Reinforcement theory is a behavioral psychology theory proposed by Skinner,which has been widely applied in various fields such as management and education.Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the two...Reinforcement theory is a behavioral psychology theory proposed by Skinner,which has been widely applied in various fields such as management and education.Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the two types of reinforcement.By adopting these two different reinforcement methods appropriately,human behavior can develop in a positive direction.In the review stage of English teaching and learning in Chinese higher vocational and technical colleges,the use of different reinforcement methods based on various classes,individuals,conditions,and environments can effectively promote or change the behavior of teachers and students,thereby improving the effectiveness of the review.展开更多
This article introduces the recent advances of China in the fields of process technology of delayed coking, enlarged equipment size, hydraulic decoking, automatic control and environmental protection. By the end of 20...This article introduces the recent advances of China in the fields of process technology of delayed coking, enlarged equipment size, hydraulic decoking, automatic control and environmental protection. By the end of 2004 the total capacity of delayed coking uniis in China had reached 37.24 Mt/a with the maximum coke drum diameter equating to 9.4 m. This article also presents the investmerit in delayed cokers and the current production status while pointing out the existing problems and future development trends.展开更多
The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, cha...The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.展开更多
An extensive technical review of studies on food extrusion processes which involves forcing mixed food ingredients through a die to produce food snacks has been carried out in this paper. This technical review include...An extensive technical review of studies on food extrusion processes which involves forcing mixed food ingredients through a die to produce food snacks has been carried out in this paper. This technical review includes some historical development, food extruder types, extrusion principles and applications, flow simulation and heat transfer modeling in extruders, process parameters and product quality, extruder die and extrudate expansion among others. The research and application of extrusion in food industry was mainly based on the adaptation of plastic extrusion technology which has been in existence for over hundred years. Studies show that twin-screw extruder are more efficient than single-screw extruders because of better mixing and better handling of different combinations of food ingredients. A thorough knowledge of the flow and heat behavior inside an extruder provide an insight into the mechanism of mixing and facilitates estimation of RTD, flow rate, pressure drop, heat transfer mechanism and power consumption. Until recently, very little work has been published on the mechanism of material flow and energy transfer in intermeshing co-rotating extruder mainly due to the complexity of the geometry and the flow behavior. A more recent approach to research in modeling of food extrusion is the 2D or 3D flow modeling using finite element computer package. This research area is gaining recognition in modeling different sections of food extruder. This work also points out some of the achievements and shortcomings of the reviewed works and where necessary, possible solutions are suggested. Areas needing further research have been highlighted. This study will reveal that understanding and application of extrusion technology in developing countries of Asia and Africa are still far from being satisfactory and this work would serve as a good reference material for researchers and operators in food extrusion technology.展开更多
In recent years,the rapid development of Earth observation tech-nology has produced an increasing growth in remote sensing big data,posing serious challenges for effective and efficient proces-sing and analysis.Meanwh...In recent years,the rapid development of Earth observation tech-nology has produced an increasing growth in remote sensing big data,posing serious challenges for effective and efficient proces-sing and analysis.Meanwhile,there has been a massive rise in deeplearningbased algorithms for remote sensing tasks,providing a large opportunity for remote sensing big data.In this article,we initially summarize the features of remote sensing big data.Subsequently,following the pipeline of remote sensing tasks,a detailed and technical review is conducted to discuss how deep learning has been applied to the processing and analysis of remote sensing data,including geometric and radiometric processing,cloud masking,data fusion,object detection and extraction,landuse/cover classification,change detection and multitemporal ana-lysis.Finally,we discussed technical challenges and concluded directions for future research in deep-learning-based applications for remote sensing big data.展开更多
文摘Reinforcement theory is a behavioral psychology theory proposed by Skinner,which has been widely applied in various fields such as management and education.Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are the two types of reinforcement.By adopting these two different reinforcement methods appropriately,human behavior can develop in a positive direction.In the review stage of English teaching and learning in Chinese higher vocational and technical colleges,the use of different reinforcement methods based on various classes,individuals,conditions,and environments can effectively promote or change the behavior of teachers and students,thereby improving the effectiveness of the review.
文摘This article introduces the recent advances of China in the fields of process technology of delayed coking, enlarged equipment size, hydraulic decoking, automatic control and environmental protection. By the end of 2004 the total capacity of delayed coking uniis in China had reached 37.24 Mt/a with the maximum coke drum diameter equating to 9.4 m. This article also presents the investmerit in delayed cokers and the current production status while pointing out the existing problems and future development trends.
文摘The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.
文摘An extensive technical review of studies on food extrusion processes which involves forcing mixed food ingredients through a die to produce food snacks has been carried out in this paper. This technical review includes some historical development, food extruder types, extrusion principles and applications, flow simulation and heat transfer modeling in extruders, process parameters and product quality, extruder die and extrudate expansion among others. The research and application of extrusion in food industry was mainly based on the adaptation of plastic extrusion technology which has been in existence for over hundred years. Studies show that twin-screw extruder are more efficient than single-screw extruders because of better mixing and better handling of different combinations of food ingredients. A thorough knowledge of the flow and heat behavior inside an extruder provide an insight into the mechanism of mixing and facilitates estimation of RTD, flow rate, pressure drop, heat transfer mechanism and power consumption. Until recently, very little work has been published on the mechanism of material flow and energy transfer in intermeshing co-rotating extruder mainly due to the complexity of the geometry and the flow behavior. A more recent approach to research in modeling of food extrusion is the 2D or 3D flow modeling using finite element computer package. This research area is gaining recognition in modeling different sections of food extruder. This work also points out some of the achievements and shortcomings of the reviewed works and where necessary, possible solutions are suggested. Areas needing further research have been highlighted. This study will reveal that understanding and application of extrusion technology in developing countries of Asia and Africa are still far from being satisfactory and this work would serve as a good reference material for researchers and operators in food extrusion technology.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program under Grant[2017YFB0504201]the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.[42071316,61473286 and 401201460]+1 种基金Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science under Grant No.[OFSLRSS201919]the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.[B200202008].
文摘In recent years,the rapid development of Earth observation tech-nology has produced an increasing growth in remote sensing big data,posing serious challenges for effective and efficient proces-sing and analysis.Meanwhile,there has been a massive rise in deeplearningbased algorithms for remote sensing tasks,providing a large opportunity for remote sensing big data.In this article,we initially summarize the features of remote sensing big data.Subsequently,following the pipeline of remote sensing tasks,a detailed and technical review is conducted to discuss how deep learning has been applied to the processing and analysis of remote sensing data,including geometric and radiometric processing,cloud masking,data fusion,object detection and extraction,landuse/cover classification,change detection and multitemporal ana-lysis.Finally,we discussed technical challenges and concluded directions for future research in deep-learning-based applications for remote sensing big data.
