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The value of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography in the early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (616 cases report)
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作者 石鑫 《外科研究与新技术》 2011年第3期193-193,共1页
Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 616 cases were diagnosed as suspected in... Objective To evaluate the clinical value of three dimensional computerized tomography angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 616 cases were diagnosed as suspected intracranial aneurysms in 3D CTA system. Computed tomographic scans and CTA studies were 展开更多
关键词 The value of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography in the early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage cases report CTA
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Davis's Inequalities for Two-Parameter Banach Space Valued Strong Martingales and Geometrical Properties of Banach Spaces 被引量:3
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作者 YE Chen GAN Shi xin ZHANG Feng 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS 2000年第2期131-136,共6页
In this paper we investigated theL 1 norm inequalities of theP square and the maximal functions of two-parameterB-valued strong martingales, which can be applied to characterizep-smoothness andq-convexity of Banach sp... In this paper we investigated theL 1 norm inequalities of theP square and the maximal functions of two-parameterB-valued strong martingales, which can be applied to characterizep-smoothness andq-convexity of Banach spaces. 展开更多
关键词 two parameterB valued strong martingale Davis’s inequality p smoothable q convexifiable
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The value of vegetation ecosystem services:a case of Qinling-Daba Mountains 被引量:20
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作者 REN Zhiyuan,ZHANG Yanfang,LI Jing(College of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China) 《Journal of Geographical Sciences》 SCIE CSCD 2003年第2期195-200,共6页
According to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, combining the latest research, using theory and method on the value of vegetation ecosystem services, this paper not only calculated goods... According to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, combining the latest research, using theory and method on the value of vegetation ecosystem services, this paper not only calculated goods produced by different types of vegetation but also estimated the value of various vegetation ecosystem services and set up database, GIS and eco-account of vegetation ecosystem. The result was as follows: the value of vegetation's primary productivity, soil and fertility conservation, water conservation, CO 2 fixation and O 2 release was 199.6 billion yuan/a, 22.64 billion yuan/a, 22.66 billion yuan/a, 352.24 billion yuan/a and 374.19 billion yuan/a, respectively. The total value of ecosystem services was 968.33 billion yuan/a. The temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest had the highest contribution rate, accounting for 16.42%. The result of value can reflect regional reality more exactly. 展开更多
关键词 regional vegetation ecosystem services ecological economic value qinling-Daba mountains CLC number:F062.2 q948.1
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Q value of anelastic S-wave attenuation in Yunnan region 被引量:1
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作者 苏有锦 刘杰 +3 位作者 郑斯华 刘丽芳 付虹 徐彦 《Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)》 CSCD 2006年第2期217-224,共8页
The study of seismic attenuation property is a major subject in seismology. Seismic waves recorded by seismic stations (seismographs) contain source effect, seismic wave propagation effect, site response of seismic ... The study of seismic attenuation property is a major subject in seismology. Seismic waves recorded by seismic stations (seismographs) contain source effect, seismic wave propagation effect, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response. The path effect of seismic wave propagation, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response must be taken out in the study of source property with seismic data. The path effect of seismic wave propagation (seismic attenuation) involves an important influential factor, the anelastic attenuation of medium, which is measured with quality factor Q, apart from geometric attenuation with the distance. As a basic physical parameter of the Earth medium, Q value is essential for quantitative study of earthquakes and source property (e.g. determination of source parameters), which is widely used in earthquake source physics and engineering seismology. 展开更多
关键词 S wave anelastic attenuation q value Yunnan region
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Three-dimensional gravity and magnetic data acquisition and study on its joint gradient Euler deconvolution method 被引量:2
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作者 Ma Guo-Qing Yong Xiao-Yu +1 位作者 Li Li-Lit Guo Hua 《Applied Geophysics》 SCIE CSCD 2020年第2期297-305,317,共10页
Three-dimensional(3 D)gravitational and magnetic exploration is performed using aerial measurement tools,however,this has difficulties with measuring-height design and the construction of a joint-interpretation scheme... Three-dimensional(3 D)gravitational and magnetic exploration is performed using aerial measurement tools,however,this has difficulties with measuring-height design and the construction of a joint-interpretation scheme.At present,the height in such experiments is set according to the measurement scale,and the distribution characteristics of anomalies are not fully considered.Here,we present the idea of using the attenuation characteristics of a singular-value spectrum to evaluate the contributions of various measurement heights and multi-height combinations for inversion to correctly and reasonably design appropriate measuring heights and the number of various measurement heights to be set.The jointgradient Euler-deconvolution method can accurately obtain the distribution of geological bodies from 3 D gravitational and magnetic data at an improved resolution,and experimental tests confirm these findings.Therefore,an actual 3 D aeromagnetic-data-acquisition and inversion test were carried out in the vicinity of the Zhurihe Iron Mine in Inner Mongolia.The fl ight-height diff erence was set to 60 m,and the specifi c distribution of lodes was obtained by the joint-gradient Euler-deconvolution method.This provides a reliable basis for future detailed exploration and proves that the methods presented in this paper have good practicalapplication eff ects and prospects. 展开更多
关键词 three-dimensional gravity and magnetic exploration singular value gradient Euler deconvolution
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Generalized Inverse Eigenvalue Problem for (P,Q)-Conjugate Matrices and the Associated Approximation Problem 被引量:1
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作者 DAI Lifang LIANG Maolin 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS CSCD 2016年第2期93-98,共6页
In this paper,the generalized inverse eigenvalue problem for the(P,Q)-conjugate matrices and the associated approximation problem are discussed by using generalized singular value decomposition(GSVD).Moreover,the ... In this paper,the generalized inverse eigenvalue problem for the(P,Q)-conjugate matrices and the associated approximation problem are discussed by using generalized singular value decomposition(GSVD).Moreover,the least residual problem of the above generalized inverse eigenvalue problem is studied by using the canonical correlation decomposition(CCD).The solutions to these problems are derived.Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the main results. 展开更多
关键词 generalized inverse eigenvalue problem least residual problem (P q)-conjugate matrices generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) canonical correlation decomposition (CCD) optimal approximation
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Visual Quality of Q-value-guided LASIK in the Treatment of High Myopia 被引量:5
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作者 Hua Zheng Liangwen Song 《眼科学报(英文版)》 CAS 2011年第4期208-210,216,共4页
Purpose:To compare visual performance and patient satisfaction following Q-value-guided customized laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and standard LASIK in the treatment of high myopia.Methods:A total of 11... Purpose:To compare visual performance and patient satisfaction following Q-value-guided customized laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and standard LASIK in the treatment of high myopia.Methods:A total of 116 patients with high myopia (-6.00 to-9.50D;astigmatism from-0.00 to-2.00D) were treated using Z-217 excimer laser.(Bausch & Lomb)..Sixty-six patients (132 eyes) receiving Q-value-guided customized LASIK were assigned into the experimental group,.and 50 cases (100 eyes) receiving standard LASIK were used as normal controls.All subjects were followed up for > 6 months to monitor for night vision problems measure postoperative quality of life.Results:.In the experimental group,.night vision acuity decreased in 3 cases (4.5%),and glare was reported in 13 patients (19%) during the 6-month follow up period.In the control group,.night vision problems were noted in 9 cases (18%),.and glare occurred in 21 patients (42%).These differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).According to the postoperative questionnaire,satisfaction with visual performance and quality of life was reported in 73% of the experimental group,and 52% of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:.Patients with high myopia surgically treated by Q-value-guided LASIK had better night-time visual performance and a higher degree of satisfaction compared with subjects receiving standard LASIK. 展开更多
关键词 手术治疗 视觉质量 近视 引导 q 视觉表现 生活质量 对照组
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锻造变形过程中孔洞缺陷闭合行为Q-Value法研究 被引量:2
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作者 韩笑宇 曹明 《大型铸锻件》 2019年第5期11-13,24,共4页
以宽厚板支承辊锻造所用大型钢锭为研究对象,通过对模拟软件中用户子程序二次开发,运用Q-Value阈值法对大锻件内部孔洞缺陷在锻造变形过程中的闭合行为进行预测,从而极大简化了传统孔洞类缺陷变形的模拟思路,提高了模拟效率。
关键词 孔洞缺陷 闭合行为 数值模拟 q-value
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一类分数阶混合(p,q)-积分差分系统解的存在性和稳定性
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作者 黄程斌 周文学 陈潇 《中山大学学报(自然科学版)(中英文)》 北大核心 2026年第1期144-156,共13页
研究了一类分数阶混合(p,q)-积分差分系统解的存在性、唯一性以及有限时间稳定性.首先,利用Banach压缩映射原理和Krasnoselskii不动点定理分别得到了该系统解的唯一性和存在性的充分条件;进一步,验证了该系统解在特定条件下的有限时间... 研究了一类分数阶混合(p,q)-积分差分系统解的存在性、唯一性以及有限时间稳定性.首先,利用Banach压缩映射原理和Krasnoselskii不动点定理分别得到了该系统解的唯一性和存在性的充分条件;进一步,验证了该系统解在特定条件下的有限时间稳定性;为验证理论结果的有效性,给出实例并通过其数值结果验证了主要结论的可行性与适用性. 展开更多
关键词 分数阶(p q)-积分 分数阶(p q)-差分 初值问题 不动点定理
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Characteristics of coda Q-value in the midnorthern part of Ningxia 被引量:1
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作者 赵卫明 杨明芝 +2 位作者 金延龙 许文俊 任雪梅 《Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)》 CSCD 2000年第3期265-272,共8页
On the basis of previous studies, this paper in studying the coda Q-valuc of near shocks, has proposed using the sampling depth to describe the effect of lapse time on the Q-value, and has investigated the dependence... On the basis of previous studies, this paper in studying the coda Q-valuc of near shocks, has proposed using the sampling depth to describe the effect of lapse time on the Q-value, and has investigated the dependence of coda wave of earthquakes on frequency and sampling depth. Analysis of digital seismograms recorded by the Yinchuan Telemetric Seismic Network, Ningxia, shows that not only the coda wave Q-value of shocks is strongly dependent on frequency but also its dependence on Samling depth cannot be neglected. In the commonly used formula that describes the dependence cbaracteristics of coda Q-value of endquakes, Q = Qof', the parameter Qo rises obviously whilc n drops when the sampling depth increases, and their changes can be fitted by linear relations. This paper has explained such a characteristic. Whether this characteristic exists universally needs to be verified by more study results because the genetic mechanism of coda wave of earthquakes is more complex. 展开更多
关键词 coda q-value digital record forquency band lapse time sampling depth
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The Q value variations in the preparing pro-cess of rock rupture
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作者 王彬 许昭永 +1 位作者 赵晋明 胡毅力 《Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)》 CSCD 1996年第4期122-127,共6页
In this paper, the 'spectral amplitude ratio method'(SAR) , 'energy method'(EN) and 'coda wave method'(CW) are used to calculate the Q value variations of gneiss in the preparing rupt... In this paper, the 'spectral amplitude ratio method'(SAR) , 'energy method'(EN) and 'coda wave method'(CW) are used to calculate the Q value variations of gneiss in the preparing rupture process. The obtained results show that the variation state of Q values by SAR features the shape of relative stability gradual increment to the maximum then decrement and final rupture.The variation state of Q values by EN is just contrary to that by SAR,i.e.with the shape of stability decrement increment and final rupture . The varation state of Q values by CW is similar to that by EN, its main frequency features the shape of relatively high value decrement to the minimum increment and final rupture.But to the high frequency (higher than the main frequency),the variation state of Q values features the shape of the stable value increment to the maximum decrement and final rupture.At the same time, the results by coda wave amplitude spectrum show that, when stress reaches 70% of rupture stress, the high frequency component of S wave rapidly reduces( Q c increasing); at the time of impending the main rupture, the main frequency component reduces with a large scale( Q c increasing again), this may be the reason which causes the different variation states of two coda Q values.The result of amplitude spectra of P, S(initial wave) waves also show that with the appearance of microcracks the frequency band of S wave turn to be narrow, the high frequency component is reduced quickly, i.e. the S wave spectra have different variation states with different frequeny components. That is why the Q s obtained by different methods have different variation characteristics. 展开更多
关键词 rupturing process spectral amplitude ratio method energy method coda wave method q value.
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Lg coda Q_0 value and its relation with the tectonics in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions
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作者 苏伟 吴建平 +1 位作者 明跃红 王椿镛 《Acta Seismologica Sinica(English Edition)》 EI CSCD 2006年第2期136-144,共9页
We have collected 432 vertical component records from 45 stations of new CENC (China Earthquake Network Center) in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions. These records were used to calculate Q0 (Q at 1Hz) and η v... We have collected 432 vertical component records from 45 stations of new CENC (China Earthquake Network Center) in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions. These records were used to calculate Q0 (Q at 1Hz) and η values of Lg coda from each station by the stack spectral ratio (SSR) method. Then the tomography method was applied to obtaining lateral variation of Q0 and η values in Chinese mainland and adjacent regions. The result indicates that Q0 value varies between 150 and 600 in the studied areas. Yunnan, southwest Sichuan, and northwest Myanmar show the lowest Q0 value (Q0〈240) and the crust of these regions is characterized by complicated crack and strong hydrothermal activity. The highest Q0 value (Qo〉510) exists in the border of southern Mongolia, Alxa and Ordos block. The η value varies between 0.45 and 0.75 in Chinese mainland and its adjacent regions. 展开更多
关键词 Chinese mainland and adjacent regions Lg coda q0 value η value
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On Q Values and Other Energy Parameters for Superheavy Element Synthesis
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作者 ZHONG Xian-Hui LI Lei NING Ping-Zhi 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2005年第4X期679-683,共5页
Q value and optimal exciting energy of hypothetical superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reaction are calculated with relativistic mean field model and semiemperical shell model mass equation(SSME)and the validity of the ... Q value and optimal exciting energy of hypothetical superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reaction are calculated with relativistic mean field model and semiemperical shell model mass equation(SSME)and the validity of the two models is tested.To give useful references for the experiments in the superheavy nuclei synthesized in cold fusion reactions,the Q value,fusion barrier and optimal exciting energy for the possible target plus projectile combinations suggested by Gupta et al.are calculated and the most possible target plus projectile combinations are pointed out according to our calculations. 展开更多
关键词 superheavy nuclei cold fusion q value
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Time Course of Q Value after Myopic Laser-assisted In Situ Keratomileusis
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作者 Zheng-wei Zhang Wei-ran Niu +2 位作者 Ming-ming Ma Ke-li-mu Jiang Bi-lian Ke 《Chinese Medical Sciences Journal》 CAS CSCD 2011年第3期141-145,共5页
Objective To assess the time course of Q value after myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) and preliminarily evaluate the determinants of the difference of Q value between before and after LASIK.Methods ... Objective To assess the time course of Q value after myopic laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) and preliminarily evaluate the determinants of the difference of Q value between before and after LASIK.Methods We performed a retrospective,longitudinal investigation on patients undergoing wavefront optimized LASIK therapy for emmetropization.A total of 418 eyes from 222 cases were examined preoperatively,and partly followed up at one week(172 eyes),one month(134 eyes) and three months(51 eyes) after surgery.The horizontal,vertical and total Q values of cornea were calculated from eccentricity measured at the central 6-mm corneal zones respectively.Potential determinants of the change of Q value were analyzed using multiple linear regressions.Results The mean Q value was-0.17±0.13 preoperatively,and 0.99±0.70,0.97±0.66,and 0.86±0.41 one week,one and three months postoperatively,respectively.One way analysis of variance(ANOVA) demonstrated significant differences between measurements made before surgery and at all postoperative times(at one week,one and three months;all P<0.0001,Bonferroni post hoc),but no significant differences were found among postoperative groups.Significant differences of Q values between horizontal and vertical meridians were found before surgery and at all postoperative times(all P<0.0001).Multiple regression analysis revealed that change of Q value significantly correlated with manifest refraction spherical equivalent(r=0.116,P<0.0001) and axial length(r=0.264,P<0.0001).Conclusions Over the study period,the primary changes in Q value occur within 1 week after surgery,and then become slightly decreased and nearly stable.Manifest refraction spherical equivalent and axial length play a significant role in the change of postoperative Q value. 展开更多
关键词 corneal asphericity q value MYOPIA laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
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Creative Teaching + Creative Class = Creative Products + Additional Value—A Case Study of Course Reform of Three-dimension Structure
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作者 SUN Jingsong 《Journal of Landscape Research》 2014年第5期49-50,共2页
The teaching model of "creative Teaching + creative class = creative products + additional value" was proposed, so as to cultivate students' design creativity and practical ability by changing teaching c... The teaching model of "creative Teaching + creative class = creative products + additional value" was proposed, so as to cultivate students' design creativity and practical ability by changing teaching concepts and curriculum of Three-dimension Structure, and using new materials for spatial creativity training. This paper acclaims that only if the traditional teaching concepts of Three-dimension Structrue are abandoned, students' specialty fully used, the teaching effect will be improved effectively. 展开更多
关键词 three-dimension structure Creative teaching Additional value
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Research on the Characteristics of the Coda Q Value in the Jiangsu Area
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作者 Sun Yejun Huang Yun +3 位作者 Wang Bin Wang Jun Li Feng Jiang Haolin 《Earthquake Research in China》 2014年第2期188-199,共12页
In this paper,research is conducted on the characteristics of coda Q values of the Jiangsu area,based on the Aki single backscattering model with the waveforms recorded by the Jiangsu digital seismic network. The resu... In this paper,research is conducted on the characteristics of coda Q values of the Jiangsu area,based on the Aki single backscattering model with the waveforms recorded by the Jiangsu digital seismic network. The results show that the Jiangsu area is a high Q value area as a whole,but the Q value differs obviously between different regions,characterized generally as high in the south and low in the north. This study focuses on 4 sub-regions where the stations are relatively dense,the tectonic features are distinguishing,and the calculation results of coda Q0 are fairly concentrated,and obtains the characteristic relationship between the Q value and frequency of the 4 regions. The region from south Jiangsu to the Yangtze River estuary and that around the Maoshan fault zone are the high Q value areas in Jiangsu; the region from central Jiangsu to the waterfront area is the low Q value area in Jiangsu Province,and the Lianyungang region in northern Jiangsu is the moderate Q value area. Comparing the tectonic activity and seismicity of the 4 different Q value sub-regions,there is a certain correlation between Q value,crustal movement and seismicity. 展开更多
关键词 Coda q value ATTENUATION Aki single backscattering model Jiangsu area
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Lattice of Interval-Valued(∈,∈∨q)-Fuzzy LI-Ideals in Lattice Implication Algebras
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作者 Chunhui LIU 《Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications》 CSCD 2016年第4期394-406,共13页
In the present paper, the interval-valued (ε, εv q)-fuzzy LI-ideal theory in lattice implication algebras is further studied. Some new properties of interval-valued (ε, ε v q)-fuzzy LI-ideals are given. Repres... In the present paper, the interval-valued (ε, εv q)-fuzzy LI-ideal theory in lattice implication algebras is further studied. Some new properties of interval-valued (ε, ε v q)-fuzzy LI-ideals are given. Representation theorem of interval-valued (ε, ε v q)-fuzzy LI-ideal which is generated by an interval-valued fuzzy set is established. It is proved that the set consisting of all interval-valued (ε, εv q)-fuzzy LI-ideals in a lattice implication algebra, under the partial order , forms a complete distributive lattice. 展开更多
关键词 lattice-valued logic lattice implication algebra interval-valued (ε ε V q)-fuzzy LI-ideal complete distributive lattice
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Iterative Technology in a Singular Fractional Boundary Value Problem with q -Difference
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作者 Xiuli Lin Zengqin Zhao Yongliang Guan 《Applied Mathematics》 2016年第1期91-97,共7页
In this paper, we apply the iterative technology to establish the existence of solutions for a fractional boundary value problem with q-difference. Explicit iterative sequences are given to approxinate the solutions a... In this paper, we apply the iterative technology to establish the existence of solutions for a fractional boundary value problem with q-difference. Explicit iterative sequences are given to approxinate the solutions and the error estimations are also given. 展开更多
关键词 Fractional Boundary value Problem with q-Difference Iterative Sequence Green’s Function Error Estimation
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MULTI-VALUED TOTALLY QUASI-φ-ASYMPTOTICALLY NONEXPANSIVE SEMI-GROUPS AND STRONG CONVERGENCE THEOREMS IN BANACH SPACES
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作者 张石生 王林 赵云河 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE CSCD 2013年第2期589-599,共11页
The purpose of this article is first to introduce the concept of multi-valued to- tally Quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive semi-groups, which contains many kinds of semi- groups as its special cases, and then to mod... The purpose of this article is first to introduce the concept of multi-valued to- tally Quasi-φ-asymptotically nonexpansive semi-groups, which contains many kinds of semi- groups as its special cases, and then to modify the Halpern-Mann-type iteration algorithm for multi-valued totally Quasi-cS-asymptotically nonexpansive semi-groups to have the strong convergence under a limit condition only in the framework of Banach spaces. The results presented in this article improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many authors recently. 展开更多
关键词 Multi-valued totally quasi-q^-asymptotically nonexpansive semi-groups mod-ified Halpern-Mann-type iteration multi-valued quasi-qS-symptotically nonex-pansive semi-groups multi-valued quasi-~b-nonexpansive semi-groups multi-valued relatively nonexpansive semi-groups generalized projection
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AAPR、Q-Td联合血清Gal-9对乳腺癌患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的预测价值
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作者 刘钦强 蔡鹏 +2 位作者 王艳 周薇娜 郭松 《陕西医学杂志》 2026年第2期239-243,共5页
目的:探讨白蛋白与碱性磷酸酶比值(AAPR)、Q-T间期离散度(Q-Td)联合血清半乳糖凝集素-9(Gal-9)对乳腺癌(BC)患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的预测价值。方法:选取BC患者163例,依据化疗期间心脏毒性评估分为无心脏毒性组(106例)和心脏毒性组(5... 目的:探讨白蛋白与碱性磷酸酶比值(AAPR)、Q-T间期离散度(Q-Td)联合血清半乳糖凝集素-9(Gal-9)对乳腺癌(BC)患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的预测价值。方法:选取BC患者163例,依据化疗期间心脏毒性评估分为无心脏毒性组(106例)和心脏毒性组(57例)。比较两组AAPR、Q-Td、血清Gal-9水平。BC患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的影响因素用Logistic回归分析。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析各指标单独及联合检测对BC患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的预测价值。结果:心脏毒性组AAPR低于无心脏毒性组,Q-Td、血清Gal-9水平高于无心脏毒性组(均P<0.05)。心脏毒性组心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、脑钠肽(BNP)水平高于无心脏毒性组(均P<0.05)。AAPR、Q-Td、血清Gal-9、cTnT、BNP为BC患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。AAPR、Q-Td、血清Gal-9单独预测BC患者化疗期间心脏毒性的曲线下面积(AUC)低于三者联合预测的AUC(均P<0.05)。结论:AAPR、Q-Td、血清Gal-9是BC患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的影响因素,三者联合检测可提升患者化疗期间发生心脏毒性的预测效能。 展开更多
关键词 乳腺癌 白蛋白与碱性磷酸酶比值 q-T间期离散度 半乳糖凝集素-9 心脏毒性 预测价值
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