of 3D-COFs but also provides a new route for designing lithium-sulfur batteries.
文摘Although research on teaching materials use has important implications for materials development,little literature examines how teachers actually use materials in the classroom.The present study,taking the theoretical framework for using and evaluating Production-Oriented Approach(POA)teaching materials(Wen,2017),explores the procedure and the rationale of an experienced Chinese university EFL teacher’s use of POA teaching materials.Multiple methods were employed in data collection,including classroom observations,teacher interviews,the teacher’s lesson plans,and PowerPoints,as well as students’written and oral products.Data analysis showed that the teacher followed a three-phase process of materials use.Before class,teaching objectives were set,materials were selected,adapted,and then transformed into teaching activities.During class,the teaching activities were implemented with the materials.After class,the effectiveness of using the materials was assessed.The study revealed that the teacher played an active role in practicing the essential POA principles of“productive-objectives-determined”and“input-in-service-to-output”in the entire process of material use.
文摘Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11 thCentral Committee of the Communist Party of China( CPC),with the promotion and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the pace of TCM nursing work has been accelerated in nationwide,and a group of integrated Chinese and western medicine nurses have been cultivated preliminarily. However,professional nurses of integrated Chinese and western medicine are still deficient extremely. The target of talent cultivation,based on the theory of "focusing on humanism,expanding diathesis,and enhancing practice to highlight the accommodation and integration of nurses of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine",is to cultivate competent,practical and interdisciplinary senior nursing talents with strong professional basis,skilled operations,rich humanistic literacy,and sharp innovative spirit who not only master modern nursing knowledge and skills,but also can perform comprehensive nursing under the guidance of TCM theory of holistic concept and syndrome differentiation and nursing. This study,through investigating and analyzing the settings of3-year nursing professional courses in about 20 senior medical colleges,including senior nursing education of TCM,reformed the development of professional nursing courses of integrated Chinese and western medicine and the establishment of educational materials according to the course settings and educational work modes,so as to analyze the current status of nursing education of integrated Chinese and western medicine,determine course targets,and establish course system and educational work modes.
基金supported by the Reserve Talents Project of Yunnan Province(2013HB068)Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province(2014FB127)
文摘The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion emissions were observed under the excitation of 980 nm at room temperature. It was found that the ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity increased with increasing of concentration of the Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions in the three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials. When the concentration of Yb3＋ was 10 mol%, pure red upconversion emission was obtained. The varied mechanism of ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity was discussed with the concentration of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions.
基金Sponsored by 2022 “Tourism Industry Economic Teaching Innovation Team” of Taishan University。
文摘By analyzing the dilemma encountered in practical teaching of new media advertising course in the digital economy era, this paper explores the teaching path of new media advertising course based on “three-dimensional” practical teaching system, and believes that it is necessary to accurately determine talent training objectives, and construct the three dimensions of practical teaching, practical ability, and new media entrepreneurship and employment. Finally, the teaching countermeasures of practical teaching system based on three dimensions are put forward.
文摘As classroom interaction forms the basis of any interactive language classroom,it is thus very important and valuable for language teacher to investigate.And This article attempts to account for how the teaching materials facilitate classroom interaction.
文摘Teaching materials play a very significant role in English teaching and learning. They serve to exemplify and embody the goal and content of a certain curricula and also act as major tools for teachers and students to carry out all kinds of activities.
文摘Purpose: This study aimed to develop teaching materials to prevent the dangers of ablution and bathing infants, based on the dangerous experiences of mothers and family members, and examine their appropriateness. Methods: A total of 20 midwives and public health nurses were selected as participants. Teaching materials and anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed, and the participants were asked to view the teaching materials and fill in the questionnaires. Retrieval was done by mail. The teaching materials included digital content, such as videos, sounds, and characters, which incorporated dangerous situations, preventions, and innovations in ablution and bathing procedures. The analysis was conducted by simple tabulation for each survey item. The free description was coded to preserve anonymity. This study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Review Board of the authors’ affiliated university. Results: The teaching materials were found to be appropriate in terms of suitability to purpose, degree of difficulty of content, ease of viewing the videos, validity of time, appropriateness of expression, and usability. Conclusions: Ablution teaching materials that are used at the present time do not focus on dangers, and to date, no resources on bathing have been used as teaching materials. The created teaching materials in this study can be viewed multiple times, and mothers and family members who are unfamiliar with ablution and bathing can acquire knowledge regarding dangers and danger prevention. The addition of specific preventive measures and countermeasures for the occurrence of danger, along with practice, would result in the development of further appropriate teaching materials to reduce danger and alleviate anxiety.
