The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during pen...The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade...Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batte...The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).展开更多
This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior...This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical ...High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical strength,and outstanding catalytic activity.These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components,such as electrodes,electrolytes,and catalysts.This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage,beginning with fundamental concepts,historical development,and key definitions.Three principal categories of HEMs,namely high-entropy alloys,high-entropy oxides,and highentropy MXenes,are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity,energy density,cycling stability,and rate capability.The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion.Furthermore,the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted.The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.展开更多
This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the i...This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the increase of light amplitude;(Ⅳ)Formalism for light-induced anomalous Hall effects.展开更多
The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion e...The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion emissions were observed under the excitation of 980 nm at room temperature. It was found that the ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity increased with increasing of concentration of the Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions in the three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials. When the concentration of Yb3＋ was 10 mol%, pure red upconversion emission was obtained. The varied mechanism of ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity was discussed with the concentration of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions.展开更多
The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale a...The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale applications. Researchers have investigated the viability of substituting Pb with other elements(group 14 elements, group 2 elements, transition-metal elements, and group 13 and 15 elements) in the three-dimensional(3 D) perovskites by theoretical calculations and experimental explorations. In this paper, recent research progress in Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs on the perovskite compositions, deposition methods, and device structures are summarized and the main problems that hinder the enhancement of device efficiency and stability are discussed in detail. To date, the fully Sn-based PSCs have shown a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.12% and poor device stability. However, lead-less PSCs have shown higher PCE and a better stability. In addition, the introduction of double-perovskite materials also draws researchers' attention. We believe that the engineering of elemental composition, perovskite deposition methods, and interfacial modification are critical for the future development of Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs.展开更多
Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulf...Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries.Owing to possessing excellent porosities as well as abundant hydroxyl groups in the pore walls,COF-301 can not only trap lithium polysulfides(PSs)via physical adsorption inside the pores,but also capture PSs by chemical interactions to relieve the shuttle effect.Interestingly,it is the first time that 3D-COFs were utilized as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries as well as hydroxyl groups were introduced into COFs for improving the battery performance.As a result,COF-301@S as cathode material could reserve the capacity of 411.6 mA·h·g^-1 after 500 cycles with only 0.081%fading per cycle at 0.5 C,exhibiting better battery performance compared with COF-300@S.This study not only expands the applications of 3D-COFs but also provides a new route for designing lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
Metal oxide anode material is one of promising candidates for the next-generation LIBs, due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. The poor conductivity and huge volume change during charge/ discharge, however...Metal oxide anode material is one of promising candidates for the next-generation LIBs, due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. The poor conductivity and huge volume change during charge/ discharge, however, restrict the commercialization of metal oxide anode material. In this work, we design a novel Cu-SnO2 composite derived from Cu6Sn5 alloy with three dimensional （3D） metal cluster conducting architecture. The novel Cu structure penetrates in the composite particles inducing high conductivity and space-confined SnO2, which restrict the pulverization of SnO2 during lithiation/ delithiation process. The optimized Cu-SnO2 composite anode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 933.7 mA h/g and retains a capacity of 536.1 mA h/g after 200 cycles, at 25℃ and a rate of 100 mA/g. Even at the high rate of 300 mA/g, the anode still exhibits a capacity of more than 29% of that tested at 50 mA/g. Combining with the phase and morphology analysis, the novel Cu-SnO2 composite not only has good electrical conductivity, but also possesses high theoretical capacity （995 mAh/g）, which may pave a new way for the design and construction of next-generation metal oxide anode materials with high power and cycling stability.展开更多
Three-dimensional rock fracture induced by blasting is a highly complex problem and has received considerable attention in geotechnical engineering.The material point method is firstly applied to treat this challengin...Three-dimensional rock fracture induced by blasting is a highly complex problem and has received considerable attention in geotechnical engineering.The material point method is firstly applied to treat this challenging task.Some inherent weaknesses can be overcome by coupling the generalized interpolation material point(GIMP)and the convected particle domain interpolation technique(CPDI).For the media in the borehole,unchanged GIMP-type particles are used to guarantee a homogenous blast pressure.CPDITetrahedron type particles are employed to avoid the fake numerical fracture near the borehole for the rock material.A blasting experiment using three-dimensional single-borehole rock was simulated to examine the applicability of the coupled model under realistic loading and boundary conditions.A good agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results.Moreover,the mechanism of three-dimensional rock fracture was analyzed.It was concluded that rock particle size and material parameters play an important role in rock damage.The reflected tensile waves cause severe damage in the lower part of the model.Rayleigh waves occur on the top face of the rock model to induce a hoop failure band.展开更多
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM)perovskite materials have attracted the interest from researchers worldwide due to their unique macroporous structure,flexible composition,tailorable physicochemical proper...Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM)perovskite materials have attracted the interest from researchers worldwide due to their unique macroporous structure,flexible composition,tailorable physicochemical property,high stability and biocompatibility.In particular,they were widely used in environmental field,such as photocatalysis,catalytic combustion,catalytic oxidation and sensors.In this review,the recent progresses in the synthesis of 3DOM perovskite materials and their environmental applications are summarized.The advantages and the promoting mechanisms of 3DOM perovskite materials for different applications are discussed in detail.Subsequently,the challenges and perspectives on the topic are proposed.展开更多
The problem of a transversely isotropic functionally graded material （FGM） plate welded with a circular inclusion is considered. The analysis starts with the general- ized England-Spencer plate theory for transverse...The problem of a transversely isotropic functionally graded material （FGM） plate welded with a circular inclusion is considered. The analysis starts with the general- ized England-Spencer plate theory for transversely isotropic FGM plates, which expresses a three-dimensional （3D） general solution in terms of four analytic functions. Several analytical solutions are then obtained for an infinite FGM plate welded with a circular inclusion and subjected to the loads at infinity. Three different cases are considered, i.e., a rigid circular inclusion fixed in the space, a rigid circular inclusion rotating about the x-, y-, and z-axes, and an elastic circular inclusion with different material constants from the plate itself. The static responses of the plate and/or the inclusion are investigated through numerical examples.展开更多
In this work,the three-dimensional(3 D)propagation behaviors in the nonlinear phononic crystal and elastic wave metamaterial with initial stresses are investigated.The analytical solutions of the fundamental wave and ...In this work,the three-dimensional(3 D)propagation behaviors in the nonlinear phononic crystal and elastic wave metamaterial with initial stresses are investigated.The analytical solutions of the fundamental wave and second harmonic with the quasilongitudinal(qP)and quasi-shear(qS_(1) and qS_(2))modes are derived.Based on the transfer and stiffness matrices,band gaps with initial stresses are obtained by the Bloch theorem.The transmission coefficients are calculated to support the band gap property,and the tunability of the nonreciprocal transmission by the initial stress is discussed.This work is expected to provide a way to tune the nonreciprocal transmission with vector characteristics.展开更多
In the preparation of this precursor tetraethlortho silicate (TEOS), sodium tungstate, ethyl alcohol, HCl and RECl3(RE=Eu,Tb) were mixed and then heated at 800 ℃ for 2 h, leading to a luminescent compound. The struct...In the preparation of this precursor tetraethlortho silicate (TEOS), sodium tungstate, ethyl alcohol, HCl and RECl3(RE=Eu,Tb) were mixed and then heated at 800 ℃ for 2 h, leading to a luminescent compound. The structure of the materials was characterized by TG-DTA and IR analysis, and the results indicate that the materials were in SiO2 network structure. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra was used to characterize the luminescent properties of the materials. The luminescence property of doped and un-doped Eu3+or Tb3+ and Na2WO4 in silica materials were prepared and measured. The results show that good energy transfer from WO2-4 to Eu3+ ion, sensitized the luminescence intensity of Eu3+ remarkably. Tb3+ ion incorporated silica materials expressed the inverse energy transition from Tb3+ to WO2-4, however, we got the materials with homogeneous green blue fluorescent light. Finally, the energy transfer of WO2-4 and Eu3+, WO2-4 and Tb3+ were explained by energy levels diagram.展开更多
A motor-driven linkage system with links fabricated from 3-dimensional braided composite materials was studied. A group of coupling dynamic equations of the system, including composite materials parameters, electromag...A motor-driven linkage system with links fabricated from 3-dimensional braided composite materials was studied. A group of coupling dynamic equations of the system, including composite materials parameters, electromagnetism parameters of the motor and structural parameters of the link mechanism, were established by finite element method. Based on the air-gap field of non-uniform airspace of three-phase alternating current motor caused by the vibration eccentricity of rotor, the relation of electromechanical coupling at the actual running state was analyzed. And the motor element, which defines the transverse vibration and torsional vibration of the motor as its nodal displacement, was established. Then, based on the damping element model and the expression of energy dissipation of the 3-dimentional braided composite materials, the damping matrix of the system was established by calculating each order modal damping of the mechanism.展开更多
High-performance batteries with high density and low cost are needed for the development of largescale energy storage fields such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.The anode with threedimensional(3D)na...High-performance batteries with high density and low cost are needed for the development of largescale energy storage fields such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.The anode with threedimensional(3D)nanoarchitecture is one of the most attractive candidates for high-performance lithiumion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its efficient electron/ion transport and high active material mass loading.Although some important breakthroughs have been made in 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials,more improvements are still needed for high cycling stability and high energy density.Herein,the latest research progress of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials for LIBs and SIBs is reviewed,including nanoporous metal,nanoporous graphene,and their derived foams.Specifically,the storage properties of Li/Na ions,the kinetics of ion/electron transport,and specific chemical interactions are discussed based on the structure design.In addition,the research strategies and structural characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials are summarized,providing a reference for the further development of LIBs and SIBs.Meanwhile,the future research directions of LIBs and SIBs have also prospected.展开更多
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302460)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.YBKT24-02)。
文摘The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
文摘Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
基金supported by the Low-Cost Long-Life Batteries program,China(No.WL-24-08-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279007)。
文摘The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).
文摘This paper prepared a novel as-cast W-Zr-Ti metallic ESM using high-frequency vacuum induction melting technique.The above ESM performs a typical elastic-brittle material feature and strain rate strengthening behavior.The specimens exhibit violent chemical reaction during the fracture process under the impact loading,and the size distribution of their residual debris follows Rosin-Rammler model.The dynamic fracture toughness is obtained by the fitting of debris length scale,approximately 1.87 MPa·m~(1/2).Microstructure observation on residual debris indicates that the failure process is determined by primary crack propagation under quasi-static compression,while it is affected by multiple cracks propagation in both particle and matrix in the case of dynamic impact.Impact test demonstrates that the novel energetic fragment performs brilliant penetration and combustion effect behind the front target,leading to the effective ignition of fuel tank.For the brittleness of as-cast W-ZrTi ESM,further study conducted bond-based peridynamic(BB-PD)C++computational code to simulate its fracture behavior during penetration.The BB-PD method successfully captured the fracture process and debris cloud formation of the energetic fragment.This paper explores a novel as-cast metallic ESM,and provides an available numerical avenue to the simulation of brittle energetic fragment.
基金supported by the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Planning Project(No.2022HZ027006,No.2024HZ021023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20118).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted considerable research attention in battery applications due to exceptional properties such as remarkable structural stability,enhanced ionic conductivity,superior mechanical strength,and outstanding catalytic activity.These distinctive characteristics render HEMs highly suitable for various battery components,such as electrodes,electrolytes,and catalysts.This review systematically examines recent advances in the application of HEMs for energy storage,beginning with fundamental concepts,historical development,and key definitions.Three principal categories of HEMs,namely high-entropy alloys,high-entropy oxides,and highentropy MXenes,are analyzed with a focus on electrochemical performance metrics such as specific capacity,energy density,cycling stability,and rate capability.The underlying mechanisms by which these materials enhance battery performance are elucidated in the discussion.Furthermore,the pivotal role of machine learning in accelerating the discovery and optimization of novel high-entropy battery materials is highlighted.The review concludes by outlining future research directions and potential breakthroughs in HEM-based battery technologies.
文摘This supplemental material contains three sections:(Ⅰ)Derivation of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅱ)Surface states of the Floquet lattice Hamiltonian;(Ⅲ)Evolution of Floquet Weyl points and Fermi arcs with the increase of light amplitude;(Ⅳ)Formalism for light-induced anomalous Hall effects.
基金supported by the Reserve Talents Project of Yunnan Province(2013HB068)Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province(2014FB127)
文摘The three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials were prepared, and the influence of doping concentra- tion of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions on upconversion property was investigated. Green and red upconversion emissions were observed under the excitation of 980 nm at room temperature. It was found that the ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity increased with increasing of concentration of the Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions in the three-dimensional ordered macroporous CeO2：Yb,Er materials. When the concentration of Yb3＋ was 10 mol%, pure red upconversion emission was obtained. The varied mechanism of ratio of red to green upconversion emission intensity was discussed with the concentration of Yb3＋ or Er3＋ ions.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51572020 and 51772023)
文摘The trend toward lead-free or lead-less perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has attracted increasing attention over the past few years because the toxicity of lead(Pb) is one of the substantial restrictions for large-scale applications. Researchers have investigated the viability of substituting Pb with other elements(group 14 elements, group 2 elements, transition-metal elements, and group 13 and 15 elements) in the three-dimensional(3 D) perovskites by theoretical calculations and experimental explorations. In this paper, recent research progress in Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs on the perovskite compositions, deposition methods, and device structures are summarized and the main problems that hinder the enhancement of device efficiency and stability are discussed in detail. To date, the fully Sn-based PSCs have shown a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 8.12% and poor device stability. However, lead-less PSCs have shown higher PCE and a better stability. In addition, the introduction of double-perovskite materials also draws researchers' attention. We believe that the engineering of elemental composition, perovskite deposition methods, and interfacial modification are critical for the future development of Pb-less and Pb-free PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21674026,21574032,51573125,51573147,51803149,51973155,and 51633007(the State Key Program))the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion(No.GZ1286)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.121D11KYSB20170031).
文摘Two reported three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks(3D-COFs),COF-300 and COF-301,which have hierarchical porous structures and large pore volumes,were synthesized and employed as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries.Owing to possessing excellent porosities as well as abundant hydroxyl groups in the pore walls,COF-301 can not only trap lithium polysulfides(PSs)via physical adsorption inside the pores,but also capture PSs by chemical interactions to relieve the shuttle effect.Interestingly,it is the first time that 3D-COFs were utilized as host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries as well as hydroxyl groups were introduced into COFs for improving the battery performance.As a result,COF-301@S as cathode material could reserve the capacity of 411.6 mA·h·g^-1 after 500 cycles with only 0.081%fading per cycle at 0.5 C,exhibiting better battery performance compared with COF-300@S.This study not only expands the applications of 3D-COFs but also provides a new route for designing lithium-sulfur batteries.
基金financial supports for this research from the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No. 16JCYBJC41700)Tianjin Major Program of New Materials Science and Technology (Nos. 16ZXCLGX00070, 16ZXCLGX00110)+2 种基金Tianjin Municipal Education Committee Scientific Research Projects (No. 2017KJ075)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 21676200)Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University)
文摘Metal oxide anode material is one of promising candidates for the next-generation LIBs, due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. The poor conductivity and huge volume change during charge/ discharge, however, restrict the commercialization of metal oxide anode material. In this work, we design a novel Cu-SnO2 composite derived from Cu6Sn5 alloy with three dimensional （3D） metal cluster conducting architecture. The novel Cu structure penetrates in the composite particles inducing high conductivity and space-confined SnO2, which restrict the pulverization of SnO2 during lithiation/ delithiation process. The optimized Cu-SnO2 composite anode delivers an initial discharge capacity of 933.7 mA h/g and retains a capacity of 536.1 mA h/g after 200 cycles, at 25℃ and a rate of 100 mA/g. Even at the high rate of 300 mA/g, the anode still exhibits a capacity of more than 29% of that tested at 50 mA/g. Combining with the phase and morphology analysis, the novel Cu-SnO2 composite not only has good electrical conductivity, but also possesses high theoretical capacity （995 mAh/g）, which may pave a new way for the design and construction of next-generation metal oxide anode materials with high power and cycling stability.
基金This research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,China(No.2022NSFSC1915)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U19A2098)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering,Jianghan University(No.PBSKL2022B06)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Three-dimensional rock fracture induced by blasting is a highly complex problem and has received considerable attention in geotechnical engineering.The material point method is firstly applied to treat this challenging task.Some inherent weaknesses can be overcome by coupling the generalized interpolation material point(GIMP)and the convected particle domain interpolation technique(CPDI).For the media in the borehole,unchanged GIMP-type particles are used to guarantee a homogenous blast pressure.CPDITetrahedron type particles are employed to avoid the fake numerical fracture near the borehole for the rock material.A blasting experiment using three-dimensional single-borehole rock was simulated to examine the applicability of the coupled model under realistic loading and boundary conditions.A good agreement was achieved between the simulation and experimental results.Moreover,the mechanism of three-dimensional rock fracture was analyzed.It was concluded that rock particle size and material parameters play an important role in rock damage.The reflected tensile waves cause severe damage in the lower part of the model.Rayleigh waves occur on the top face of the rock model to induce a hoop failure band.
基金supported by the Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation(17JCYBJC22600)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities~~
文摘Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous(3DOM)perovskite materials have attracted the interest from researchers worldwide due to their unique macroporous structure,flexible composition,tailorable physicochemical property,high stability and biocompatibility.In particular,they were widely used in environmental field,such as photocatalysis,catalytic combustion,catalytic oxidation and sensors.In this review,the recent progresses in the synthesis of 3DOM perovskite materials and their environmental applications are summarized.The advantages and the promoting mechanisms of 3DOM perovskite materials for different applications are discussed in detail.Subsequently,the challenges and perspectives on the topic are proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11202188,11321202,and 11172263)the Program for Innovative Research Team of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
文摘The problem of a transversely isotropic functionally graded material （FGM） plate welded with a circular inclusion is considered. The analysis starts with the general- ized England-Spencer plate theory for transversely isotropic FGM plates, which expresses a three-dimensional （3D） general solution in terms of four analytic functions. Several analytical solutions are then obtained for an infinite FGM plate welded with a circular inclusion and subjected to the loads at infinity. Three different cases are considered, i.e., a rigid circular inclusion fixed in the space, a rigid circular inclusion rotating about the x-, y-, and z-axes, and an elastic circular inclusion with different material constants from the plate itself. The static responses of the plate and/or the inclusion are investigated through numerical examples.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11922209,11991031 and 12021002)。
文摘In this work,the three-dimensional(3 D)propagation behaviors in the nonlinear phononic crystal and elastic wave metamaterial with initial stresses are investigated.The analytical solutions of the fundamental wave and second harmonic with the quasilongitudinal(qP)and quasi-shear(qS_(1) and qS_(2))modes are derived.Based on the transfer and stiffness matrices,band gaps with initial stresses are obtained by the Bloch theorem.The transmission coefficients are calculated to support the band gap property,and the tunability of the nonreciprocal transmission by the initial stress is discussed.This work is expected to provide a way to tune the nonreciprocal transmission with vector characteristics.
基金Project supported by State Natural Science Foundation (20161001)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science Commission (200508010206)
文摘In the preparation of this precursor tetraethlortho silicate (TEOS), sodium tungstate, ethyl alcohol, HCl and RECl3(RE=Eu,Tb) were mixed and then heated at 800 ℃ for 2 h, leading to a luminescent compound. The structure of the materials was characterized by TG-DTA and IR analysis, and the results indicate that the materials were in SiO2 network structure. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra was used to characterize the luminescent properties of the materials. The luminescence property of doped and un-doped Eu3+or Tb3+ and Na2WO4 in silica materials were prepared and measured. The results show that good energy transfer from WO2-4 to Eu3+ ion, sensitized the luminescence intensity of Eu3+ remarkably. Tb3+ ion incorporated silica materials expressed the inverse energy transition from Tb3+ to WO2-4, however, we got the materials with homogeneous green blue fluorescent light. Finally, the energy transfer of WO2-4 and Eu3+, WO2-4 and Tb3+ were explained by energy levels diagram.
基金Project(50175031) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A motor-driven linkage system with links fabricated from 3-dimensional braided composite materials was studied. A group of coupling dynamic equations of the system, including composite materials parameters, electromagnetism parameters of the motor and structural parameters of the link mechanism, were established by finite element method. Based on the air-gap field of non-uniform airspace of three-phase alternating current motor caused by the vibration eccentricity of rotor, the relation of electromechanical coupling at the actual running state was analyzed. And the motor element, which defines the transverse vibration and torsional vibration of the motor as its nodal displacement, was established. Then, based on the damping element model and the expression of energy dissipation of the 3-dimentional braided composite materials, the damping matrix of the system was established by calculating each order modal damping of the mechanism.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3802200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51801136)+2 种基金the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China(No.18JCYBJC41800)the Tianjin science and technology project(Nos.18ZXJMTG00300,20ZYJDJC00100)the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award(DECRA,No.DE180101478)of the Australian Research Council。
文摘High-performance batteries with high density and low cost are needed for the development of largescale energy storage fields such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.The anode with threedimensional(3D)nanoarchitecture is one of the most attractive candidates for high-performance lithiumion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its efficient electron/ion transport and high active material mass loading.Although some important breakthroughs have been made in 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials,more improvements are still needed for high cycling stability and high energy density.Herein,the latest research progress of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials for LIBs and SIBs is reviewed,including nanoporous metal,nanoporous graphene,and their derived foams.Specifically,the storage properties of Li/Na ions,the kinetics of ion/electron transport,and specific chemical interactions are discussed based on the structure design.In addition,the research strategies and structural characteristics of 3D nanoarchitecture anode materials are summarized,providing a reference for the further development of LIBs and SIBs.Meanwhile,the future research directions of LIBs and SIBs have also prospected.
