A series of related electrophysiology phenomena can be caused by the occurrence of interpolated ventricular premature contraction.In our recent three-dimensional Lorenz R-R scatter plot research,we found that atrioven...A series of related electrophysiology phenomena can be caused by the occurrence of interpolated ventricular premature contraction.In our recent three-dimensional Lorenz R-R scatter plot research,we found that atrioventricular node double path caused by interpolated ventricular premature contraction imprints a specifi c pattern on three-dimensional Lorenz plots generated from 24-hour Holter recordings.We found two independent subclusters separated from the interpolated premature beat precluster,the interpolated premature beat cluster,and the interpolated premature beat postcluster,respectively.Combined with use of the trajectory tracking function and the leap phenomenon,our results reveal the presence of the atrioventricular node double conduction path.展开更多
A method and procedure is presented to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) positions of scattering centers from multiple synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. Firstly, two-dimensional(2D) attribute scattering centers of...A method and procedure is presented to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) positions of scattering centers from multiple synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. Firstly, two-dimensional(2D) attribute scattering centers of targets are extracted from 2D SAR images. Secondly, similarity measure is developed based on 2D attributed scatter centers' location, type, and radargrammetry principle between multiple SAR images. By this similarity, we can associate 2D scatter centers and then obtain candidate 3D scattering centers. Thirdly, these candidate scattering centers are clustered in 3D space to reconstruct final 3D positions. Compared with presented methods, the proposed method has a capability of describing distributed scattering center, reduces false and missing 3D scattering centers, and has fewer restrictionson modeling data. Finally, results of experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
In this study,we report the design and simulation of an electrostatic ion lens system consisting of 22 round metal plates.The opening of the extractor plate is covered withmetal mesh,which is for shielding the interac...In this study,we report the design and simulation of an electrostatic ion lens system consisting of 22 round metal plates.The opening of the extractor plate is covered withmetal mesh,which is for shielding the interaction region of the lens system from the high DC voltages applied to all other plates than the repeller and extractor plates.The Simion simulation shows that both velocity-mapping and time focusing can be achieved simultaneously when appropriate voltages are applied to each of the plates.This makes the ion lens system be able to focus large ionic volumes in all three dimensions,which is an essential requirement for crossed ion-molecule scattering studies.A three-dimensional ion velocity measurement system with multi-hit and potential multi-mass capability is built,which consists of a microchannel plate(MCP),a P47 phosphor screen,a CMOS camera,a fast photomultiplier tube(PMT),and a high-speed digitizer.The two velocity components perpendicular to the flight axis are measured by the CMOS camera,and the time-of-flight,from which the velocity component along the flight axis can be deduced,is measured by the PMT.A Labview program is written to combine the two measurements for building the full three-dimensional ion velocity in real time on a frame-by-frame basis.The multi-hit capability comes from the fact that multiple ions from the camera and PMT in the same frame can be correlated with each other based on their various intensities.We demonstrate this by using the photodissociation of CH31 at 304 nm.展开更多
We investigate the three-dimensional （3D） scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate, in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to...We investigate the three-dimensional （3D） scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate, in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem. An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes, and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies. The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency. It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence. Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.展开更多
The indirect boundary element method （IBEM） is used to study three-dimensional scattering of obliquely incident plane SH waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a layered half-space. The free-field response of the l...The indirect boundary element method （IBEM） is used to study three-dimensional scattering of obliquely incident plane SH waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a layered half-space. The free-field response of the layered half-space is calculated by the direct stiffness method, and dynamic Green＇s functions of moving distributed loads acting on inclined lines in a layered half-space are calculated to simulate the scattering wave field. The presented method yields very accurate results since the three-dimensional dynamic stiffness matrix is exact and the moving distributed loads can act directly on the valley boundary without singularity. Numerical results and analyses are performed for amplification of obliquely incident plane SH waves around an alluvial valley in a uniform half-space and in single layer over half-space. The results show that the three-dimensional responses are distinctly different from the two-dimensional responses, and the displacement amplitudes around alluvial valleys in a uniform haft-space are obviously different from those in a layered half-space.展开更多
Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place...Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place.Since occurrence of cardiac rhythms is time-related,time should be introduced to such plots.In this study,time was used as abscissa and RR interval(the time interval between the previous RR wave and the R wave)as the ordinate and time was compressed into a visually observable length,and thereby a timed RR-interval scatter plot,or t-RR scatter plot,for short,was developed.On t-RR scatter plot,the patterns were band-shaped or were of linear type.On the t-RR plot,the sinus rhythm presented bands of various widths,with the spiculate or burred upper and lower boundaries,having diurnal variation.Premature beats showed separate layers(“stratification”),the layer number corresponding the number of RR-intervals.With simple premature beats,the layers were clearly separated.With parasystole rhythm,the upper and lower bands or layers might become thicker.With arial premature beats,the space or distance between layers varied.Ventricular premature beats presented equal space or distance between layers.With tachycardia,the lower layer became a“solid”layer.With atrial fibration,the“stratification”disappeared,presenting thicker or widened layers or bands,with neat lower boundary.With atrial flutter,the layers went parallel,with the layers being evenly separated or some distances being exact multiples of others.The second degree atrioventricular block displayed two layers,the lower and upper bands being equally away from the X-axis,presenting a straight line(pacing at a fixed rate)or a thicker or wider bands,with a neat upper boundary(the lowest pacing rate).When the scatter plot presented uncharacteristic patterns or had some scattered points,which rendered diagnosis difficult,a reverse technology could be used.Briefly,upon selection of scattered points,they were subjected to computerization,by regression,to reveal the piece of electrocardiogram(ECG)containing an R wave(QRS complex).Then ECG was analyzed to diagnose the cardiac rhythms.In conclusion,t-RR is a novel methodology which helps us understand heart rhythms from a new perspective.展开更多
An analytical solution for the three-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane P-waves by a hemispherical alluvial valley with saturated soil deposits is developed by employing Fourier-Bessel series expansion te...An analytical solution for the three-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane P-waves by a hemispherical alluvial valley with saturated soil deposits is developed by employing Fourier-Bessel series expansion technique. Unlike previous studies, in which the saturated soil deposits were simulated with the single-phase elastic theory, in this paper, they are simulated with Biot＇s dynamic theory for saturated porous media, and the half space is assumed as a single-phase elastic medium. The effects of the dimensionless frequency, the incidence angle of P-wave and the porosity of soil deposits on the surface displacement magnifications of the hemispherical alluvial valley are investigated. Numerical results show that the existence of a saturated hemispherical alluvial valley has much influence on the surface displacement magnifications. It is more reasonable to simulate soil deposits with Biot＇s dynamic theory when evaluating the displacement responses of a hemispherical alluvial valley with an incidence of P-waves.展开更多
Abstract An analytical solution to the three-dimen-sional scattering and diffraction of plane SV-waves by a saturated hemispherical alluvial valley in elastic half-space is obtained by using Fourier-Bessel series expa...Abstract An analytical solution to the three-dimen-sional scattering and diffraction of plane SV-waves by a saturated hemispherical alluvial valley in elastic half-space is obtained by using Fourier-Bessel series expan-sion technique. The hemispherical alluvial valley with saturated soil deposits is simulated with Biot＇s dynamic theory for saturated porous media. The following conclusions based on numerical results can be drawn： （1） there are a significant differences in the seismic response simulation between the previous single-phase models and the present two-phase model; （2） the nor-malized displacements on the free surface of the alluvial valley depend mainly on the incident wave angles, the dimensionless frequency of the incident SV waves and the porosity of sediments; （3） with the increase of the incident angle, the displacement distributions become more complicated; and the displacements on the free surface of the alluvial valley increase as the porosity of sediments increases.展开更多
Sensitivity is crucially important for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)application to detect trace-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the seawater.In this study,a high sensitivity three-dimensiona...Sensitivity is crucially important for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)application to detect trace-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the seawater.In this study,a high sensitivity three-dimensional(3-D)SERS substrate composed with syringe filter,glycidyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate(GMA-EDMA)porous material and optimal parameters(57 nm,pH 13)gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)was developed for the detection of PAHs in water.The enhancement effect and repeatability of this 3-D substrate were also explored.The Raman intensity of pyrene using 3-D SERS substrate is about 8 times higher than that of substrate only using p H 13 gold colloid solution and about 12 times higher than that of substrate using natural Au NPs and GMA-EDMA porous material,which means both the pH 13 AuN Ps and the GMA-EDMA porous material are important factors for the sensitivity of this 3-D SERS substrate.Good repeatability of this optimal 3-D substrate was obtained.The relative standard deviation(RSD)is less than 8.66% on the same substrate and less than 3.69% on other different substrates.Four kinds of PAHs,i.e.,phenanthrene,pyrene,benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(k)fluoranthene and their mixture,were detected at the different concentrations.Their limits of detection(LODs)are 8.3×10^-10(phenanthrene),2.1×10^-10(pyrene),3.8×10^-10(benzo(a)pyrene)and 1.7×10^-10 mol L^-1(benzo(k)fluoranthene),respectively.In addition,these four PAHs were also detected by fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate the sensitivity of SERS technology using this optimal 3-D SERS substrate.The results showed that the sensitivity of SERS based on the 3-D SERS substrate even using the portable Raman system was closed to that of fluorescence spectroscopy.Therefore,the SERS technology using this optimal 3-D substrate is expected to be an in-situ method for the detection of environmental PAHs.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate the performance of the bulk fin field effect transistor （FinFET） through a three- dimensional （3D） full band Monte Carlo simulator with quantum correction. Several scattering mechanis...In this paper, we investigate the performance of the bulk fin field effect transistor （FinFET） through a three- dimensional （3D） full band Monte Carlo simulator with quantum correction. Several scattering mechanisms, such as the acoustic and optical phonon scattering, the ionized impurity scattering, the impact ionization scattering and the surface roughness scattering are considered in our simulator. The effects of the substrate bias and the surface roughness scattering near the Si/SiO2 interface on the performance of bulk FinFET are mainly discussed in our work. Our results show that the on-current of bulk FinFET is sensitive to the surface roughness and that we can reduce the substrate leakage current by modulating the substrate bias voltage.展开更多
The main goal of this paper is to investigate sound scattering from the sea surface, by Kuo＇s small perturbation method （SPM）, in the Persian Gulf＇s environmental conditions. Accordingly the SPM method is reviewed...The main goal of this paper is to investigate sound scattering from the sea surface, by Kuo＇s small perturbation method （SPM）, in the Persian Gulf＇s environmental conditions. Accordingly the SPM method is reviewed, then it is demonstrated how it can accurately model sound scattering from the sea surface. Since in Kuo＇s approach, the effects of surface roughness and sub-surface bubble plumes on incident sounds can be studied separately, it is possible to investigate the importance of each mechanism in various scattering regimes. To conduct this study, wind and wave information reported by Arzanah station as well as some numerical atmospheric models for the Persian Gulf are presented and applied to examine sound scattering from the sea surface in the Persian Gulf region. Plots of scattering strength by Kuo＇s SPM method versus grazing angle for various frequencies, wave heights, and wind speeds are presented. The calculated scattering strength by the SPM method for various frequencies and wind speeds are compared against the results of critical sea tests 7 （CST-7）. The favorable agreement achieved for sound scattering in the Persian Gulf region is indicative of the fact that the SPM method can quite accurately model and predict sound scattering from the sea surface.展开更多
A homemade Static Light scattering studies has been used to determine angle resolved scattered intensity for different polarization states of the incident laser light. Classical light scattering set ups are being used...A homemade Static Light scattering studies has been used to determine angle resolved scattered intensity for different polarization states of the incident laser light. Classical light scattering set ups are being used to study morphological aspects of scatterers using simple set ups using low power lasers. Red blood cells form rather interesting as well as a challenging system for scattering experiments. The scattering spectrometer consists of a scattering arm, a scattering turn table and collimating arm. Along with polarizers integrated in the collimating arm as well as scattering arms ensures collection of scattered flux with the required polarization state. This technique is being developed for its in vitro studies using fresh red blood cells. A brief review of the theoretical models used for scattering from Red Blood Cells (RBC) has been discussed in the paper. Scattering pattern (scattering plots) as well as polar plots of scattered flux have been determined for different polarization state of the incident light. Insight into the orientation of major axis of particles can be inferred from the polar plots.展开更多
文摘A series of related electrophysiology phenomena can be caused by the occurrence of interpolated ventricular premature contraction.In our recent three-dimensional Lorenz R-R scatter plot research,we found that atrioventricular node double path caused by interpolated ventricular premature contraction imprints a specifi c pattern on three-dimensional Lorenz plots generated from 24-hour Holter recordings.We found two independent subclusters separated from the interpolated premature beat precluster,the interpolated premature beat cluster,and the interpolated premature beat postcluster,respectively.Combined with use of the trajectory tracking function and the leap phenomenon,our results reveal the presence of the atrioventricular node double conduction path.
文摘A method and procedure is presented to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) positions of scattering centers from multiple synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images. Firstly, two-dimensional(2D) attribute scattering centers of targets are extracted from 2D SAR images. Secondly, similarity measure is developed based on 2D attributed scatter centers' location, type, and radargrammetry principle between multiple SAR images. By this similarity, we can associate 2D scatter centers and then obtain candidate 3D scattering centers. Thirdly, these candidate scattering centers are clustered in 3D space to reconstruct final 3D positions. Compared with presented methods, the proposed method has a capability of describing distributed scattering center, reduces false and missing 3D scattering centers, and has fewer restrictionson modeling data. Finally, results of experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金This work is supported by the Program for Young Outstanding Scientists of Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Science,and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesHong Gao and Li-chang Guan are also supported by the K.C.Wong Education Foundation.
文摘In this study,we report the design and simulation of an electrostatic ion lens system consisting of 22 round metal plates.The opening of the extractor plate is covered withmetal mesh,which is for shielding the interaction region of the lens system from the high DC voltages applied to all other plates than the repeller and extractor plates.The Simion simulation shows that both velocity-mapping and time focusing can be achieved simultaneously when appropriate voltages are applied to each of the plates.This makes the ion lens system be able to focus large ionic volumes in all three dimensions,which is an essential requirement for crossed ion-molecule scattering studies.A three-dimensional ion velocity measurement system with multi-hit and potential multi-mass capability is built,which consists of a microchannel plate(MCP),a P47 phosphor screen,a CMOS camera,a fast photomultiplier tube(PMT),and a high-speed digitizer.The two velocity components perpendicular to the flight axis are measured by the CMOS camera,and the time-of-flight,from which the velocity component along the flight axis can be deduced,is measured by the PMT.A Labview program is written to combine the two measurements for building the full three-dimensional ion velocity in real time on a frame-by-frame basis.The multi-hit capability comes from the fact that multiple ions from the camera and PMT in the same frame can be correlated with each other based on their various intensities.We demonstrate this by using the photodissociation of CH31 at 304 nm.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 11474195,11274226,51478258 and 51405287
文摘We investigate the three-dimensional （3D） scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate, in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem. An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes, and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies. The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency. It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence. Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.
基金sponsored by Project of Natural Science Foundation of China(50908156,50978183)the Application Basis and Front Technology Research Progamme of Tianjin Municipality under Grant 12JCZDJC29000
文摘The indirect boundary element method （IBEM） is used to study three-dimensional scattering of obliquely incident plane SH waves by an alluvial valley embedded in a layered half-space. The free-field response of the layered half-space is calculated by the direct stiffness method, and dynamic Green＇s functions of moving distributed loads acting on inclined lines in a layered half-space are calculated to simulate the scattering wave field. The presented method yields very accurate results since the three-dimensional dynamic stiffness matrix is exact and the moving distributed loads can act directly on the valley boundary without singularity. Numerical results and analyses are performed for amplification of obliquely incident plane SH waves around an alluvial valley in a uniform half-space and in single layer over half-space. The results show that the three-dimensional responses are distinctly different from the two-dimensional responses, and the displacement amplitudes around alluvial valleys in a uniform haft-space are obviously different from those in a layered half-space.
文摘Lorenz-RR scatter plot has an obvious shortcoming in that it does not indicate the time when the scatter point happens.On the Lorenz RR scatter plot,one cannot know the time during which the cardiac rhythms take place.Since occurrence of cardiac rhythms is time-related,time should be introduced to such plots.In this study,time was used as abscissa and RR interval(the time interval between the previous RR wave and the R wave)as the ordinate and time was compressed into a visually observable length,and thereby a timed RR-interval scatter plot,or t-RR scatter plot,for short,was developed.On t-RR scatter plot,the patterns were band-shaped or were of linear type.On the t-RR plot,the sinus rhythm presented bands of various widths,with the spiculate or burred upper and lower boundaries,having diurnal variation.Premature beats showed separate layers(“stratification”),the layer number corresponding the number of RR-intervals.With simple premature beats,the layers were clearly separated.With parasystole rhythm,the upper and lower bands or layers might become thicker.With arial premature beats,the space or distance between layers varied.Ventricular premature beats presented equal space or distance between layers.With tachycardia,the lower layer became a“solid”layer.With atrial fibration,the“stratification”disappeared,presenting thicker or widened layers or bands,with neat lower boundary.With atrial flutter,the layers went parallel,with the layers being evenly separated or some distances being exact multiples of others.The second degree atrioventricular block displayed two layers,the lower and upper bands being equally away from the X-axis,presenting a straight line(pacing at a fixed rate)or a thicker or wider bands,with a neat upper boundary(the lowest pacing rate).When the scatter plot presented uncharacteristic patterns or had some scattered points,which rendered diagnosis difficult,a reverse technology could be used.Briefly,upon selection of scattered points,they were subjected to computerization,by regression,to reveal the piece of electrocardiogram(ECG)containing an R wave(QRS complex).Then ECG was analyzed to diagnose the cardiac rhythms.In conclusion,t-RR is a novel methodology which helps us understand heart rhythms from a new perspective.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50478062) and Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (No. 8052015).
文摘An analytical solution for the three-dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane P-waves by a hemispherical alluvial valley with saturated soil deposits is developed by employing Fourier-Bessel series expansion technique. Unlike previous studies, in which the saturated soil deposits were simulated with the single-phase elastic theory, in this paper, they are simulated with Biot＇s dynamic theory for saturated porous media, and the half space is assumed as a single-phase elastic medium. The effects of the dimensionless frequency, the incidence angle of P-wave and the porosity of soil deposits on the surface displacement magnifications of the hemispherical alluvial valley are investigated. Numerical results show that the existence of a saturated hemispherical alluvial valley has much influence on the surface displacement magnifications. It is more reasonable to simulate soil deposits with Biot＇s dynamic theory when evaluating the displacement responses of a hemispherical alluvial valley with an incidence of P-waves.
基金The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50478062 and 10532070)Open Fund at the Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering (Beijing University of Technology)Chinese Ministry of Education.
文摘Abstract An analytical solution to the three-dimen-sional scattering and diffraction of plane SV-waves by a saturated hemispherical alluvial valley in elastic half-space is obtained by using Fourier-Bessel series expan-sion technique. The hemispherical alluvial valley with saturated soil deposits is simulated with Biot＇s dynamic theory for saturated porous media. The following conclusions based on numerical results can be drawn： （1） there are a significant differences in the seismic response simulation between the previous single-phase models and the present two-phase model; （2） the nor-malized displacements on the free surface of the alluvial valley depend mainly on the incident wave angles, the dimensionless frequency of the incident SV waves and the porosity of sediments; （3） with the increase of the incident angle, the displacement distributions become more complicated; and the displacements on the free surface of the alluvial valley increase as the porosity of sediments increases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41476081)the Major Research and Development Project in Shandong Province (Nos. 2016GSF115020, 2019GHY112027)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. ZR2015DM007)
文摘Sensitivity is crucially important for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)application to detect trace-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the seawater.In this study,a high sensitivity three-dimensional(3-D)SERS substrate composed with syringe filter,glycidyl methacrylate-ethylene dimethacrylate(GMA-EDMA)porous material and optimal parameters(57 nm,pH 13)gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)was developed for the detection of PAHs in water.The enhancement effect and repeatability of this 3-D substrate were also explored.The Raman intensity of pyrene using 3-D SERS substrate is about 8 times higher than that of substrate only using p H 13 gold colloid solution and about 12 times higher than that of substrate using natural Au NPs and GMA-EDMA porous material,which means both the pH 13 AuN Ps and the GMA-EDMA porous material are important factors for the sensitivity of this 3-D SERS substrate.Good repeatability of this optimal 3-D substrate was obtained.The relative standard deviation(RSD)is less than 8.66% on the same substrate and less than 3.69% on other different substrates.Four kinds of PAHs,i.e.,phenanthrene,pyrene,benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(k)fluoranthene and their mixture,were detected at the different concentrations.Their limits of detection(LODs)are 8.3×10^-10(phenanthrene),2.1×10^-10(pyrene),3.8×10^-10(benzo(a)pyrene)and 1.7×10^-10 mol L^-1(benzo(k)fluoranthene),respectively.In addition,these four PAHs were also detected by fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate the sensitivity of SERS technology using this optimal 3-D SERS substrate.The results showed that the sensitivity of SERS based on the 3-D SERS substrate even using the portable Raman system was closed to that of fluorescence spectroscopy.Therefore,the SERS technology using this optimal 3-D substrate is expected to be an in-situ method for the detection of environmental PAHs.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CBA00604)
文摘In this paper, we investigate the performance of the bulk fin field effect transistor （FinFET） through a three- dimensional （3D） full band Monte Carlo simulator with quantum correction. Several scattering mechanisms, such as the acoustic and optical phonon scattering, the ionized impurity scattering, the impact ionization scattering and the surface roughness scattering are considered in our simulator. The effects of the substrate bias and the surface roughness scattering near the Si/SiO2 interface on the performance of bulk FinFET are mainly discussed in our work. Our results show that the on-current of bulk FinFET is sensitive to the surface roughness and that we can reduce the substrate leakage current by modulating the substrate bias voltage.
文摘The main goal of this paper is to investigate sound scattering from the sea surface, by Kuo＇s small perturbation method （SPM）, in the Persian Gulf＇s environmental conditions. Accordingly the SPM method is reviewed, then it is demonstrated how it can accurately model sound scattering from the sea surface. Since in Kuo＇s approach, the effects of surface roughness and sub-surface bubble plumes on incident sounds can be studied separately, it is possible to investigate the importance of each mechanism in various scattering regimes. To conduct this study, wind and wave information reported by Arzanah station as well as some numerical atmospheric models for the Persian Gulf are presented and applied to examine sound scattering from the sea surface in the Persian Gulf region. Plots of scattering strength by Kuo＇s SPM method versus grazing angle for various frequencies, wave heights, and wind speeds are presented. The calculated scattering strength by the SPM method for various frequencies and wind speeds are compared against the results of critical sea tests 7 （CST-7）. The favorable agreement achieved for sound scattering in the Persian Gulf region is indicative of the fact that the SPM method can quite accurately model and predict sound scattering from the sea surface.
文摘A homemade Static Light scattering studies has been used to determine angle resolved scattered intensity for different polarization states of the incident laser light. Classical light scattering set ups are being used to study morphological aspects of scatterers using simple set ups using low power lasers. Red blood cells form rather interesting as well as a challenging system for scattering experiments. The scattering spectrometer consists of a scattering arm, a scattering turn table and collimating arm. Along with polarizers integrated in the collimating arm as well as scattering arms ensures collection of scattered flux with the required polarization state. This technique is being developed for its in vitro studies using fresh red blood cells. A brief review of the theoretical models used for scattering from Red Blood Cells (RBC) has been discussed in the paper. Scattering pattern (scattering plots) as well as polar plots of scattered flux have been determined for different polarization state of the incident light. Insight into the orientation of major axis of particles can be inferred from the polar plots.
