With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale prod...With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale production.The compound etching approach,which relies on cationic oxidation of the A element of MAX phase precursors while anions typically adsorb onto MXene surfaces as functional groups,remains the main prevalent strategy.By contrast,synthesis methodologies utilizing elemental etching agents have been rarely reported.Here,we report a new elemental tellurium(Te)-based etching strategy for the preparation of MXene materials with tunable surface chemistry.By selectively removing the A-site element in MAX phases using Te,our approach avoids the use of toxic fluoride reagents and achieves tellurium-terminated surface groups that significantly enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results show that Te-etched MXene delivers substantially higher capacities(exceeding 50%improvement over conventionally etched MXene)with superior rate capability,retaining high capacity at large current densities and demonstrating over 90%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.This innovative synthetic strategy provides new insight into controllable MXene preparation and performance optimization,while the as-obtained materials hold promises for high-performance sodium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.展开更多
According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing ...According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing differential equations are derived by the Hamilton's variational principle,and then solved by the iterative Separation-of-Variable(i SOV)method,which are applicable to arbitrary combinations of homogeneous Boundary Conditions(BCs).However,only the simply-support,clamped and cantilever panels are considered in this work for the sake of clarity.With the closed-form eigensolutions,the flutter frequency,flutter mode and flutter boundary are presented,and the effect of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping on flutter frequencies is investigated.Besides,the relation between panel energy and the work of aerodynamic load is discussed.The numerical comparisons reveal the following.(A)The flutter eigenvalues obtained by the present method are accurate,validated by the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Galerkin method.(B)When the span-chord ratio is larger than 3,simplifying a 3D panel to 2D(two-dimensional)panel is reasonable and the relative differences of the flutter points predicted by the two models are less than one percent.(C)The reciprocal relationship between the mechanical energy of the panel and the work done by aerodynamic load is verified by using the present flutter eigenvalues and modes,further indicating the high accuracy of the present solutions.(D)The coupling of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping prevents frequency coalescing.展开更多
The present study elaborates three-dimensional flow of Williamson nanoliquid over a nonlinear stretchable surface. Fluid flow obeys Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. A bidirectional nonlinear stretching surface genera...The present study elaborates three-dimensional flow of Williamson nanoliquid over a nonlinear stretchable surface. Fluid flow obeys Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. A bidirectional nonlinear stretching surface generates the flow. Convective surface condition of heat transfer is taken into consideration. Further the zero nanoparticles mass flux condition is imposed at the boundary. Effects of thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion are considered. Assumption of boundary layer has been employed in the problem formulation. Convergent series solutions for the nonlinear governing system are established through the optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM). Graphs have been sketched in order to analyze that how the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are affected by distinct emerging flow parameters. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt number are also computed and discussed.展开更多
In this communication a generalized three- dimensional steady flow of a viscous fluid between two infinite parallel plates is considered. The flow is generated due to uniform stretching of the lower plate in x- and y-...In this communication a generalized three- dimensional steady flow of a viscous fluid between two infinite parallel plates is considered. The flow is generated due to uniform stretching of the lower plate in x- and y-directions. It is assumed that the upper plate is uniformly porous and is subjected to constant injection. The governing system is fully coupled and nonlinear in nature. A complete analytic solution which is uniformly valid for all values of the dimensionless parameters β Re and λ is obtained by using a purely analytic technique, namely the homotopy analysis method. Also the effects of the parameters β Re and λ on the velocity field are discussed through graphs.展开更多
Heat and mass transfer effects in three-dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface were addressed.Analysis was performed in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption. Concentration and therm...Heat and mass transfer effects in three-dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface were addressed.Analysis was performed in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption. Concentration and thermal buoyancy effects were accounted. Convective boundary conditions for heat and mass transfer analysis were explored. Series solutions of the resulting problem were developed. Effects of mixed convection, internal heat generation/absorption parameter and Biot numbers on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration distributions were illustrated graphically. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were obtained and analyzed for all the physical parameters. It is found that both thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses are decreasing functions of stretching ratio. Variations of mixed convection parameter and concentration buoyancy parameter on the velocity profiles and associated boundary layer thicknesses are enhanced. Velocity profiles and temperature increase in the case of internal heat generation while they reduce for heat absorption. Heat transfer Biot number increases the thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature. Also concentration and its associated boundary layer are enhanced with an increase in mass transfer Biot number. The local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers have quite similar behaviors for increasing values of mixed convection parameter, concentration buoyancy parameter and Deborah number.展开更多
Refined control of etched profile in microelectronic devices during plasma etching process is one of the most important tasks of front-end and back-end microelectronic devices manufacturing technologies. A comprehensi...Refined control of etched profile in microelectronic devices during plasma etching process is one of the most important tasks of front-end and back-end microelectronic devices manufacturing technologies. A comprehensive simulation of etching profile evolution requires knowledge of the etching rates at all the points of the profile surface during the etching process. Electrons do not contribute directly to the material removal, but they are the source, together with positive ions, of the profile charging that has many negative consequences on the final outcome of the process especially in the case of insulating material etching. The ability to simulate feature charging was added to the 3D level set profile evolution simulator described earlier. The ion and electron fluxes were computed along the feature using Monte Carlo method. The surface potential profiles and electric field for the entire feature were generated by solving Laplace equation using finite elements method. Calculations were performed in the case of simplified model of Ar+/CF4 non-equilibrium plasma etching of SiO2.展开更多
Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450...Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450℃induces significant temperature gradients,resulting in a proliferation of defects.The scarcity of comprehensive research on this crystal’s defects hinders the enhancement of crystal quality.In this study,we employed the chemical etching method to examine the etching effects on Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals under various conditions and to identify the optimal conditions for investi⁃gating the dislocation defects of Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals(mass fraction 70%H3PO4,160℃,15-18 min).The morphologies of dislocation etch pits on the(111)-and(110)-oriented Lu_(2)O_(3)wafers were characterized using microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.This research addresses the gap in understanding Lu_(2)O_(3)line defects and offers guidance for optimizing the crystal growth process and improving crystal quality.展开更多
The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga_(2)O_(3)surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a typical difficult-to-machine material.In this study,a novel plasma dry etching method na...The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga_(2)O_(3)surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a typical difficult-to-machine material.In this study,a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching(PASE)is proposed to achieve the highly efficient,atomic-scale,and damage-free polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).The plasma is excited through the inductive coupling principle and carbon tetrafluoride is utilized as the main reaction gas to etch β-Ga_(2)O_(3).The core of PASE polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is the remarkable lateral etching effect,which is ensured by both the intrinsic property of the surface and the extrinsic temperature condition.As revealed by density functional theory-based calculations,the intrinsic difference in the etching energy barrier of atoms at the step edge(2.36 eV)and in the terrace plane(4.37 eV)determines their difference in the etching rate,and their etching rate difference can be greatly enlarged by increasing the extrinsic temperature.The polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)based on the lateral etching effect is further verified in the etching experiments.The Sa roughness of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)(001)substrate is reduced from 14.8 nm to 0.057 nm within 120 s,and the corresponding material removal rate reaches up to 20.96μm·min^(−1).The polished β-Ga_(2)O_(3)displays significantly improved crystalline quality and photoluminescence intensity,and the polishing effect of PASE is independent of the crystal face of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).In addition,the competition between chemical etching and physical reconstruction,which is determined by temperature and greatly affects the surface state of β-Ga_(2)O_(3),is deeply studied for the first time.These findings not only demonstrate the high-efficiency and high-quality polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)via atmospheric plasma etching but also hold significant implications for guiding future plasma-based surface manufacturing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).展开更多
To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D lea...To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D leader-following cooperative interception guidance law.First,in the LOS direction of the leader,an impact time-controlled guidance law is derived based on the fixed-time stability theory,which enables the leader to complete the interception task at a prespecified impact time.Next,in the LOS direction of the followers,by introducing a time consensus tracking error function,a fixed-time consensus tracking guidance law is investigated to guarantee the consensus tracking convergence of the time-to-go.Then,in the direction normal to the LOS,by combining the designed global integral sliding mode surface and the second-order Sliding Mode Control(SMC)theory,an innovative 3D LOS-angle-constrained interception guidance law is developed,which eliminates the reaching phase in the traditional sliding mode guidance laws and effectively saves energy consumption.Moreover,it effectively suppresses the chattering phenomenon while avoiding the singularity issue,and compensates for unknown interference caused by target maneuvering online,making it convenient for practical engineering applications.Finally,theoretical proof analysis and multiple sets of numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness,superiority,and robustness of the investigated guidance law.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significan...Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are ne...BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are necessary.However,due to differences in race and sex,people’s body shapes vary.According to European guidelines,the patch should measure 10 cm×15 cm.If any part of the MPO is dissected,injury to the nerves,vascular network,or organs may occur during surgery,thereby leading to inguinal discomfort,pain,and seroma formation after surgery.Therefore,accurate localization and measurement of the boundary of the MPO are crucial for selecting the optimal patch for inguinal hernia repair.AIM To compare the size of the MPO measured on three-dimensional multislice spiral computed tomography(CT)with that measured via laparoscopy and explore the relevant factors influencing the size of the MPO.METHODS Clinical data from 74 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology between September 2022 and July 2024 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Transabdominal preperitoneal was performed.Sixty-four males and 10 females,with an average age of 58.30±12.32 years,were included.The clinical data of the patients were collected.The boundary of the MPO was measured on three-dimensional CT images before surgery and then again during transabdominal preperitoneal.All the preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed via paired t-tests.A t-test was used for comparisons of age,body mass index,and sex between the groups.In the comparative analysis,a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference.RESULTS The boundaries of the MPO on 3-dimensional CT images measured 7.05±0.47 cm and 6.27±0.61 cm,and the area of the MPO was 19.54±3.33 cm^(2).The boundaries of the MPO during surgery were 7.18±0.51 cm and 6.17±0.40 cm.The errors were not statistically significant.However,the intraoperative BD(the width of the MPO,P=0.024,P<0.05)and preoperative AC(the length of the MPO,P=0.045,P<0.05)significantly differed according to sex.The AC and BD measurements before and during surgery were not significantly different according to age,body mass index,hernia side or hernia type(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The application of this technology can aid in determining the most appropriate dissection range and patch size.展开更多
This article addresses the three-dimensional stretched flow of the Jeffrey fluid with thermal radiation. The thermal conductivity of the fluid varies linearly with respect to temperature. Computations are performed fo...This article addresses the three-dimensional stretched flow of the Jeffrey fluid with thermal radiation. The thermal conductivity of the fluid varies linearly with respect to temperature. Computations are performed for the velocity and temperature fields. Graphs for the velocity and temperature are plotted to examine the behaviors with different parameters. Numerical values of the local Nusselt number are presented and discussed. The present results are compared with the existing limiting solutions, showing good agreement with each other.展开更多
It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimens...It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)models are relatively straightforward but time-consuming.One potential solution to enhance this process is to use machine learning algorithms to detect the 3D traces.In this study,a unique pixel-wise texture mapper algorithm generates a dense point cloud representation of an outcrop with the precise resolution of the original textured 3D model.A virtual digital image rendering was then employed to capture virtual images of selected regions.This technique helps to overcome limitations caused by the surface morphology of the rock mass,such as restricted access,lighting conditions,and shading effects.After AI-powered trace detection on two-dimensional(2D)images,a 3D data structuring technique was applied to the selected trace pixels.In the 3D data structuring,the trace data were structured through 2D thinning,3D reprojection,clustering,segmentation,and segment linking.Finally,the linked segments were exported as 3D polylines,with each polyline in the output corresponding to a trace.The efficacy of the proposed method was assessed using a 3D model of a real-world case study,which was used to compare the results of artificial intelligence(AI)-aided and human intelligence trace detection.Rosette diagrams,which visualize the distribution of trace orientations,confirmed the high similarity between the automatically and manually generated trace maps.In conclusion,the proposed semi-automatic method was easy to use,fast,and accurate in detecting the dominant jointing system of the rock mass.展开更多
Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade compone...Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.展开更多
Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma ...Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma pathobiology.Conventional cell culture-based research(2D cell culture)is still playing a pivotal role,while several shortcomings have been recently under discussion.In vivo,mouse models are usually adopted for pre-clinical analyses with expectations to overcome the issues of 2D cell culture.However,they do not fully recapitulate human dedifferentiated liposarcoma(DDLPS)characteristics.Therefore,three-dimensional(3D)culture systems have been the recent research focus in the cell biology field with the expectation to overcome at the same time the disadvantages of 2D cell culture and in vivo animal models and fill in the gap between them.Given the liposarcoma rarity,we believe that 3D cell culture techniques,including 3D cell cultures/co-cultures,and Patient-Derived tumor Organoids(PDOs),represent a promising approach to facilitate liposarcoma investigation and elucidate its molecular mechanisms and effective therapy development.In this review,we first provide a general overview of 3D cell cultures compared to 2D cell cultures.We then focus on one of the recent 3D cell culture applications,Patient-Derived Organoids(PDOs),summarizing and discussing several PDO methodologies.Finally,we discuss the current and future applications of PDOs to sarcoma,particularly in the field of liposarcoma.展开更多
Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds ...Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds incorporated with processed pyritum decoction(PPD)were fabricated using three-dimensional(3D)printing-assisted freeze-casting.The produced composite scaffolds were evaluated for their mechanical strength,physicochemical properties,biocompatibility,in vitro proangiogenic activity,and in vivo efficacy in repairing rabbit femoral defects.They not only demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties,enhanced mechanical strength,and good biosafety but also significantly promoted the proliferation,migration,and aggregation of pro-angiogenic human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).In vivo studies revealed that all scaffold groups facilitated osteogenesis at the bone defect site,with theβ-TCP scaffolds loaded with PPD markedly enhancing the expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1(Notch1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2),and osteopontin(OPN).Overall,the scaffolds developed in this study exhibited strong angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo.The incorporation of PPD notably promoted the angiogenic-osteogenic coupling,thereby accelerating bone repair,which suggests that PPD is a promising material for bone repair and that the PPD/β-TCP scaffolds hold great potential as a bone graft alternative.展开更多
The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a rece...The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a recent study by Shen and Zhang,which compared the clinical applications of naked-eye threedimensional laparoscopic systems vs traditional optical systems in radical surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer.Both systems appeared to yield comparable surgical and oncological outcomes in terms of safety parameters,operating times,and quality of lymph node dissection.However,the spectacle-free system’s technical and logistical limitations hindered its effects on the surgical team’s overall competency.This editorial examines the authors’findings within the broader context of the evolution of oncologic laparoscopy,discusses the relevance of the results in light of the current literature,and proposes future research directions focused on multicenter validation,comprehensive ergonomic analysis,and technological advancements aimed at enhancing intraoperative collaboration.As technology continues to evolve,clinical implementation of new methods must be supported by robust scientific evidence and standardized criteria,to ensure tangible improvements in efficiency,safety,and oncologic outcomes.展开更多
The low porosity and low permeability of shale remain the primary challenges in shale gas exploitation.Traditional single permeability enhancement techniques have shown limited efficacy,failing to effectively address ...The low porosity and low permeability of shale remain the primary challenges in shale gas exploitation.Traditional single permeability enhancement techniques have shown limited efficacy,failing to effectively address these technical bottlenecks.This study investigates the synergistic effects of perforationinduced permeability enhancement and acidizing operations on the mechanical properties and micropore structure of shale.The improved Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)technique was employed to simulate dynamic impact damage under triaxial stress conditions.Damaged and undamaged rock specimens were immersed in a 15%hydrochloric acid solution to fabricate combined-damage specimens and acid-etched specimens with varying damage states.Uniaxial compression tests,X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were conducted on these specimens.SEM images were binarized,and combined with low-temperature nitrogen adsorption tests,the effects of different damage states on the mechanical behavior,energy dissipation,micro-morphology,and pore characteristics of shale were systematically evaluated.Results demonstrate that the peak stress and elastic modulus of shale exhibit a negative correlation with acid-etching duration.The mechanical properties of combined-damage specimens are inferior to those of pure acid-etched specimens,with the minimum peak stress reaching 147.10 MPa—a 43.53%reduction compared to untreated specimens.The energy dissipation ratio significantly increases,with a maximum value of 34.74%.XRD analysis reveals that prolonged acid immersion effectively reduces the carbonate content in specimens,while composite treatment accelerates the reaction between rock matrix and acid solution.Microstructural characterization indicates that acid etching enhances the porosity of shale,particularly the area of mesopores and macropores,with more pronounced pore development and a fragmented interface structure.These findings deepen the understanding of physical mechanisms during shale gas extraction and provide critical theoretical support for optimizing integrated permeability enhancement technologies.展开更多
The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated cata...The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated catalytic activity and minimal energy consumption continues to pose a significant challenge.In this research,Fluorine-doped copper-carbon(F/Cu-GAC)particle electrodes were effectively synthesized through an impregnationcalcination technique,utilizing granular activated carbon as the carrier and fluorinedoped modified copper oxides as the catalytic agents.The particle electrodes were subsequently utilized to promote the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)in a threedimensional electrocatalytic reactor(3DER).The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes were polarized under the action of electric field,which promoted the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction in which H2O2 generated by two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e-ORR)of O_(2) was catalytically decomposed to·OH.The 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes showed 100%removal of 2,4,6-TCP and 79.24%removal of TOC with a specific energy consumption(EC)of approximately 0.019 kWh/g·COD after 2 h of operation.The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes exhibited an overpotential of 0.38 V and an electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)of 715 cm^(2),as determined through linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and cyclic voltammetry(CV)assessments.These findings suggest a high level of electrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the catalytic mechanism of the 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes was elucidated through the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),and active species capture experiments.This investigation offers a novel approach for the effective degradation of 2,4,6-TCP.展开更多
Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as promising materials owing to their high surface areas,tunable pore sizes,and diverse functionalities.However,their practical deployment is frequently hindered by intrinsic...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as promising materials owing to their high surface areas,tunable pore sizes,and diverse functionalities.However,their practical deployment is frequently hindered by intrinsic microporosity and structural fragility.In this review,we systematically analyze recent advancements in MOF etching techniques,which strategically modify framework architectures to enhance mass transport,expose active sites,and improve stability.The discussion encompasses a range of methods―including acid,base,ion,solvent,steam,selective,in-situ,pyrolysis,and physical etching―with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms that govern the formation of hierarchical pore structures,defect engineering,and heterojunction formation.Notably,etching approaches facilitate precise control over crystal morphology and surface chemistry,thereby optimizing MOF performance in catalysis,electrocatalysis,photocatalysis,adsorption,energy storage,sensing,and biomedical applications.We also outline challenges such as etchant toxicity,over-etching risks,and scalability,while highlighting emerging strategies and computational simulations to refine the etching process.Ultimately,this review underscores the transformative impact of etching on MOF properties,paving the way for the design of next-generation multifunctional materials that address critical issues in environmental remediation,energy conversion,and beyond.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472228,22309202)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC1942)the Gusu Leading Talents Program(ZXL2023190)。
文摘With the rapid development of twodimensional MXene materials,numerous preparation strategies have been proposed to enhance synthesis efficiency,mitigate environmental impact,and enable scalability for large-scale production.The compound etching approach,which relies on cationic oxidation of the A element of MAX phase precursors while anions typically adsorb onto MXene surfaces as functional groups,remains the main prevalent strategy.By contrast,synthesis methodologies utilizing elemental etching agents have been rarely reported.Here,we report a new elemental tellurium(Te)-based etching strategy for the preparation of MXene materials with tunable surface chemistry.By selectively removing the A-site element in MAX phases using Te,our approach avoids the use of toxic fluoride reagents and achieves tellurium-terminated surface groups that significantly enhance sodium storage performance.Experimental results show that Te-etched MXene delivers substantially higher capacities(exceeding 50%improvement over conventionally etched MXene)with superior rate capability,retaining high capacity at large current densities and demonstrating over 90%capacity retention after 1000 cycles.This innovative synthetic strategy provides new insight into controllable MXene preparation and performance optimization,while the as-obtained materials hold promises for high-performance sodium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172023)。
文摘According to the Mindlin plate theory and the first-order piston theory,this work obtains accurate closed-form eigensolutions for the flutter problem of three-dimensional(3D)rectangular laminated panels.The governing differential equations are derived by the Hamilton's variational principle,and then solved by the iterative Separation-of-Variable(i SOV)method,which are applicable to arbitrary combinations of homogeneous Boundary Conditions(BCs).However,only the simply-support,clamped and cantilever panels are considered in this work for the sake of clarity.With the closed-form eigensolutions,the flutter frequency,flutter mode and flutter boundary are presented,and the effect of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping on flutter frequencies is investigated.Besides,the relation between panel energy and the work of aerodynamic load is discussed.The numerical comparisons reveal the following.(A)The flutter eigenvalues obtained by the present method are accurate,validated by the Finite Element Method(FEM)and the Galerkin method.(B)When the span-chord ratio is larger than 3,simplifying a 3D panel to 2D(two-dimensional)panel is reasonable and the relative differences of the flutter points predicted by the two models are less than one percent.(C)The reciprocal relationship between the mechanical energy of the panel and the work done by aerodynamic load is verified by using the present flutter eigenvalues and modes,further indicating the high accuracy of the present solutions.(D)The coupling of shear deformation and aerodynamic damping prevents frequency coalescing.
文摘The present study elaborates three-dimensional flow of Williamson nanoliquid over a nonlinear stretchable surface. Fluid flow obeys Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. A bidirectional nonlinear stretching surface generates the flow. Convective surface condition of heat transfer is taken into consideration. Further the zero nanoparticles mass flux condition is imposed at the boundary. Effects of thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion are considered. Assumption of boundary layer has been employed in the problem formulation. Convergent series solutions for the nonlinear governing system are established through the optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM). Graphs have been sketched in order to analyze that how the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are affected by distinct emerging flow parameters. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt number are also computed and discussed.
文摘In this communication a generalized three- dimensional steady flow of a viscous fluid between two infinite parallel plates is considered. The flow is generated due to uniform stretching of the lower plate in x- and y-directions. It is assumed that the upper plate is uniformly porous and is subjected to constant injection. The governing system is fully coupled and nonlinear in nature. A complete analytic solution which is uniformly valid for all values of the dimensionless parameters β Re and λ is obtained by using a purely analytic technique, namely the homotopy analysis method. Also the effects of the parameters β Re and λ on the velocity field are discussed through graphs.
文摘Heat and mass transfer effects in three-dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface were addressed.Analysis was performed in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption. Concentration and thermal buoyancy effects were accounted. Convective boundary conditions for heat and mass transfer analysis were explored. Series solutions of the resulting problem were developed. Effects of mixed convection, internal heat generation/absorption parameter and Biot numbers on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration distributions were illustrated graphically. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were obtained and analyzed for all the physical parameters. It is found that both thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses are decreasing functions of stretching ratio. Variations of mixed convection parameter and concentration buoyancy parameter on the velocity profiles and associated boundary layer thicknesses are enhanced. Velocity profiles and temperature increase in the case of internal heat generation while they reduce for heat absorption. Heat transfer Biot number increases the thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature. Also concentration and its associated boundary layer are enhanced with an increase in mass transfer Biot number. The local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers have quite similar behaviors for increasing values of mixed convection parameter, concentration buoyancy parameter and Deborah number.
基金The Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Serbai, Projects O171037 and III41011
文摘Refined control of etched profile in microelectronic devices during plasma etching process is one of the most important tasks of front-end and back-end microelectronic devices manufacturing technologies. A comprehensive simulation of etching profile evolution requires knowledge of the etching rates at all the points of the profile surface during the etching process. Electrons do not contribute directly to the material removal, but they are the source, together with positive ions, of the profile charging that has many negative consequences on the final outcome of the process especially in the case of insulating material etching. The ability to simulate feature charging was added to the 3D level set profile evolution simulator described earlier. The ion and electron fluxes were computed along the feature using Monte Carlo method. The surface potential profiles and electric field for the entire feature were generated by solving Laplace equation using finite elements method. Calculations were performed in the case of simplified model of Ar+/CF4 non-equilibrium plasma etching of SiO2.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3601403)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62105181)Taishan Scholar of Shandong Province(tsqn202306014)。
文摘Lutetium oxide(Lu_(2)O_(3))is recognized as a potential laser crystal material,and it is noted for its high ther⁃mal conductivity,low phonon energy,and strong crystal field.Nevertheless,its high melting point of 2450℃induces significant temperature gradients,resulting in a proliferation of defects.The scarcity of comprehensive research on this crystal’s defects hinders the enhancement of crystal quality.In this study,we employed the chemical etching method to examine the etching effects on Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals under various conditions and to identify the optimal conditions for investi⁃gating the dislocation defects of Lu_(2)O_(3)crystals(mass fraction 70%H3PO4,160℃,15-18 min).The morphologies of dislocation etch pits on the(111)-and(110)-oriented Lu_(2)O_(3)wafers were characterized using microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.This research addresses the gap in understanding Lu_(2)O_(3)line defects and offers guidance for optimizing the crystal growth process and improving crystal quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52375437,52035009)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024B1515020027)+2 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.KQTD20170810110250357)for the financial supportthe assistance of SUSTech Core Research Facilitiessupported by Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Semiconductorspecific Equipment。
文摘The highly efficient manufacturing of atomic-scale smooth β-Ga_(2)O_(3)surface is fairly challenging because β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is a typical difficult-to-machine material.In this study,a novel plasma dry etching method named plasma-based atom-selective etching(PASE)is proposed to achieve the highly efficient,atomic-scale,and damage-free polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).The plasma is excited through the inductive coupling principle and carbon tetrafluoride is utilized as the main reaction gas to etch β-Ga_(2)O_(3).The core of PASE polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)is the remarkable lateral etching effect,which is ensured by both the intrinsic property of the surface and the extrinsic temperature condition.As revealed by density functional theory-based calculations,the intrinsic difference in the etching energy barrier of atoms at the step edge(2.36 eV)and in the terrace plane(4.37 eV)determines their difference in the etching rate,and their etching rate difference can be greatly enlarged by increasing the extrinsic temperature.The polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)based on the lateral etching effect is further verified in the etching experiments.The Sa roughness of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)(001)substrate is reduced from 14.8 nm to 0.057 nm within 120 s,and the corresponding material removal rate reaches up to 20.96μm·min^(−1).The polished β-Ga_(2)O_(3)displays significantly improved crystalline quality and photoluminescence intensity,and the polishing effect of PASE is independent of the crystal face of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).In addition,the competition between chemical etching and physical reconstruction,which is determined by temperature and greatly affects the surface state of β-Ga_(2)O_(3),is deeply studied for the first time.These findings not only demonstrate the high-efficiency and high-quality polishing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3)via atmospheric plasma etching but also hold significant implications for guiding future plasma-based surface manufacturing of β-Ga_(2)O_(3).
文摘To address the problem of multi-missile cooperative interception against maneuvering targets at a prespecified impact time and desired Line-of-Sight(LOS)angles in ThreeDimensional(3D)space,this paper proposes a 3D leader-following cooperative interception guidance law.First,in the LOS direction of the leader,an impact time-controlled guidance law is derived based on the fixed-time stability theory,which enables the leader to complete the interception task at a prespecified impact time.Next,in the LOS direction of the followers,by introducing a time consensus tracking error function,a fixed-time consensus tracking guidance law is investigated to guarantee the consensus tracking convergence of the time-to-go.Then,in the direction normal to the LOS,by combining the designed global integral sliding mode surface and the second-order Sliding Mode Control(SMC)theory,an innovative 3D LOS-angle-constrained interception guidance law is developed,which eliminates the reaching phase in the traditional sliding mode guidance laws and effectively saves energy consumption.Moreover,it effectively suppresses the chattering phenomenon while avoiding the singularity issue,and compensates for unknown interference caused by target maneuvering online,making it convenient for practical engineering applications.Finally,theoretical proof analysis and multiple sets of numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness,superiority,and robustness of the investigated guidance law.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(42225107)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001326,42371414,42171409,and 42271419)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(2022A1515012207)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Project of Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning(202201011539)。
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development.Regrettably,there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes.In this study,we constructed a global urban structure(GUS-3D)dataset,including building volume,height,and footprint information,at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples.Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in2015 exceeded 1×10^(12)m^(3).Over the 1985 to 2015 period,we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth(i.e.,it increased from 166.02 km3 during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08km3 during the 2000–2015 period),while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional(2D)building footprint(22.51×10^(3) vs 13.29×10^(3)km^(2))and urban extent(157×10^(3) vs 133.8×10^(3)km^(2))notably decreased.This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land.Furthermore,we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide.This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities,which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality.The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.
基金Supported by the 2022 Provincial Quality Engineering Project for Higher Education Institutions,No.2022sx031the 2023 Provincial Quality Engineering Project for Higher Education Institutions,No.2023jyxm1071.
文摘BACKGROUND Inguinal hernias are common after surgery.Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias.Adequate exposure,coverage,and repair of the myopectineal orifice(MPO)are necessary.However,due to differences in race and sex,people’s body shapes vary.According to European guidelines,the patch should measure 10 cm×15 cm.If any part of the MPO is dissected,injury to the nerves,vascular network,or organs may occur during surgery,thereby leading to inguinal discomfort,pain,and seroma formation after surgery.Therefore,accurate localization and measurement of the boundary of the MPO are crucial for selecting the optimal patch for inguinal hernia repair.AIM To compare the size of the MPO measured on three-dimensional multislice spiral computed tomography(CT)with that measured via laparoscopy and explore the relevant factors influencing the size of the MPO.METHODS Clinical data from 74 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology between September 2022 and July 2024 were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Transabdominal preperitoneal was performed.Sixty-four males and 10 females,with an average age of 58.30±12.32 years,were included.The clinical data of the patients were collected.The boundary of the MPO was measured on three-dimensional CT images before surgery and then again during transabdominal preperitoneal.All the preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed via paired t-tests.A t-test was used for comparisons of age,body mass index,and sex between the groups.In the comparative analysis,a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference.RESULTS The boundaries of the MPO on 3-dimensional CT images measured 7.05±0.47 cm and 6.27±0.61 cm,and the area of the MPO was 19.54±3.33 cm^(2).The boundaries of the MPO during surgery were 7.18±0.51 cm and 6.17±0.40 cm.The errors were not statistically significant.However,the intraoperative BD(the width of the MPO,P=0.024,P<0.05)and preoperative AC(the length of the MPO,P=0.045,P<0.05)significantly differed according to sex.The AC and BD measurements before and during surgery were not significantly different according to age,body mass index,hernia side or hernia type(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The application of this technology can aid in determining the most appropriate dissection range and patch size.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,Saudi Arabia (No. 2-135/HiCi)
文摘This article addresses the three-dimensional stretched flow of the Jeffrey fluid with thermal radiation. The thermal conductivity of the fluid varies linearly with respect to temperature. Computations are performed for the velocity and temperature fields. Graphs for the velocity and temperature are plotted to examine the behaviors with different parameters. Numerical values of the local Nusselt number are presented and discussed. The present results are compared with the existing limiting solutions, showing good agreement with each other.
基金supported by grants from the Human Resources Development program (Grant No.20204010600250)the Training Program of CCUS for the Green Growth (Grant No.20214000000500)by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy of the Korean Government (MOTIE).
文摘It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data,as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops.The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)models are relatively straightforward but time-consuming.One potential solution to enhance this process is to use machine learning algorithms to detect the 3D traces.In this study,a unique pixel-wise texture mapper algorithm generates a dense point cloud representation of an outcrop with the precise resolution of the original textured 3D model.A virtual digital image rendering was then employed to capture virtual images of selected regions.This technique helps to overcome limitations caused by the surface morphology of the rock mass,such as restricted access,lighting conditions,and shading effects.After AI-powered trace detection on two-dimensional(2D)images,a 3D data structuring technique was applied to the selected trace pixels.In the 3D data structuring,the trace data were structured through 2D thinning,3D reprojection,clustering,segmentation,and segment linking.Finally,the linked segments were exported as 3D polylines,with each polyline in the output corresponding to a trace.The efficacy of the proposed method was assessed using a 3D model of a real-world case study,which was used to compare the results of artificial intelligence(AI)-aided and human intelligence trace detection.Rosette diagrams,which visualize the distribution of trace orientations,confirmed the high similarity between the automatically and manually generated trace maps.In conclusion,the proposed semi-automatic method was easy to use,fast,and accurate in detecting the dominant jointing system of the rock mass.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372071 and 12372070)the Aeronautical Science Fund of China(No.2022Z055052001)the Foundation of China Scholarship Council(No.202306830079)。
文摘Currently,there are a limited number of dynamic models available for braided composite plates with large overall motions,despite the incorporation of three-dimensional(3D)braided composites into rotating blade components.In this paper,a dynamic model of 3D 4-directional braided composite thin plates considering braiding directions is established.Based on Kirchhoff's plate assumptions,the displacement variables of the plate are expressed.By incorporating the braiding directions into the constitutive equation of the braided composites,the dynamic model of the plate considering braiding directions is obtained.The effects of the speeds,braiding directions,and braided angles on the responses of the plate with fixed-axis rotation and translational motion,respectively,are investigated.This paper presents a dynamic theory for calculating the deformation of 3D braided composite structures undergoing both translational and rotational motions.It also provides a simulation method for investigating the dynamic behavior of non-isotropic material plates in various applications.
文摘Liposarcoma is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas,however,its occurrence rate is still rare compared to other cancers.Due to its rarity,in vitro experiments are an essential approach to elucidate liposarcoma pathobiology.Conventional cell culture-based research(2D cell culture)is still playing a pivotal role,while several shortcomings have been recently under discussion.In vivo,mouse models are usually adopted for pre-clinical analyses with expectations to overcome the issues of 2D cell culture.However,they do not fully recapitulate human dedifferentiated liposarcoma(DDLPS)characteristics.Therefore,three-dimensional(3D)culture systems have been the recent research focus in the cell biology field with the expectation to overcome at the same time the disadvantages of 2D cell culture and in vivo animal models and fill in the gap between them.Given the liposarcoma rarity,we believe that 3D cell culture techniques,including 3D cell cultures/co-cultures,and Patient-Derived tumor Organoids(PDOs),represent a promising approach to facilitate liposarcoma investigation and elucidate its molecular mechanisms and effective therapy development.In this review,we first provide a general overview of 3D cell cultures compared to 2D cell cultures.We then focus on one of the recent 3D cell culture applications,Patient-Derived Organoids(PDOs),summarizing and discussing several PDO methodologies.Finally,we discuss the current and future applications of PDOs to sarcoma,particularly in the field of liposarcoma.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.81373970,81773902,81973484,and 32171402)the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.201810315019)+4 种基金the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Nos.SJCX21_0712 and KYCX23_2052)the Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.XYLD2024013)the Youth Scientific Research Project of Jiangyin Municipal Health Commission(No.Q202402)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine(No.XZR2024173)the Jiangyin Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund Project(No.JY0603A011014230032PB),China.
文摘Bone repair remains an important target in tissue engineering,making the development of bioactive scaffolds for effective bone defect repair a critical objective.In this study,β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)scaffolds incorporated with processed pyritum decoction(PPD)were fabricated using three-dimensional(3D)printing-assisted freeze-casting.The produced composite scaffolds were evaluated for their mechanical strength,physicochemical properties,biocompatibility,in vitro proangiogenic activity,and in vivo efficacy in repairing rabbit femoral defects.They not only demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties,enhanced mechanical strength,and good biosafety but also significantly promoted the proliferation,migration,and aggregation of pro-angiogenic human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).In vivo studies revealed that all scaffold groups facilitated osteogenesis at the bone defect site,with theβ-TCP scaffolds loaded with PPD markedly enhancing the expression of neurogenic locus Notch homolog protein 1(Notch1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2),and osteopontin(OPN).Overall,the scaffolds developed in this study exhibited strong angiogenic and osteogenic capabilities both in vitro and in vivo.The incorporation of PPD notably promoted the angiogenic-osteogenic coupling,thereby accelerating bone repair,which suggests that PPD is a promising material for bone repair and that the PPD/β-TCP scaffolds hold great potential as a bone graft alternative.
文摘The development of minimally invasive surgery has transformed the management of gastrointestinal cancer.Notably,three-dimensional visualization systems have increased surgical precision.This editorial discusses a recent study by Shen and Zhang,which compared the clinical applications of naked-eye threedimensional laparoscopic systems vs traditional optical systems in radical surgery for gastric and colorectal cancer.Both systems appeared to yield comparable surgical and oncological outcomes in terms of safety parameters,operating times,and quality of lymph node dissection.However,the spectacle-free system’s technical and logistical limitations hindered its effects on the surgical team’s overall competency.This editorial examines the authors’findings within the broader context of the evolution of oncologic laparoscopy,discusses the relevance of the results in light of the current literature,and proposes future research directions focused on multicenter validation,comprehensive ergonomic analysis,and technological advancements aimed at enhancing intraoperative collaboration.As technology continues to evolve,clinical implementation of new methods must be supported by robust scientific evidence and standardized criteria,to ensure tangible improvements in efficiency,safety,and oncologic outcomes.
文摘The low porosity and low permeability of shale remain the primary challenges in shale gas exploitation.Traditional single permeability enhancement techniques have shown limited efficacy,failing to effectively address these technical bottlenecks.This study investigates the synergistic effects of perforationinduced permeability enhancement and acidizing operations on the mechanical properties and micropore structure of shale.The improved Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)technique was employed to simulate dynamic impact damage under triaxial stress conditions.Damaged and undamaged rock specimens were immersed in a 15%hydrochloric acid solution to fabricate combined-damage specimens and acid-etched specimens with varying damage states.Uniaxial compression tests,X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were conducted on these specimens.SEM images were binarized,and combined with low-temperature nitrogen adsorption tests,the effects of different damage states on the mechanical behavior,energy dissipation,micro-morphology,and pore characteristics of shale were systematically evaluated.Results demonstrate that the peak stress and elastic modulus of shale exhibit a negative correlation with acid-etching duration.The mechanical properties of combined-damage specimens are inferior to those of pure acid-etched specimens,with the minimum peak stress reaching 147.10 MPa—a 43.53%reduction compared to untreated specimens.The energy dissipation ratio significantly increases,with a maximum value of 34.74%.XRD analysis reveals that prolonged acid immersion effectively reduces the carbonate content in specimens,while composite treatment accelerates the reaction between rock matrix and acid solution.Microstructural characterization indicates that acid etching enhances the porosity of shale,particularly the area of mesopores and macropores,with more pronounced pore development and a fragmented interface structure.These findings deepen the understanding of physical mechanisms during shale gas extraction and provide critical theoretical support for optimizing integrated permeability enhancement technologies.
基金supported by Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(No.AA23073008)Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction(Wuhan University)(No.2023–05)Nanning Innovation and Entrepreneur Leading Talent Project(No.2021001).
文摘The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated catalytic activity and minimal energy consumption continues to pose a significant challenge.In this research,Fluorine-doped copper-carbon(F/Cu-GAC)particle electrodes were effectively synthesized through an impregnationcalcination technique,utilizing granular activated carbon as the carrier and fluorinedoped modified copper oxides as the catalytic agents.The particle electrodes were subsequently utilized to promote the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)in a threedimensional electrocatalytic reactor(3DER).The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes were polarized under the action of electric field,which promoted the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction in which H2O2 generated by two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e-ORR)of O_(2) was catalytically decomposed to·OH.The 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes showed 100%removal of 2,4,6-TCP and 79.24%removal of TOC with a specific energy consumption(EC)of approximately 0.019 kWh/g·COD after 2 h of operation.The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes exhibited an overpotential of 0.38 V and an electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)of 715 cm^(2),as determined through linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and cyclic voltammetry(CV)assessments.These findings suggest a high level of electrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the catalytic mechanism of the 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes was elucidated through the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),and active species capture experiments.This investigation offers a novel approach for the effective degradation of 2,4,6-TCP.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22308296)。
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)have emerged as promising materials owing to their high surface areas,tunable pore sizes,and diverse functionalities.However,their practical deployment is frequently hindered by intrinsic microporosity and structural fragility.In this review,we systematically analyze recent advancements in MOF etching techniques,which strategically modify framework architectures to enhance mass transport,expose active sites,and improve stability.The discussion encompasses a range of methods―including acid,base,ion,solvent,steam,selective,in-situ,pyrolysis,and physical etching―with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms that govern the formation of hierarchical pore structures,defect engineering,and heterojunction formation.Notably,etching approaches facilitate precise control over crystal morphology and surface chemistry,thereby optimizing MOF performance in catalysis,electrocatalysis,photocatalysis,adsorption,energy storage,sensing,and biomedical applications.We also outline challenges such as etchant toxicity,over-etching risks,and scalability,while highlighting emerging strategies and computational simulations to refine the etching process.Ultimately,this review underscores the transformative impact of etching on MOF properties,paving the way for the design of next-generation multifunctional materials that address critical issues in environmental remediation,energy conversion,and beyond.
