In recent years,research investigations have focused on the substantial freshwater storage in the Beaufort Gyre(BG)region due to climate change.Despite active mesoscale eddies in the area,a notable gap in understandin...In recent years,research investigations have focused on the substantial freshwater storage in the Beaufort Gyre(BG)region due to climate change.Despite active mesoscale eddies in the area,a notable gap in understanding the three-dimensional structure and induced transport has been observed.This study concentrates on the Canada Basin in the western Arctic Ocean,specifically examining a subsurface anticyclonic eddy(SAE)sampled by a Mooring A in the BG region.Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM)analysis data reveal its lifecycle from February 15 to March 15,2017,marked by initiation,development,maturity,decay,and termination stages.This work extends the finding of SAE passing through Mooring A by examining its overall effects,spatiotemporal variations,and swirl transport.SAE generation through baroclinic instability,which contributes to the westward tilt of the vertical axis,is also confirmed in this study.Swirl transport induced by SAE is predominantly eastward and downward due to its trajectory and background flow.SAE temporarily weakens stratification and extends the subsurface depth but demonstrates transient effects.Moreover,SAE transports upper-layer freshwater,Pacific Winter Water,and Atlantic Water downward,emphasizing its potential influence on freshwater redistribution in the Canadian Basin.This research provides valuable insights into mesoscale eddy dynamics,revealing their role in modulating the upper water mass in the BG region.展开更多
In this work,based on the role of pre-ionization of the non-uniform electric field and its effect of reducing the collisional ionization coefficient,a diffuse dielectric barrier discharge plasma is formed in the open ...In this work,based on the role of pre-ionization of the non-uniform electric field and its effect of reducing the collisional ionization coefficient,a diffuse dielectric barrier discharge plasma is formed in the open space outside the electrode structure at a lower voltage by constructing a three-dimensional non-uniform spatial electric field using a contact electrode structure.The air purification study is also carried out.Firstly,a contact electrode structure is constructed using a three-dimensional wire electrode.The distribution characteristics of the spatial electric field formed by this electrode structure are analyzed,and the effects of the non-uniform electric field and the different angles of the vertical wire on the generation of three-dimensional spatial diffuse discharge are investigated.Secondly,the copper foam contact electrode structure is constructed using copper foam material,and the effects of different mesh sizes on the electric field distribution are analyzed.The results show that as the mesh size of the copper foam becomes larger,a strong electric field region exists not only on the surface of the insulating layer,but also on the surface of the vertical wires inside the copper foam,i.e.,the strong electric field region shows a three-dimensional distribution.Besides,as the mesh size increases,the area of the vertical strong electric field also increases.However,the electric field strength on the surface of the insulating layer gradually decreases.Therefore,the appropriate mesh size can effectively increase the discharge area,which is conducive to improving the air purification efficiency.Finally,a highly permeable stacked electrode structure of multilayer wire-copper foam is designed.In combination with an ozone treatment catalyst,an air purification device is fabricated,and the air purification experiment is carried out.展开更多
The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the ra...The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the rapid battery performance degradation.Here,we customize two SEIs with different spatial structures(bilayer and mosaic)by simply regulating the proportion of additive fluoroethylene carbonate.Surprisingly,due to the uniform distribution of dense inorganic nano-crystals in the inner,the bilayer SEI exhibits low-swelling and excellent mechanical properties,so the undesirable side reactions of the electrolyte are effectively suppressed.In addition,we put forward the growth rate of swelling ratio(GSR)as a key indicator to reveal the swelling change in SEI.The GSR of bilayer SEI merely increases from1.73 to 3.16 after the 300th cycle,which enables the corresponding graphite‖Li battery to achieve longer cycle stability.The capacity retention is improved by 47.5% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C.The correlation among SEI spatial structure,swelling behavior,and battery performance provides a new direction for electrolyte optimization and interphase structure design of high energy density batteries.展开更多
We investigate the chaotic and regular spatial structures of Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs)with a spatially modulated atom-atom interaction and without an external trapping potential.A BEC with a spatially modulated...We investigate the chaotic and regular spatial structures of Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs)with a spatially modulated atom-atom interaction and without an external trapping potential.A BEC with a spatially modulated atom-atom interaction is equivalent to being constrained by a nonlinear optical lattice.Theoretical analyses show the existence of a steady atomic current in the BEC with a spatially varying phase.Under perturbative conditions,the Melnikov chaos criteria of BECs with a spatially varying phase and a constant one are theoretically obtained,respectively.When the perturbative conditions cannot be satisfied,for a repulsive BEC with a spatially varying phase,numerical simulations demonstrate that changing the initial condition can eliminate the chaotic spatial structure and then the system transitions into a biperiodic spatial structure.Increasing the chemical potential can result in a transition from the biperiodic spatial structure to a single-periodic spatial structure.For an attractive BEC with a spatially varying phase,numerical simulations show that decreasing the chemical potential can lead to a high atomic density,but when the wave number of the laser inducing the optical Feshbach resonance exceeds a critical value,the atomic density falls back to a finite range.Regardless of whether the BEC has a spatially varying phase or a constant one,modulating the laser wave number can effectively suppress the chaotic spatial structure in the BEC and then force it into a regular spatial structure.展开更多
We tested the effectiveness of the gradual removal of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)in former plantations of this species in Roztocze National Park(SE Poland)to support the restoration of natural herbaceous flora and...We tested the effectiveness of the gradual removal of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)in former plantations of this species in Roztocze National Park(SE Poland)to support the restoration of natural herbaceous flora and forest structure.We compared 0.5-ha study plots subjected to selective removal of pine trees with control plots excluded from any kind of human intervention for half a century.The observed changes in forest floor vegetation in the converted plots showed naturalization towards habitat-specific species.However,differences in the spatial distribution of trees between the treatment and control plots showed no universal pattern and revealed subtle but positive shifts from regular to random or clustered patterns.The mean tree diameters were higher in plots subjected to Scots pine removal,which resulted from the vigorous growth of tree species,consistent with habitat types.We conclude that forest restoration through the removal of planted trees can support the naturalization of former Scots pine plantations in protected areas.However,the selection of an appropriate method and its intensity are of vital importance.Methods that resemble typical management practices,such as selection thinning,are not always the best approach,as they may preserve or even increase the regular distribution of trees.Therefore,for restoration purposes,we recommend testing other methods that increase spatial heterogeneity,including systematic cutting or emulating natural disturbances.In addition,low-intensity thinning may not be sufficient to support the restoration of natural forest floor vegetation and the variability in forest stand structure.展开更多
In the new phase of sustainable development,agriculture is seeking sustainable management of the water-land-energy-economy-environment-food nexus.At present,there are few studies on optimizing crop planting structure ...In the new phase of sustainable development,agriculture is seeking sustainable management of the water-land-energy-economy-environment-food nexus.At present,there are few studies on optimizing crop planting structure and analyzing its spatial layout with consideration of natural and socio-economic factors.Herein,we proposed a framework for addressing this issue.In this framework,the NSGA-II algorithm was used to construct the multi-objective optimization model of crop planting structures with consideration of water and energy consumption,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,economic benefits,as well as food,land,and water security constraints,while the model for planting spatial layout optimization was established with consideration of crop suitability using the MaxEnt model and the improved Hungarian algorithm.This framework was further applied in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China(BSRNC)for analyzing optimized crop planting structures and spatial layouts of three main crops(rice,maize,and soybean)under various scenarios.This study showed that the sown area of rice in the BSRNC decreased by up to 40.73%and 35.30%in the environmental priority scenario and economic-environmental balance scenario,respectively,whereas that of soybean increased by up to 112.44%and 63.31%,respectively.In the economic priority scenario,the sown area of rice increased by up to 93.98%.Expanding the sown area of soybean was effective in reducing GHG emissions.On the contrary,rice production led to greater environmental costs though it provided higher economic returns.Among the three crops,maize exhibited an advantage in balancing environmental and economic benefits.Hegang-Jixi area in the northeast of the BSRNC was identified as the key area with the most intense crop planting transfer among different scenarios.Overall,this framework provides a new methodology for optimizing crop planting structures and spatial layouts with con-sideration of the nexus of various factors.Moreover,the case study demonstrates the applicability and expansion potential of the framework in the fields of sustainable agricultural development and food security assurance.展开更多
In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3D...In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3DSIM)has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation.We introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system,leveraging the polarizationmaintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micromirror device(DMD)in conjunction with an electrooptic modulator.The DMD-3DSIM system yields a twofold enhancement in both lateral(133 nm)and axial(300 nm)resolution compared to wide-field imaging and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024 pixels×1024 pixels,with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume.The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens,including fluorescent beads,nuclear pores,microtubules,actin filaments,and mitochondria within cells,as well as plant and animal tissues.Notably,polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments.Furthermore,the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances 3D resolution.The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena,boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution,fast temporal resolution,and polarization imaging.展开更多
Background:As is widely known,an increasing number of forest areas were managed to preserve and enhance the health of forest ecosystems.However,previous research on forest management has often overlooked the importanc...Background:As is widely known,an increasing number of forest areas were managed to preserve and enhance the health of forest ecosystems.However,previous research on forest management has often overlooked the importance of structure-based.Aims:Our objectives were to define the direction of structure-based forest management.Subsequently,we investigated the relationships between forest structure and the regeneration,growth,and mortality of trees under different thinning treatments.Ultimately,the drivers of forest structural change were explored.Methods:On the basis of 92 sites selected from northeastern China,with different recovery time (from 1 to 15years) and different thinning intensities (0–59.9%) since the last thinning.Principal component analysis (PCA)identified relationships among factors determining forest spatial structure.The structural equation model (SEM)was used to analyze the driving factors behind the changes in forest spatial structure after thinning.Results:Light thinning (0–20%trees removed) promoted forest regeneration,and heavy thinning (over 35% of trees removed) facilitated forest growth.However,only moderate thinning (20%–35%trees removed) created a reasonable spatial structure.While dead trees were clustered,and they were hardly affected by thinning intensity.Additionally,thinning intensity,recovery time,and altitude indirectly improve the spatial structure of the forest by influencing diameter at breast height (DBH) and canopy area.Conclusion:Creating larger DBH and canopy area through thinning will promote the formation of complex forest structures,which cultivates healthy and stable forests.展开更多
Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)achieves super-resolution(SR)by modulating the high-frequency information of the sample into the passband of the optical system and subsequent image reconstruction.The traditiona...Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)achieves super-resolution(SR)by modulating the high-frequency information of the sample into the passband of the optical system and subsequent image reconstruction.The traditional Wiener-filtering-based reconstruction algorithm operates in the Fourier domain,it requires prior knowledge of the sinusoidal illumination patterns which makes the time-consuming procedure of parameter estimation to raw datasets necessary,besides,the parameter estimation is sensitive to noise or aberration-induced pattern distortion which leads to reconstruction artifacts.Here,we propose a spatial-domain image reconstruction method that does not require parameter estimation but calculates patterns from raw datasets,and a reconstructed image can be obtained just by calculating the spatial covariance of differential calculated patterns and differential filtered datasets(the notch filtering operation is performed to the raw datasets for attenuating and compensating the optical transfer function(OTF)).Experiments on reconstructing raw datasets including nonbiological,biological,and simulated samples demonstrate that our method has SR capability,high reconstruction speed,and high robustness to aberration and noise.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)chemistry reaction opens a new battery era with high energy density;meanwhile,multiple electrons migration leads to the complex phase transition of sulfur species.To manipulate the binding strength...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)chemistry reaction opens a new battery era with high energy density;meanwhile,multiple electrons migration leads to the complex phase transition of sulfur species.To manipulate the binding strength of multiple key intermediates more efficiently,the bimetallic TiVC MXene is utilized to realize multi-dimensional catalysis.Based on the macroscopic three-dimensional(3D)structure using two-dimensional(2D)MXene architecture,electron conductivity and sulfur utilization are improved.Microscopically,Ti-V catalytic systems regulate multiple reaction intermediates through intermetallic synergies customized surface properties and atomic scale coordination,thereby improving electronic and ionic conductivity.In-situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis show that the conversion rate of polysulfides was accelerated during the charge-discharge process.The Ti-V interaction exhibits unique catalytic activity and regulates multiple continuous processes of sulfur species phase transformation,which are essential for the excellent energy performance of Li-S batteries.This study not only clarifies the catalytic mechanism of Ti-V at different dimensions but also proposes a promising strategy for the design of advanced catalytic systems in energy storage technology.展开更多
Oceanic dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration is crucial for assessing the status of marine ecosystems.Against the backdrop of global warming,DO shows a general decrease,posing a threat to the health of marine ecosystems....Oceanic dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration is crucial for assessing the status of marine ecosystems.Against the backdrop of global warming,DO shows a general decrease,posing a threat to the health of marine ecosystems.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop advanced tools to characterize the spatio-temporal variations of three-dimensional(3D)DO.To address this challenge,this study introduces the Light Gradient Boosting Machine(Light-GBM),combining satellite remote sensing and reanalysis data with Biogeochemical Argo data to accurately reconstruct the 3D DO structure in the Mediterranean Sea from 2010 to 2022.Various environmental parameters are incorporated as inputs,including spatiotemporal features,meteorological characteristics,and ocean color properties.The LightGBM model demonstrates excellent performance on the testing dataset with R^(2) of 0.958.The modeled DO agrees better with in-situ measurements than products from numerical models.Using the Shapley Additive exPlanations method,the contributions of input features are assessed.Sea surface temperatures provide a correlation with DO at the sea surface,while spatial coordinates supplement the view of the ocean interior.Based on the reconstructed 3D DO structure,we identify an oxygen minimum zone in the western Mediterranean that expands continuously,reaching depths of approximately 300–800 m.The western Mediterranean exhibits a significant declining trend.This study enhances marine environmental evidence by proposing a precise and cost-effective approach for reconstructing 3D DO,thereby offering insights into the dynamics of DO variations under changing climatic conditions.展开更多
Traditional deconvolution methods based on single-channel inversion do not consider the spatial structural relation between channels,and hence,they yield high-resolution results with the existing transverse inconsiste...Traditional deconvolution methods based on single-channel inversion do not consider the spatial structural relation between channels,and hence,they yield high-resolution results with the existing transverse inconsistency or discontinuity.Therefore,in this study,the local dip angle was used to obtain the structural information and construct the spatial structurally constraint operator.This operator is then introduced into multichannel deconvolution as a regularization operator to improve the resolution and maintain the transverse continuity of seismic data.Model tests and actual seismic data processing have demonstrated the effectiveness and practicability of this method.展开更多
In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of t...In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of the three-dimensional attack area model,restrict their practical applications.To address these issues,an improved backtracking algorithm is proposed to improve calculation efficiency.A significant reduction in solution time and maintenance of accuracy in the three-dimensional attack area are achieved by using the proposed algorithm.Furthermore,the age-layered population structure genetic programming(ALPS-GP)algorithm is introduced to determine an analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area,considering real-time requirements.The accuracy of the polynomial model is enhanced through the coefficient correction using an improved gradient descent algorithm.The study reveals a remarkable combination of high accuracy and efficient real-time computation,with a mean error of 91.89 m using the analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area solved in just 10^(-4)s,thus meeting the requirements of real-time combat scenarios.展开更多
With the deepening of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area strategy and the accelerated integration and development of the east and west sides of the Pearl River Estuary,Zhuhai’s hub position is becoming mo...With the deepening of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area strategy and the accelerated integration and development of the east and west sides of the Pearl River Estuary,Zhuhai’s hub position is becoming more and more prominent.The city of Zhuhai has a dense water network and is divided into two urban areas,the east and the west,under the influence of the Mordor Gate waterway.Based on the theory of spatial syntax,this paper carries out an analytical study on the urban spatial structure of Zhuhai,identifies the distribution characteristics of urban POIs,and provides theoretical support for the urban development of Zhuhai.展开更多
With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,...With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.展开更多
This article aims to develop a head pursuit （HP） guidance law for three-dimensional hypervelocity interception, so that the effect of the perturbation induced by seeker detection can be reduced. On the basis of a no...This article aims to develop a head pursuit （HP） guidance law for three-dimensional hypervelocity interception, so that the effect of the perturbation induced by seeker detection can be reduced. On the basis of a novel HP three-dimensional guidance model, a nonlinear variable structure guidance law is presented by using Lyapunov stability theory. The guidance law positions the interceptor ahead of the target on its tlight trajectory, and the speed of the interceptor is required to be lower than that of the target, A numerical example of maneuvering ballistic target interception verifies the rightness of the guidance model and the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Megaregion has emerged as a global urban form,typically based on the polycentric strategy to enhance regional development.How to measure megaregional spatial structure and discriminate different roles of cities has be...Megaregion has emerged as a global urban form,typically based on the polycentric strategy to enhance regional development.How to measure megaregional spatial structure and discriminate different roles of cities has become increasingly important to enrich the knowledge of the formation of a megaregion.Meanwhile,various indices have been used to identify vital nodes in the field of complex network.Which indices,however,are suitable for megaregion analysis remain unsolved.To address this requirement,this study first reviewed the typical indices for identifying vital nodes in the complex network theory,and pointed out that in a weighted city network scenario,weighted degree centrality,hub&authority score,and S-core decomposition(which represent network centrality,connectivity,and structures,respectively)are suitable for analyzing megaregional spatial structures.Then,we explored the city hierarchies and spatial structure in Guangdong Province,China,using the three indices.The hierarchical structure of the weighted city network in Guangdong Province had been identified using S-core decomposition.From the perspective of polycentric structure,Guangzhou and Shenzhen have the strongest node degrees and strength of mobility flows,while the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen corridor has been identified via the hub&authority score which is designed to evaluate the connectivity in a weighted network.Moreover,we conducted a comparison analysis of three indices.The findings of this study not only enrich the understanding of city hierarchies and the structure of a megaregion,but also highlight that although various indices are available,they should be applied selectively in accordance with the study context.展开更多
We report a comprehensive numerical study of super resolution (SR) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) utilizing the classic Heintzmann-Cremer SIM process and algorithm. In particular, we investigated the impact ...We report a comprehensive numerical study of super resolution (SR) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) utilizing the classic Heintzmann-Cremer SIM process and algorithm. In particular, we investigated the impact of the diffraction limit of the underlying imaging system on the optimal SIM grating frequency that can be used to obtain the highest SR enhancement with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Besides confirming the previous theoretical and experimental work that SR-SIM can achieve an enhancement close to 3 times the diffraction limit with grating pattern illuminations, we also observe and report a series of more subtle effects of SR-SIM with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Our simulations show that when the SIM grating frequency exceeds twice that of the diffraction limit, the higher SIM grating frequency can help achieve a higher SR enhancement for the underlying imaging systems whose diffraction limit is low, though this enhancement is obtained at the cost of losing resolution at some lower resolution targets. Our simulations also show that, for underlying imaging systems with high diffraction limits, however, SR-SIM grating frequencies above twice the diffraction limits tend to bring no significant extra enhancement. Furthermore, we observed that there exists a limit grating frequency above which the SR enhancement effect is lost, and the reconstructed images essentially have the same resolution as the one obtained directly from the underlying imaging system without using the SIM process.展开更多
The Long Museum,with its distinctive T-shaped“umbrella-vault”structure,offers a rich array of spatial experiences.This article delves into space from both structural and compositional perspectives.As the constructio...The Long Museum,with its distinctive T-shaped“umbrella-vault”structure,offers a rich array of spatial experiences.This article delves into space from both structural and compositional perspectives.As the construction mediator,the umbrella vault embodies the consistency of construction and implies the causality of the surface.Presented as an element,the space flows freely,showing diverse fields and order.In terms of the liberation of its meaning,the space offers static perception and dynamic experience,creating a rich exhibition atmosphere.As a distinct entity,the umbrella-vault presents the physical nature,and the dialogue between the Long Museum and the city makes it a museum of art for the people.展开更多
Microseismic/acoustic emission(MS/AE)source localization method is crucial for predicting and controlling of potentially dangerous sources of complex structures.However,the locating errors induced by both the irregula...Microseismic/acoustic emission(MS/AE)source localization method is crucial for predicting and controlling of potentially dangerous sources of complex structures.However,the locating errors induced by both the irregular structure and pre-measured velocity are poorly understood in existing methods.To meet the high-accuracy locating requirements in complex three-dimensional hole-containing structures,a velocity-free MS/AE source location method is developed in this paper.It avoids manual repetitive training by using equidistant grid points to search the path,which introduces A*search algorithm and uses grid points to accommodate complex structures with irregular holes.It also takes advantage of the velocity-free source location method.To verify the validity of the proposed method,lead-breaking tests were performed on a cubic concrete test specimen with a size of 10 cm10 cm10 cm.It was cut out into a cylindrical empty space with a size of/6cm10 cm.Based on the arrivals,the classical Geiger method and the proposed method are used to locate lead-breaking sources.Results show that the locating error of the proposed method is 1.20 cm,which is less than 2.02 cm of the Geiger method.Hence,the proposed method can effectively locate sources in the complex three-dimensional structure with holes and achieve higher precision requirements.展开更多
基金support of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.E2ET0411X2).
文摘In recent years,research investigations have focused on the substantial freshwater storage in the Beaufort Gyre(BG)region due to climate change.Despite active mesoscale eddies in the area,a notable gap in understanding the three-dimensional structure and induced transport has been observed.This study concentrates on the Canada Basin in the western Arctic Ocean,specifically examining a subsurface anticyclonic eddy(SAE)sampled by a Mooring A in the BG region.Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model(HYCOM)analysis data reveal its lifecycle from February 15 to March 15,2017,marked by initiation,development,maturity,decay,and termination stages.This work extends the finding of SAE passing through Mooring A by examining its overall effects,spatiotemporal variations,and swirl transport.SAE generation through baroclinic instability,which contributes to the westward tilt of the vertical axis,is also confirmed in this study.Swirl transport induced by SAE is predominantly eastward and downward due to its trajectory and background flow.SAE temporarily weakens stratification and extends the subsurface depth but demonstrates transient effects.Moreover,SAE transports upper-layer freshwater,Pacific Winter Water,and Atlantic Water downward,emphasizing its potential influence on freshwater redistribution in the Canadian Basin.This research provides valuable insights into mesoscale eddy dynamics,revealing their role in modulating the upper water mass in the BG region.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022YJS094)。
文摘In this work,based on the role of pre-ionization of the non-uniform electric field and its effect of reducing the collisional ionization coefficient,a diffuse dielectric barrier discharge plasma is formed in the open space outside the electrode structure at a lower voltage by constructing a three-dimensional non-uniform spatial electric field using a contact electrode structure.The air purification study is also carried out.Firstly,a contact electrode structure is constructed using a three-dimensional wire electrode.The distribution characteristics of the spatial electric field formed by this electrode structure are analyzed,and the effects of the non-uniform electric field and the different angles of the vertical wire on the generation of three-dimensional spatial diffuse discharge are investigated.Secondly,the copper foam contact electrode structure is constructed using copper foam material,and the effects of different mesh sizes on the electric field distribution are analyzed.The results show that as the mesh size of the copper foam becomes larger,a strong electric field region exists not only on the surface of the insulating layer,but also on the surface of the vertical wires inside the copper foam,i.e.,the strong electric field region shows a three-dimensional distribution.Besides,as the mesh size increases,the area of the vertical strong electric field also increases.However,the electric field strength on the surface of the insulating layer gradually decreases.Therefore,the appropriate mesh size can effectively increase the discharge area,which is conducive to improving the air purification efficiency.Finally,a highly permeable stacked electrode structure of multilayer wire-copper foam is designed.In combination with an ozone treatment catalyst,an air purification device is fabricated,and the air purification experiment is carried out.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22369011)the Gansu Key Research and Development Program(23YFGA0053 and 24YFGA025)the Hongliu Outstanding Youth Talent Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology and Postgraduate research exploration project of Lanzhou University of Technology(256017)。
文摘The swelling behavior and stability in solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)have been proved to determine the battery cycle life.A high swollen,unstable SEI shows a high permeability to electrolyte,which results in the rapid battery performance degradation.Here,we customize two SEIs with different spatial structures(bilayer and mosaic)by simply regulating the proportion of additive fluoroethylene carbonate.Surprisingly,due to the uniform distribution of dense inorganic nano-crystals in the inner,the bilayer SEI exhibits low-swelling and excellent mechanical properties,so the undesirable side reactions of the electrolyte are effectively suppressed.In addition,we put forward the growth rate of swelling ratio(GSR)as a key indicator to reveal the swelling change in SEI.The GSR of bilayer SEI merely increases from1.73 to 3.16 after the 300th cycle,which enables the corresponding graphite‖Li battery to achieve longer cycle stability.The capacity retention is improved by 47.5% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C.The correlation among SEI spatial structure,swelling behavior,and battery performance provides a new direction for electrolyte optimization and interphase structure design of high energy density batteries.
基金Projects supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2016JJ6020)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(18A436)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan First normal University(XYS13N16)。
文摘We investigate the chaotic and regular spatial structures of Bose–Einstein condensates(BECs)with a spatially modulated atom-atom interaction and without an external trapping potential.A BEC with a spatially modulated atom-atom interaction is equivalent to being constrained by a nonlinear optical lattice.Theoretical analyses show the existence of a steady atomic current in the BEC with a spatially varying phase.Under perturbative conditions,the Melnikov chaos criteria of BECs with a spatially varying phase and a constant one are theoretically obtained,respectively.When the perturbative conditions cannot be satisfied,for a repulsive BEC with a spatially varying phase,numerical simulations demonstrate that changing the initial condition can eliminate the chaotic spatial structure and then the system transitions into a biperiodic spatial structure.Increasing the chemical potential can result in a transition from the biperiodic spatial structure to a single-periodic spatial structure.For an attractive BEC with a spatially varying phase,numerical simulations show that decreasing the chemical potential can lead to a high atomic density,but when the wave number of the laser inducing the optical Feshbach resonance exceeds a critical value,the atomic density falls back to a finite range.Regardless of whether the BEC has a spatially varying phase or a constant one,modulating the laser wave number can effectively suppress the chaotic spatial structure in the BEC and then force it into a regular spatial structure.
基金financially supported by a grant from the Forest Fund of the Polish State Forests(Grant No.EZ.0290.1.16.2021).
文摘We tested the effectiveness of the gradual removal of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)in former plantations of this species in Roztocze National Park(SE Poland)to support the restoration of natural herbaceous flora and forest structure.We compared 0.5-ha study plots subjected to selective removal of pine trees with control plots excluded from any kind of human intervention for half a century.The observed changes in forest floor vegetation in the converted plots showed naturalization towards habitat-specific species.However,differences in the spatial distribution of trees between the treatment and control plots showed no universal pattern and revealed subtle but positive shifts from regular to random or clustered patterns.The mean tree diameters were higher in plots subjected to Scots pine removal,which resulted from the vigorous growth of tree species,consistent with habitat types.We conclude that forest restoration through the removal of planted trees can support the naturalization of former Scots pine plantations in protected areas.However,the selection of an appropriate method and its intensity are of vital importance.Methods that resemble typical management practices,such as selection thinning,are not always the best approach,as they may preserve or even increase the regular distribution of trees.Therefore,for restoration purposes,we recommend testing other methods that increase spatial heterogeneity,including systematic cutting or emulating natural disturbances.In addition,low-intensity thinning may not be sufficient to support the restoration of natural forest floor vegetation and the variability in forest stand structure.
基金funded by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72221002)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA28060200)National Natural Science Foundation of Youth Project(Grant No.72303087).
文摘In the new phase of sustainable development,agriculture is seeking sustainable management of the water-land-energy-economy-environment-food nexus.At present,there are few studies on optimizing crop planting structure and analyzing its spatial layout with consideration of natural and socio-economic factors.Herein,we proposed a framework for addressing this issue.In this framework,the NSGA-II algorithm was used to construct the multi-objective optimization model of crop planting structures with consideration of water and energy consumption,greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,economic benefits,as well as food,land,and water security constraints,while the model for planting spatial layout optimization was established with consideration of crop suitability using the MaxEnt model and the improved Hungarian algorithm.This framework was further applied in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China(BSRNC)for analyzing optimized crop planting structures and spatial layouts of three main crops(rice,maize,and soybean)under various scenarios.This study showed that the sown area of rice in the BSRNC decreased by up to 40.73%and 35.30%in the environmental priority scenario and economic-environmental balance scenario,respectively,whereas that of soybean increased by up to 112.44%and 63.31%,respectively.In the economic priority scenario,the sown area of rice increased by up to 93.98%.Expanding the sown area of soybean was effective in reducing GHG emissions.On the contrary,rice production led to greater environmental costs though it provided higher economic returns.Among the three crops,maize exhibited an advantage in balancing environmental and economic benefits.Hegang-Jixi area in the northeast of the BSRNC was identified as the key area with the most intense crop planting transfer among different scenarios.Overall,this framework provides a new methodology for optimizing crop planting structures and spatial layouts with con-sideration of the nexus of various factors.Moreover,the case study demonstrates the applicability and expansion potential of the framework in the fields of sustainable agricultural development and food security assurance.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Award No.2022YFC3401100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘In recent years,notable progress has been achieved in both the hardware and algorithms of structured illumination microscopy(SIM).Nevertheless,the advancement of three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy(3DSIM)has been impeded by challenges arising from the speed and intricacy of polarization modulation.We introduce a high-speed modulation 3DSIM system,leveraging the polarizationmaintaining and modulation capabilities of a digital micromirror device(DMD)in conjunction with an electrooptic modulator.The DMD-3DSIM system yields a twofold enhancement in both lateral(133 nm)and axial(300 nm)resolution compared to wide-field imaging and can acquire a data set comprising 29 sections of 1024 pixels×1024 pixels,with 15 ms exposure time and 6.75 s per volume.The versatility of the DMD-3DSIM approach was exemplified through the imaging of various specimens,including fluorescent beads,nuclear pores,microtubules,actin filaments,and mitochondria within cells,as well as plant and animal tissues.Notably,polarized 3DSIM elucidated the orientation of actin filaments.Furthermore,the implementation of diverse deconvolution algorithms further enhances 3D resolution.The DMD-based 3DSIM system presents a rapid and reliable methodology for investigating biomedical phenomena,boasting capabilities encompassing 3D superresolution,fast temporal resolution,and polarization imaging.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Foundation for Doctoral Program of Forestry Engineering of Northeast Forestry University,grant number:LYGC202117the China Scholarship Council(CSC),grant number:202306600046+1 种基金the Research and Development Plan of Applied Technology in Heilongjiang Province of China,grant number:GA19C006Research and Demonstration on Functional Improvement Technology of Forest Ecological Security Barrier in Heilongjiang Province,grant number:GA21C030。
文摘Background:As is widely known,an increasing number of forest areas were managed to preserve and enhance the health of forest ecosystems.However,previous research on forest management has often overlooked the importance of structure-based.Aims:Our objectives were to define the direction of structure-based forest management.Subsequently,we investigated the relationships between forest structure and the regeneration,growth,and mortality of trees under different thinning treatments.Ultimately,the drivers of forest structural change were explored.Methods:On the basis of 92 sites selected from northeastern China,with different recovery time (from 1 to 15years) and different thinning intensities (0–59.9%) since the last thinning.Principal component analysis (PCA)identified relationships among factors determining forest spatial structure.The structural equation model (SEM)was used to analyze the driving factors behind the changes in forest spatial structure after thinning.Results:Light thinning (0–20%trees removed) promoted forest regeneration,and heavy thinning (over 35% of trees removed) facilitated forest growth.However,only moderate thinning (20%–35%trees removed) created a reasonable spatial structure.While dead trees were clustered,and they were hardly affected by thinning intensity.Additionally,thinning intensity,recovery time,and altitude indirectly improve the spatial structure of the forest by influencing diameter at breast height (DBH) and canopy area.Conclusion:Creating larger DBH and canopy area through thinning will promote the formation of complex forest structures,which cultivates healthy and stable forests.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62125504,61827825,and 31901059)Zhejiang Provincial Ten Thousand Plan for Young Top Talents(2020R52001)Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics(2021WNLOKF007).
文摘Structured illumination microscopy(SIM)achieves super-resolution(SR)by modulating the high-frequency information of the sample into the passband of the optical system and subsequent image reconstruction.The traditional Wiener-filtering-based reconstruction algorithm operates in the Fourier domain,it requires prior knowledge of the sinusoidal illumination patterns which makes the time-consuming procedure of parameter estimation to raw datasets necessary,besides,the parameter estimation is sensitive to noise or aberration-induced pattern distortion which leads to reconstruction artifacts.Here,we propose a spatial-domain image reconstruction method that does not require parameter estimation but calculates patterns from raw datasets,and a reconstructed image can be obtained just by calculating the spatial covariance of differential calculated patterns and differential filtered datasets(the notch filtering operation is performed to the raw datasets for attenuating and compensating the optical transfer function(OTF)).Experiments on reconstructing raw datasets including nonbiological,biological,and simulated samples demonstrate that our method has SR capability,high reconstruction speed,and high robustness to aberration and noise.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51932005)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(No.XLYC1807175)+1 种基金the Development Plan of Science and Technology of Jilin Province,China(YDZJ202301ZYTS280)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(YDZJ202401316ZYTS)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)chemistry reaction opens a new battery era with high energy density;meanwhile,multiple electrons migration leads to the complex phase transition of sulfur species.To manipulate the binding strength of multiple key intermediates more efficiently,the bimetallic TiVC MXene is utilized to realize multi-dimensional catalysis.Based on the macroscopic three-dimensional(3D)structure using two-dimensional(2D)MXene architecture,electron conductivity and sulfur utilization are improved.Microscopically,Ti-V catalytic systems regulate multiple reaction intermediates through intermetallic synergies customized surface properties and atomic scale coordination,thereby improving electronic and ionic conductivity.In-situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis show that the conversion rate of polysulfides was accelerated during the charge-discharge process.The Ti-V interaction exhibits unique catalytic activity and regulates multiple continuous processes of sulfur species phase transformation,which are essential for the excellent energy performance of Li-S batteries.This study not only clarifies the catalytic mechanism of Ti-V at different dimensions but also proposes a promising strategy for the design of advanced catalytic systems in energy storage technology.
基金supported by the Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Shandong-Yellow River Basin(No.YDZX2023019)Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.ZR2020QF067 and ZR2023QD073)+6 种基金the Discipline Cluster Research Project of Qingdao University“Deep mining and intelligent prediction of multimodal big data for marine ecological disasters”(No.20240604)sourced from the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it(https://argo.ucsd.edu)the CMEMS(http://marine.copernicus.eu/)the CDS(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/)the EMODnet(https://www.emodnet-chemistry.eu/)obtained from the ERA5(https://www.ecmwf.int)derived from the Glob Colour Project(http://globcolour.info).
文摘Oceanic dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration is crucial for assessing the status of marine ecosystems.Against the backdrop of global warming,DO shows a general decrease,posing a threat to the health of marine ecosystems.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop advanced tools to characterize the spatio-temporal variations of three-dimensional(3D)DO.To address this challenge,this study introduces the Light Gradient Boosting Machine(Light-GBM),combining satellite remote sensing and reanalysis data with Biogeochemical Argo data to accurately reconstruct the 3D DO structure in the Mediterranean Sea from 2010 to 2022.Various environmental parameters are incorporated as inputs,including spatiotemporal features,meteorological characteristics,and ocean color properties.The LightGBM model demonstrates excellent performance on the testing dataset with R^(2) of 0.958.The modeled DO agrees better with in-situ measurements than products from numerical models.Using the Shapley Additive exPlanations method,the contributions of input features are assessed.Sea surface temperatures provide a correlation with DO at the sea surface,while spatial coordinates supplement the view of the ocean interior.Based on the reconstructed 3D DO structure,we identify an oxygen minimum zone in the western Mediterranean that expands continuously,reaching depths of approximately 300–800 m.The western Mediterranean exhibits a significant declining trend.This study enhances marine environmental evidence by proposing a precise and cost-effective approach for reconstructing 3D DO,thereby offering insights into the dynamics of DO variations under changing climatic conditions.
基金supported by the basic and forward-looking project(No.2023YQX302)。
文摘Traditional deconvolution methods based on single-channel inversion do not consider the spatial structural relation between channels,and hence,they yield high-resolution results with the existing transverse inconsistency or discontinuity.Therefore,in this study,the local dip angle was used to obtain the structural information and construct the spatial structurally constraint operator.This operator is then introduced into multichannel deconvolution as a regularization operator to improve the resolution and maintain the transverse continuity of seismic data.Model tests and actual seismic data processing have demonstrated the effectiveness and practicability of this method.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373187)Forward-looking Layout Special Projects(ILA220591A22)。
文摘In the field of calculating the attack area of air-to-air missiles in modern air combat scenarios,the limitations of existing research,including real-time calculation,accuracy efficiency trade-off,and the absence of the three-dimensional attack area model,restrict their practical applications.To address these issues,an improved backtracking algorithm is proposed to improve calculation efficiency.A significant reduction in solution time and maintenance of accuracy in the three-dimensional attack area are achieved by using the proposed algorithm.Furthermore,the age-layered population structure genetic programming(ALPS-GP)algorithm is introduced to determine an analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area,considering real-time requirements.The accuracy of the polynomial model is enhanced through the coefficient correction using an improved gradient descent algorithm.The study reveals a remarkable combination of high accuracy and efficient real-time computation,with a mean error of 91.89 m using the analytical polynomial model of the three-dimensional attack area solved in just 10^(-4)s,thus meeting the requirements of real-time combat scenarios.
基金funded by The Guangdong Province General Universities Young Innovative Talent Project(Grant No.2023WQNCX122)The Zhuhai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(Grant No.2023YBB049)。
文摘With the deepening of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area strategy and the accelerated integration and development of the east and west sides of the Pearl River Estuary,Zhuhai’s hub position is becoming more and more prominent.The city of Zhuhai has a dense water network and is divided into two urban areas,the east and the west,under the influence of the Mordor Gate waterway.Based on the theory of spatial syntax,this paper carries out an analytical study on the urban spatial structure of Zhuhai,identifies the distribution characteristics of urban POIs,and provides theoretical support for the urban development of Zhuhai.
基金Supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330810).
文摘With drilling and seismic data of Transtensional(strike-slip)Fault System in the Ziyang area of the central Sichuan Basin,SW China plane-section integrated structural interpretation,3-D fault framework model building,fault throw analyzing,and balanced profile restoration,it is pointed out that the transtensional fault system in the Ziyang 3-D seismic survey consists of the northeast-trending F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones dominated by extensional deformation,as well as 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults experienced dextral shear deformation.Among them,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones cut through the Neoproterozoic to Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation,presenting a 3-D structure of an“S”-shaped ribbon.And before Permian and during the Early Triassic,the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones underwent at least two periods of structural superimposition.Besides,the 3 sets of northwest-trending en echelon normal faults are composed of small normal faults arranged in pairs,with opposite dip directions and partially left-stepped arrangement.And before Permian,they had formed almost,restricting the eastward growth and propagation of the F_(I)19 fault zone.The F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones communicate multiple sets of source rocks and reservoirs from deep to shallow,and the timing of fault activity matches well with oil and gas generation peaks.If there were favorable Cambrian-Triassic sedimentary facies and reservoirs developing on the local anticlinal belts of both sides of the F_(I)19 and F_(I)20 fault zones,the major reservoirs in this area are expected to achieve breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.
文摘This article aims to develop a head pursuit （HP） guidance law for three-dimensional hypervelocity interception, so that the effect of the perturbation induced by seeker detection can be reduced. On the basis of a novel HP three-dimensional guidance model, a nonlinear variable structure guidance law is presented by using Lyapunov stability theory. The guidance law positions the interceptor ahead of the target on its tlight trajectory, and the speed of the interceptor is required to be lower than that of the target, A numerical example of maneuvering ballistic target interception verifies the rightness of the guidance model and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe[grant number 71961137003]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 42171449,42101464].
文摘Megaregion has emerged as a global urban form,typically based on the polycentric strategy to enhance regional development.How to measure megaregional spatial structure and discriminate different roles of cities has become increasingly important to enrich the knowledge of the formation of a megaregion.Meanwhile,various indices have been used to identify vital nodes in the field of complex network.Which indices,however,are suitable for megaregion analysis remain unsolved.To address this requirement,this study first reviewed the typical indices for identifying vital nodes in the complex network theory,and pointed out that in a weighted city network scenario,weighted degree centrality,hub&authority score,and S-core decomposition(which represent network centrality,connectivity,and structures,respectively)are suitable for analyzing megaregional spatial structures.Then,we explored the city hierarchies and spatial structure in Guangdong Province,China,using the three indices.The hierarchical structure of the weighted city network in Guangdong Province had been identified using S-core decomposition.From the perspective of polycentric structure,Guangzhou and Shenzhen have the strongest node degrees and strength of mobility flows,while the Guangzhou-Dongguan-Shenzhen corridor has been identified via the hub&authority score which is designed to evaluate the connectivity in a weighted network.Moreover,we conducted a comparison analysis of three indices.The findings of this study not only enrich the understanding of city hierarchies and the structure of a megaregion,but also highlight that although various indices are available,they should be applied selectively in accordance with the study context.
文摘We report a comprehensive numerical study of super resolution (SR) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) utilizing the classic Heintzmann-Cremer SIM process and algorithm. In particular, we investigated the impact of the diffraction limit of the underlying imaging system on the optimal SIM grating frequency that can be used to obtain the highest SR enhancement with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Besides confirming the previous theoretical and experimental work that SR-SIM can achieve an enhancement close to 3 times the diffraction limit with grating pattern illuminations, we also observe and report a series of more subtle effects of SR-SIM with non-continuous spatial frequency support. Our simulations show that when the SIM grating frequency exceeds twice that of the diffraction limit, the higher SIM grating frequency can help achieve a higher SR enhancement for the underlying imaging systems whose diffraction limit is low, though this enhancement is obtained at the cost of losing resolution at some lower resolution targets. Our simulations also show that, for underlying imaging systems with high diffraction limits, however, SR-SIM grating frequencies above twice the diffraction limits tend to bring no significant extra enhancement. Furthermore, we observed that there exists a limit grating frequency above which the SR enhancement effect is lost, and the reconstructed images essentially have the same resolution as the one obtained directly from the underlying imaging system without using the SIM process.
文摘The Long Museum,with its distinctive T-shaped“umbrella-vault”structure,offers a rich array of spatial experiences.This article delves into space from both structural and compositional perspectives.As the construction mediator,the umbrella vault embodies the consistency of construction and implies the causality of the surface.Presented as an element,the space flows freely,showing diverse fields and order.In terms of the liberation of its meaning,the space offers static perception and dynamic experience,creating a rich exhibition atmosphere.As a distinct entity,the umbrella-vault presents the physical nature,and the dialogue between the Long Museum and the city makes it a museum of art for the people.
基金The authors wish to acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51822407 and 51774327)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province in China(2018JJ1037)Innovation Driven project of Central South University(2020CX014).
文摘Microseismic/acoustic emission(MS/AE)source localization method is crucial for predicting and controlling of potentially dangerous sources of complex structures.However,the locating errors induced by both the irregular structure and pre-measured velocity are poorly understood in existing methods.To meet the high-accuracy locating requirements in complex three-dimensional hole-containing structures,a velocity-free MS/AE source location method is developed in this paper.It avoids manual repetitive training by using equidistant grid points to search the path,which introduces A*search algorithm and uses grid points to accommodate complex structures with irregular holes.It also takes advantage of the velocity-free source location method.To verify the validity of the proposed method,lead-breaking tests were performed on a cubic concrete test specimen with a size of 10 cm10 cm10 cm.It was cut out into a cylindrical empty space with a size of/6cm10 cm.Based on the arrivals,the classical Geiger method and the proposed method are used to locate lead-breaking sources.Results show that the locating error of the proposed method is 1.20 cm,which is less than 2.02 cm of the Geiger method.Hence,the proposed method can effectively locate sources in the complex three-dimensional structure with holes and achieve higher precision requirements.
